Vertical R&D Sprillovers, Cooperation, Market Structure, and Innovation.

This paper studies vertical R&D spillovers between upstream and downstream firms. The model incorporates two vertically related industries, with horizontal spillovers within each industry and vertical spillovers between the two industries. Four types of R&D cooperation are studied : no cooperation, horizontal cooperation, vertical cooperation, and simultaneous horizontal and vertical cooperation. Vertical spillovers always increase R&D and welfare, while horizontal spillovers may increase or decrease them. The comparison of cooperative settings in terms of R&D shows that no setting uniformly dominates the others. Which type of cooperation yields more R&D depends on horizontal and vertical spillovers, and market structure. The ranking of cooperative structures hinges on the signs and magnitudes of three competitive externalities (vertical, horizontal, and diagonal) which capture the effect of the R&D of a firm on the profits of other firms. One of the basic results of the strategic investment literature is that cooperation between competitors increases (decreases) R&D when horizontal spillovers are high (low); the model shows that this result does not necessarily hold when vertical spillovers and vertical cooperation are taken into account. The paper proposes a theory of innovation and market structure, showing that the relation between innovation and competition depends on horizontal spillovers, vertical spillovers, and cooperative settings. The private incentives for R&D cooperation are addressed. It is found that buyers and sellers have divergent interests regarding the choice of cooperative settings and that spillovers increase the likelihood of the emergence of cooperation in a decentralized equilibrium.

Carte physique, politique & comparée de la Turquie d'Europe : Présentée à S. A. R. Mgr. le dauphin / par P. J. Lameau, ... ; Dressée par A. H. Dufour, ... ; Gravée par Richard Wahl, ... ; La lettre gravée par Hacq

Échelle(s) : [1:1 400 000 environ], 40 lieues terrestres de 25 au degré [= 12,7 cm]

R&D et incitations fiscales au Canada : une politique efficace?

Rapport de recherche

Correspondance politique et militaire de Henri le Grand, avec J. Roussat, maire de Langres, relative aux evénemens qui ont précédé et suivi son avénement au trône. Dédiée à S. A. R. M.gr le duc de Berry.

Letters from Henri III, Henri IV, and other noted persons.

Léo Strauss: art d'écrire, politique, philosophie

L'ouvrage examine la pensée de Léo Strauss (1899-1973) et étudie à partir d'elle les stratégies d'exposition et de dissimulation de la philosophie. Les études qu'il réunit mesurent la portée de l'hypothèse d'un "art d'écrire oublié" et examinent la fécondité et les limites de la conception straussienne de l'écriture philosophique.

Europartis et politiques publiques: Les sociaux-démocrates et la quête d'une politique fiscale

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Les derniers écueils vers la parité politique en Belgique: Une analyse des élections régionales de 2004

In Belgium, gender-parity has been compulsory for all party lists (in local, regional, federal and European elections) for several years. As a result, the proportion of women has risen from a fourth up to a third of the deputies. Yet, strict parity is still far from realised. This article seeks to establish what causes this glass ceiling, namely the parties' reluctance to place female candidates in the top positions or even as the front-runner. In a proportional representation system with half-open lists, and especially when the constituencies are small, this automatically leads to a smaller proportion of women among the elected deputies. One important reason for the parties' reluctance to rank female candidates higher is their assumption that women are less effective as "election locomotives" than men. However, the analysis of the Belgian election results makes clear that this is not the case. Female candidates in top positions are as successful as their male counterparts. © (2008) Swiss Political Science Review.

"Peut-on être libéral et communautarien?": La pensée politique de Michaël Walzer

info:eu-repo/semantics/published