234 resultados para pigmentos
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The "Río de la Plata" River is one of the less studied systems of the basin with respect to its biological and ecological aspects. Twenty four and twenty seven surface stations were sample on September 22-23 and November 22-23, 1982, respectively. The section studied is part of the zone called inner "Río de la Plata" River. The discharge was 29.000 m3/s in September and 45.200 m3/s in November. Total phosphorus (PT), total organic nitrogen (NOT), chemical oxygen demad (COT) and total cholrophyll were measured. Dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity (TURB), pH and electrical conductivity (K20) were also measured at the surface with a HORIBA U7 sensor on November 1982. PT was 72-208 mg/m3 and 66-205 mg/m3 in September and November repectively; the higher values were near the Argentinian coast and the outer zone. NOT was 33-106 µM and 49-117 µM and CHL was 1.4-5.8 mg/m3 and 1.3-9.4 mg/m3. TURB was between 44 and 240 NTU in November; the maximun value were obseved in the central zone. Steep K20 gradients were found near both coast. The reduced organic carbon load into the lower and external part of the "Río de la Plata" River was estimated. (Document contains 40 pages.)
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A valorização de diferentes resíduos industriais provenientes dosector de tratamento/revestimento de superfícies metálicas pode ser obtida utilizando-os como matérias-primas na formulação de pigmentos cerâmicos, sintetizados pelo método cerâmico convencional. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a viabilidade de incorporar lamas geradas pelos processos de (i) anodização, ricas em alumínio, (ii) de niquelagem e cromagem de torneiras, usadas como fonte de níquel e crómio, e (iii) da decapagem química de aços de uma trefilaria, ricas em ferro, utilizadas por si só, ou em conjunto com matérias-primas comerciais, para a obtenção depigmentos cerâmicos que coram, de forma estável, diversas matrizes cerâmicas e vítreas. Esta solução assegura ainda a inertização de potenciaisespécies perigosas presentes nos resíduos, resultando produtos inócuospara a saúde pública. Procedeu-se à caracterização de cada resíduo, em termos de composição química e mineralógica, comportamento térmico, grau de toxicidade, distribuição granulométrica, teor de humidade, etc. Verificou-se a constância das características das lamas, recorrendo à análise de lotes recolhidos em momentos distintos. Os resíduos são essencialmente constituídos por hidróxidos metálicos e foram utilizados após secagem e desagregação. No entanto, a lama de anodização de alumínio sofreu um tratamento térmico suplementar a 1400ºC. O método de síntese dos pigmentos englobou as seguintes etapas: (i) doseamento; (ii) homogeneização; (iii) calcinação; (iv) lavagem e moagem.Procedeu-se à caracterização dos pigmentos, avaliando a cor por espectroscopia de reflectância difusae pelo método CIELAB e determinando as características físico-químicas relevantes. Posteriormente, testou-se o seu desempenho em produtos cerâmicos distintos (corpos e vidrados), aferindo o desempenho cromático e a estabilidade. Numa primeira fase, desenvolveram-se e caracterizaram-se tipos distintos de pigmentos: (i) com base na estrutura do corundo (ii) verde Victória deuvarovite (iii) violeta de cassiterite com crómio (iv) pigmento carmim de malaiaíte; (v)pretos e castanhos com base na estrutura da espinela. Aprofundaram-se depois os estudos do pigmento carmim de malaiaítee do pigmento preto com base na estrutura da espinela. O pigmento carmim de malaiaíte, CaSnSiO5:Cr2O3, é formulado coma lama gerada no processo de niquelagem e cromagem. Avaliou-se a influência do teor de lama na temperatura de síntese e na qualidade cromática, em comparação com um pigmento formulado com reagentes puros. O pigmento preto com estrutura de espinela de níquel, crómio e ferro, foii formulado exclusivamente a partir das lamas geradas nos processos de cromagem/niquelagem e de decapagem química do aço. Avaliaram-se as características cromáticas e o grau de inertização dos elementos tóxicospresentes, em função da estequiometria e do tratamento térmico. Estudou-se ainda um novo sistema com base na estrutura da hibonite(CaAl12O19), que permite a obtenção de pigmentos azuis e que utiliza a lama de cromagem e niquelagem. As espécies cromóforas (Ni2+ ou Co2+) assumem coordenação tetraédrica quando substituem os iões Al3+ que ocupam as posições M5 da rede da hibonite. A formação simultânea de anortite permite reduzir a temperatura de síntese.Para além do carácter inovador deste pigmento de dissolução sólida, a qualidade cromática e a sua estabilidade são interessantes. Além disso, os teores de cobalto ou níquel são reduzidosrelativamente aos utilizados em formulações comerciais de pigmentos azuis, o que se traduz em importantes vantagens económicas e ambientais.
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Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias de la Ingeniería Mecánica con Especialidad en Materiales) UANL
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Tesis (Maestro en Ciencias de la Ingeniería Mecánica con Especialidad en Materiales) UANL, 1999.
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Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Ingeniería Cerámica) U.A.N.L.
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Resumen tomado de la revista
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A Mg e Mn-Ftalocianina (Mg e Mn-Pc) foram solubilizados à 25°C em dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO); N, N-dimetilacetamida (DMA); N,N-dimetilformamida (DMF); N-metil-formamida, formamida, piridina, o-diclorobenzeno, monoclorobenzeno, tolueno, metanol, etanol, propanol-1, propanol-2, butanol-1 e octanol-1. Alguns valores representativos obtidos para o logarítimo da absortividade molar (E) da Mn-Pc, são os seguintes: o-diclorobenzeno (E = 4,94); DMSO (E = 4,39); octanol-1 (E = 3,90). Valores correspondentes para Mg-Pc são: o-diclarobenzeno (E = 4,93); DMSO (E = 5,22) e Octanol-1 ( E = 5,06). Em função de interação com solventes, pode-se classificar a Mg-Pc como um indicador básico e a Mn-Pc como indicador ácido. Os pigmentos Mg e Mn-Pc foram também solubillzados em soluções aquosas contendo vários surfatantes à 25°C. A Mg-Pc apresentou solubilidade significativa em água contendo brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAB), Brij-35, cloreto de cetilpiridinio (CPC1), brometo de cetilpiridínio (CPBr,) Triton X-100, cloreto de metildodecilbenziltrimetilamônio, brometo de cetildimetiletilamõnio e brometo de laurilisoquinolínio. A Mn-Pc foi solúvel em soluções aquosas de Brij-35 e Triton X-100. Em função de sua interação com surfatantes a Mg-Pc é classificada como corante catiônico e a Mn-Pc como corante aniônico. O corante comercial quinóide Oil Blue A [1,4-di(isopropilarnina)-antraquinona - 9,10 foi solubilizado à 25°C em DMF, DMSO, DMA, monoclorobenzeno, benzeno, tolueno, piridina, metanol, etanol, propanol-1, propanol-2, butanol-1 e octanol-1. Foi também solubilizado em soluções aquosas de surfatantes, tais como sódio lauril-sulfato (NaLS), cloreto de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAB), brometo de cetildimetiletilamônio, Triton X-100, cloreto de cetilpiridínio (CPCl), Brij-35, cloreto de rnetildodecilbenziltrimetilamônio e brometo de laurilisoquinolínio. Em função de suas interações com os solventes o corante é um indicador ácido-básico pouco sensível e em função de sua interação com surfatantes é um corante catiônico. 0s resultados experimentais apresentam importância teórica e prática considerando sistemas que envolvem armazenamento e transferência de energia, compostos porfirínicos, fotossíntese, fotocondutores, coletores solares, semi-condutores e processos de embelezamento e proteção de superficies de vários materiais.
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Inorganic pigment comprises a host lattice, which is part of the chromophore component (usually a transition metal cation) and possible components modifiers, which stabilize, add or restate the properties pigments. Among the materials with spinel, ferrites, and the chromite stand out, because they have broad technological importance in the area of materials, applicability, pigments, catalytic hydrogenation, thin film, ceramic tiles, among others. The present work, pigments containing CuFe2O4, CuCr2O4,e CuFeCrO4, were synthesized by a method that makes use of gelatin as organic precursor using their application to ceramic pigments. The pigments were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) spectroscopy in the UV-visible and Colorimetry. The results confirmed the feasibility of the synthetic route used, with respect to powders synthesized, there is the formation of spinel phase from 500°C, with an increase in crystallinity and the formation of other phases. The pigments were shown to be crystalline and the desired phases were obtained. The copper chromite have hues ranging from green to black according to the calcination temperature, while the copper chromite doped with iron had brownish. The ferrites showed copper color and darker brown to black, which may indicate an interesting factor because of the importance of black pigment
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The present work has as objective the development of ceramic pigments based in iron oxides and cobalt through the polymeric precursor method, as well as study their characteristics and properties using methods of physical, chemical, morphological and optical characterizations.In this work was used iron nitrate, and cobalt citrate as precursor and nanometer silica as a matrix. The synthesis was based on dissolving the citric acid as complexing agent, addition of metal oxides, such as chromophores ions and polymerization with ethylene glycol. The powder obtained has undergone pre-ignition, breakdown and thermal treatments at different calcination temperatures (700 °C, 800 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C). Thermogravimetric analyzes were performed (BT) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), in order to evaluate the term decomposition of samples, beyond characterization by techniques such as BET, which classified as microporous materials samples calcined at 700 ° C, 800 º C and 900 º C and non-porous when annealed at 1000 ° C and 1100 º C, X-ray diffraction (XRD), which identified the formation of two crystalline phases, the Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) and Cristobalite (SiO2), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of agglomerates of particles slightly rounded;and Analysis of Colorimetry, temperature of 700 °C, 800 °C and 900 °C showed a brown color and 1000 °C and 1100 °C violet
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Considering the constant evolution of technology in growth and the need for production techniques in the ceramics area to move forward together, we sought in this study, the research and development of polymeric precursor method to obtain inorganic ceramic pigments. Method that provides quality to obtain the precursor powders of oxides and pigments at the same time, offers time and cost advantages, such as reproducibility, purity and low temperature heat treatment, control of stoichiometry. This work used chromium nitrate and iron nitrate as precursors. The synthesis is based on the dissolution of citric acid as a complexing agent, addition of metal oxides, such as ion chromophores; polymerization with ethylene glycol and doping with titanium oxide. Passing through precalcination, breakdown, thermal treatments at different temperatures of calcination (700 to 1100 oC), resulting in pigments: green for chromium oxide deposited on TiO2 (CrTiO3) and orange for iron oxide deposited on TiO2 ( FeTiO3). Noticing an increase of opacity with increasing temperature. Were performed thermal analysis (TG and ATD) in order to evaluate its thermodecomposition. The powders were also characterized by techniques such as XRD, revealing the formation of crystalline phases such as iron titanate (FeTiO3) and chrome titanate (CrTiO3), SEM, demonstrating formation of rounded particles for both oxides and Spectroscopy in the UV-Visible Region, verifying the potential variation and chromaticity os pigments. Thus, the synthesized oxides were within the requirements to be applied as pigments and shown to be possible to propose its use in ceramic materials
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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The study aimed to relate the photosynthetic pigments, which were extracted in a laboratory and the readings were obtained by the portable chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG 1030, by using mathematical models in sesame leaves. This work was conducted in December 2010, at Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Cotton, where feaf discs were removed to measure chlorophyll indexes through the portable chlorophyll meter. The same leaf discs were subjected to extraction of photosynthetic pigments, by using 5 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and were kept in a water bath at 70 degrees C for 30 min. Afterwards, an aliquot of 3 mL was removed to be read in a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 470, 646 and 663 nm. Based on analytical results, mathematical models were adjusted by using the chlorophyll index to predict the levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total, and of carotenoids and their relationships. The study concluded that the portable chlorophyll meter ClorofiLOG 1030 can be used to estimate the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in sesame leaves with high precision, besides saving resources and time.
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Resins, pigments and fillers constituents in white latex paint were identified and quantified after previous treatment under both low temperature and low pressure in order to get toilet powder from emulsion samples. TG/DTA allowed, under determined conditions, to distinguish the kind of resins, fillers and pigments in commercial paints. X-ray diffractometry was used to confirm the presence of pigment in the final residue from the thermal decomposition.
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The rubber tree [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. Of Juss.) Muell. Arg.] can be affected by the occurrence of the fungus Oidium heveae, which causes one of the most important diseases of rubber trees, powdery mildew. This work meet changes in photosynthetic pigments, an indicator of oxidative stress, in seedlings of three Hevea brasiliensis clones, RRIM 600, GT1 and PR255, under infection in Oidium heveae. The experiment was conducted in an open environment under natural photoperiod conditions and at the beginning of the trial, the rubber plants that would be inoculated were sprayed with an aqueous suspension containing Oidium heveae at a concentration of 16 x 104conidia mL-1. On the day of inoculation and after 48, 96, 144 and 192 h leaf samples were collected for the determination of photosynthetic pigments. Degradation in photosynthetic pigments in the period of infection was observed in rubber tree clones studied; thus, there is oxidative stress in clones of rubber trees. No promising genetic material for genetic improvement work stress tolerance by Oidium heveae was identified.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)