Granada Virus: a Natural Phlebovirus Reassortant of the Sandfly Fever Naples Serocomplex with Low Seroprevalence in Humans

A new member of the phlebovirus genus, tentatively named Granada virus, was detected in sandflies collected in Spain. By showing the presence of specific neutralizing antibodies in human serum collected in Granada, we show that Granada virus infects humans. The analysis of the complete genome of Granada virus revealed that this agent is likely to be a natural reassortant of the recently described Massilia virus (donor of the long and short segments) with ayet unidentified phlebovirus (donor of the medium segment)

Clinic-epidemiologic study of human infection by Granada virus, a new phlebovirus within the sandfly fever Naples serocomplex.

Granada virus (GRV), a new phlebovirus within the Naples serocomplex, has been recently described in phlebotomine sandflies from Spain. The presence of anti-GRV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies was investigated by indirect fluorescence assay (IFA) and neutralization test (NT) in 920 serum samples from the Granada population. By IFA, an overall GRV seroprevalence of 15.8% (N = 145) was observed, significantly increasing up to 65 years. NT was positive in 18% of anti-GRV IFA-positive samples. IgG antibodies against Toscana virus (TOSV), a hyperendemic phlebovirus within Granada province, were detected in 40% of anti-GRV-positive cases. Anti-GRV IgM antibodies were detected in 36 (6.6%) of 547 acute-phase serum samples from individuals with febrile illness, exanthema, and/or acute respiratory infection. All positives were anti-TOSV IgM-negative. GRV may infect humans, with most cases being asymptomatic. The codetection of anti-GRV and anti-TOSV IgG antibodies could be attributable to cross-reactivity or exposure to the same transmission vector.

Arbovírus Morumbi (Phlebovirus : Bunnyaviridae) - estudo histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico do fígado na infecção experimental em camundongos: comparação entre as vias cerebral, intraperitoneal e subcutânea

O vírus Morumbi é membro do sorogrupo Phlebotomus fever (família Bunyavírídae: gênero Phlebovírus) nativo da Região Amazônica. Seu vetor é desconhecido, mas supõem-se ser transmitido por flebotomíneos. Foi isolado em 1988 de ser humano apresentando quadro febril agudo. Este arbovírus, quando inoculado em camundongo por via cerebral, demonstrou viscerotropismo, induzindo inclusive lesões no fígado do animal inoculado. Com os objetivos de: i) estabelecer as características anátomo-patológicas e imuno-histoquímicas em fígado de camundongos albinos Swíss recém-nascidos experimentalmente infectados pelo vírus Morumbi; ii) verificar se o vírus apresenta hepatotropismo diferenciado na dependência de inoculação pelas vias cerebral, peritoneal ou subcutânea; iii) caracterizar detalhadamente os padrões anátomo-patológicos sequenciais no fígado; iv) demonstrar a localização do antígeno viral no tecido hepático ao longo da infecção experimental; v) estudar possíveis inter-relações entre os achados anátomo-patológicos e os imuno-histoquímicos. Foram estudados experimentalmente 71 camundongos Swíss recém-nascidos (dois e três dias), distribuídos ao final do experimento como segue: 21 animais inoculados por via intracerebral (IC), 21 por via intraperitoneal (IP) e 29 animais inoculados por via subcutânea (SC). Utilizou-se a dose infectante 5,0DL 50 /0,02ml de suspensão de vírus. Outros trinta, animais que não receberam inóculos, foram utilizados como grupo controle. Subgrupos de oito animais (seis inoculados e dois do grupo controle) foram sacrificados diariamente a intervalos de 24 em 24 horas, até 96 horas para os grupos IC e IP e até 120 horas para o grupo SC. Fragmentos de fígado de todos os animais foram fixados em solução de formalina neutra a 10%, incluídos em parafina, de onde foram obtidos cortes de 5 mm que foram corados pela técnica de hematoxilina-eosina para análise morfológica e, cortes adicionais, foram submetidos à técnica de imuno-histoquímica (Sistema Envision, DAKO, USA), utilizando a fosfatase alcalina e soro hiperimune do vírus Morumbi preparado em camundongos jovens, para detecção de antígeno viral. Foram estudados seis parâmetros de lesão em áreas portais e nove outros nos lóbulos, que foram semiquantificados numa escala que variou de zero (0) a três cruzes (+++), onde zero significou ausência de lesão e três cruzes lesão intensa. À microscopia óptica, ficou evidente que o vírus Morumbi inoculado em camundongos por três diferentes vias induz lesões em áreas portais e lobulares, caracterizando uma hepatite aguda com presença de corpúsculos acidófilos, semelhantes aos corpúsculos de Councilman -Rocha Lima, de distribuição irregular nos lóbulos, cujo aparecimento foi observado 24 horas pós-inoculação (p.i.) e atingiu o máximo de intensidade às 72 horas p.i. em animais inoculados por via IP. O exame imuno-histoquímico mostrou presença leve de antígeno viral a partir de 24 horas p.i. no grupo IC e a partir de 48 horas p.i. nos grupos IP e SC, havendo certo paralelismo em relação a intensidade de lesão morfológica, tendo- se observado o máximo de detecção de antígeno viral em animais inoculados por via IP e sacrificados às 72 horas p.i. A distribuição geral de antígeno foi observada especificamente nos lóbulos hepáticos, no citoplasma de hepatócitos íntegros e necrosados e no interior de células de Kupffer, não havendo preferência por nenhuma das três zonas do lóbulo. Concluiu-se que: i) o modelo de infecção experimental em camundongos foi excelente para o estudo das lesões causadas pelo vírus Morumbi, podendo ser selecionada a via IP como referencial; ii) em todas as vias utilizadas (IP, IC e SC) se confirmou a infecção pelo vírus Morumbi com marcante detecção de seu antígeno, no tecido hepático de camundongos Swiss; iii) a presença de antígeno do vírus Morumbi no fígado desses camundongos associou-se ao aparecimento de hepatite aguda, com necrose focal; iv)hepatite intensa pôde ser observada em fígado de camundongos sacrificados 72 h p.i. com o vírus Morumbi por via IP, o que não foi verificado com as outras duas vias; v) a hepatite aguda mostrou-se limitada, neste experimento, tendendo a desaparecer na maioria dos camundongos inoculados, com avançar das horas; vi) colestase não alteração freqüente na hepatite experimental pelo vírus Morumbi, quando inoculada por via IC, IP e SC; vii) o antígeno do vírus Morumbi teve predominância pela localização intracitoplasmática, padrão granular, nos hepatócitos e células de Kupffer; viii) antígeno viral foi detectado em fragmento hepático de animais experimentalmente inoculados com o vírus Morumbi, a partir das 24 horas via IC e a partir de 48 horas nas vias IP e SC.

Infecção experimental em hamster dourados (Mesocricetus auratus) e caracterização genética parcial de cinco Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) do Complexo Candiru isolados na Amazônia brasileira

Os flebovírus (família Bunyaviridae; gênero Phlebovirus), possuem importância considerável em saúde publica, pois podem causar uma variedade de síndromes clínicas. Na região amazônica brasileira até o momento já foram isolados 23 flebovírus sendo que quatro se destacam por terem sido isolados de humanos: Virus Alenquer, Virus Candiru, Virus Morumbi e Virus Serra Norte. Estes mais o Virus Itaituba, isolado de Didelphis marsupialis, fazem parte do Complexo Candiru (grupo Candiru) e foram utilizados para estudos de caracterização genética e de infecção experimental em hamsters dourados (Mesocricetus auratus). Os Hamsters mostraram-se suscetíveis a infecção por esses flebovírus, apesar de não terem apresentado sinais de doença. A análise histopatológica demonstrou aspectos lesionais no fígado, nos rins, no baço, nos pulmões e no sistema nervoso central, sendo as lesões mais intensas no fígado comprovadas pela presença dos antígenos virais empregando a técnica de imunohistoquímica. A análise das seqüências nucleotídicas parciais dos segmentos PRNA e MRNA obtidas para os cinco flebovírus estudados mostraram maior similaridade genética entre si do que com outros membros do gênero Phlebovirus. Sendo as mesmas geneticamente mais relacionadas ao Virus Punta Toro. Filogeneticamente, independentemente do segmento genômico analisado, os cinco flebovírus constituem um grupo monofilético, sendo que a análise pelo método de máxima verossimilhança demonstrou diferentes origens evolutivas para os segmentos de RNA o que sugere a ocorrência de rearranjo genético em natureza entre estes cinco flebovírus amazônicos.

Oropouche virus experimental infection in the golden hamster (Mesocrisetus auratus)

Oropouche virus (OROV), of the family Bunyaviridae, is the second most frequent arbovirus causing febrile disease in Brazil. In spite of this, little is known about pathogenesis of OROV infection. This report describes an experimental model of OROV in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Following subcutaneous inoculation of OROV, over 50% of the animals developed disease characterized by lethargy, ruffled fur, shivering, paralysis, and approximately one third died. Animals were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 8 and 11 post-inoculation to collect tissue samples from brain, heart, liver, lung, spleen, muscle and blood for virus titration, histology and OROV immunohistochemistry. OROV was detected in high titers in blood, liver and brain, but not in the other organs. Histopathology revealed meningoencephalitis and hepatitis, with abundant OROV antigen detected in liver and brain. Diffuse galectin-3 immunostaining in brain and liver supports microglial and Kupfer cells activation. This is the first description of an experimental model for OROV infection and should be helpful to study pathogenesis and possibly to test antiviral interventions such as drugs and vaccine candidates. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Lassa virus entry in antigen presenting cells and evaluation of a novel nanoparticle vaccine platform against arena viruses

Arenaviruses are a large and diverse family of viruses that merit significant attention as causative agents of severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans. Lassa virus (LASV) in Africa and the South American hemorrhagic fever viruses Junin (JUNV), Machupo (MACV), and Guanarito (GTOV) have emerged as important human pathogens and represent serious public health problems in their respective endemic areas. A hallmark of fatal arenaviruses hemorrhagic fevers is a marked immunosuppression of the infected patients. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and in particular dendritic cells (DCs) are early and preferred targets of arenaviruses infection. Instead of being recognized and presented as foreign antigens by DCs, arenaviruses subvert the normal mechanisms of pathogen recognition, invade DCs and establish a productive infection. Viral replication perturbs the DCs' ability to present antigens and to activate T and B cells, contributing to the marked virus-induced immunosuppression observed in fatal disease. Considering their crucial role in the development of an anti-viral immune response, the mechanisms by which arenaviruses, and in particular LASV, invade DCs are of particular interest. The C-type lectin DC-specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) was recently identified as a potential entry receptor for LASV. The first project of my thesis focused therefore on the investigation of the role of DC-SIGN in LASV entry into primary human DCs. My data revealed that DC-SIGN serves as an attachment factor for LASV on human DCs and can facilitate capture of free virus and subsequent cell entry. However, in contrast to other emerging viruses, of the phlebovirus family, I found that DC-SIGN does likely not function as an authentic entry receptor for LASV. Moreover, I was able to show that LASV enters DCs via an unusually slow pathway that depends on actin, but is independent of clathrin and dynamin. Considering the lack of effective treatments and the limited public health infrastructure in endemic regions, the development of protective vaccines against arenaviruses is an urgent need. To address this issue, the second project of my thesis aimed at the development of a novel recombinant arenavirus vaccine based on a nanoparticle (NPs) platform and its evaluation in a small animal model. During the first phase of the project I designed, produced, and characterized suitable vaccine antigens. In the second phase of the project, I generated antigen-conjugated NPs, developed vaccine formulations, and tested the NPs for their ability to elicit anti-viral T cell responses as well as anti-viral antibodies. I demonstrated that the NPs platform is able to activate both cellular and humoral branches of the adaptive anti-viral immunity, providing proof-of-principle. In sum, my first project will allow, in a long term perspective, a better understanding of the viral pathogenesis and contribute to the development of novel antiviral strategies. The second project will expectidly offer a new treatment option against arenaviruses.

Toscana virus in Spain

Toscana virus (TOSV, Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) infection is one of the most prevalent arboviruses in Spain. Within the objectives of a multidisciplinary network, a study on the epidemiology of TOSV was conducted in Granada, in southern Spain. The overall seroprevalence rate was 24.9%, significantly increasing with age. TOSV was detected in 3 of 103 sandfly pools by viral culture or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from a region of the L gene. Nucleotide sequence homology was 99%-100% in TOSV from vectors and patients and 80%-81% compared to the Italian strain ISS Phl.3. Sequencing of the N gene of TOSV isolates from patients and vectors indicated 87%-88% and 100% homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, compared to the Italian strain. These findings demonstrate the circulation of at least 2 different lineages of TOSV in the Mediterranean basin, the Italian lineage and the Spanish lineage.

Genetic diversity of Toscana virus

Distribution of Toscana virus (TOSV) is evolving with climate change, and pathogenicity may be higher in nonexposed populations outside areas of current prevalence (Mediterranean Basin). To characterize genetic diversity of TOSV, we determined the coding sequences of isolates from Spain and France. TOSV is more diverse than other well-studied phleboviruses (e.g.,Rift Valley fever virus).

Unusual manifestation of toscana virus infection, Spain.

This study was supported in part by project 05/305, Junta de Andalucía, Spain

Role of DC-SIGN in Lassa virus entry into human dendritic cells.

The arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV) causes a severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality in humans. Antigen-presenting cells, in particular dendritic cells (DCs), are early and preferred targets of LASV, and their productive infection contributes to the virus-induced immunosuppression observed in fatal disease. Here, we characterized the role of the C-type lectin DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) in LASV entry into primary human DCs using a chimera of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) expressing the LASV glycoprotein (rLCMV-LASVGP). We found that differentiation of human primary monocytes into DCs enhanced virus attachment and entry, concomitant with the upregulation of DC-SIGN. LASV and rLCMV-LASVGP bound to DC-SIGN via mannose sugars located on the N-terminal GP1 subunit of LASVGP. We provide evidence that DC-SIGN serves as an attachment factor for rLCMV-LASVGP in monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells (MDDC) and can accelerate the capture of free virus. However, in contrast to the phlebovirus Uukuniemi virus (UUKV), which uses DC-SIGN as an authentic entry receptor, productive infection with rLCMV-LASVGP was less dependent on DC-SIGN. In contrast to the DC-SIGN-mediated cell entry of UUKV, entry of rLCMV-LASVGP in MDDC was remarkably slow and depended on actin, indicating the use of different endocytotic pathways. In sum, our data reveal that DC-SIGN can facilitate cell entry of LASV in human MDDC but that its role seems distinct from the function as an authentic entry receptor reported for phleboviruses.