Protective Liberalization : the state and the Mexican petrochemical industry 1958-2000

This thesis follows and analyses the involvement of both social actors and the state in the industrial transformation of Mexico. While these actors have been key associates in the development of the Mexican economy for decades, with the 1982 debt crisis, and especially after the promotion of a structural reform in 1986, the patterns of their involvement changed. However, this change was more limited than expected, and the state did not abandon its participation in some key industrial sectors. This thesis will demonstrate that the role of the state remained important during the process of change towards an Export-Oriented developmental paradigm, although the state continued to participate in fashioning social relations, it did so in new ways that can be termed “protective liberalization.”

Trust and technology in modern inter-organisational relationships: a study in the petrochemical industry

 This research provided fresh insights into the role of trust and technology in modern inter-organisational relationships (IORs). The study highlighted the importance and contribution of various aspects of IORs in the petrochemical industry; however, it emphasised the role of trust and technology as pivotal to business success. The study was undertaken in Iran, where the petrochemical industry faces a great many sociopolitical and economic challenges, where the situation is volatile, and where the lack of trust and shortage of suitable technology to support global trade, accentuate the intricate web of dependencies between those aspects influencing the development and maintenance of business-to-business (B2B) relationships.

Technological maturity in the world petrochemical industry

Includes bibliography

Workers and respirators: What factors influence medical clearance? Experience in the petrochemical industry 2004--2008

This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from more than 2200 OSHA-mandated respirator medical evaluations performed between 2004 and 2008, with information initially obtained using an online questionnaire, to determine what factors influence medical clearance and the ability to safely wear respiratory protection in a large petrochemical company.^ The employees were mostly white males with a high school education, ranging in age from 25 to 60 years of age, who had been employed with the company an average of eight years. Their work was typically performed outdoors in a rural or offshore setting. Respirators were typically required for emergency response – escape or rescue only – and/or limited to less than four hours per month.^ Approximately 90% of the population achieved medical clearance by utilizing the online questionnaire. Of the remaining 10%, 66% were cleared after additional "hands-on" medical examination exam; 28% of the individuals' jobs were modified by their supervisor in order to not use a respirator, and 6% of the individuals (n=13) were excluded from wearing a respirator on the basis of the medical examination. The primary causes for exclusion from respirator use were cardiovascular (37.5%) and respiratory (31.3%) issues, followed by psychological (18.8%) and musculoskeletal (12.5%) concerns. Ultimately, over 99% of workers evaluated under this system were found capable of using respiratory protection safely. This questionnaire has proven to be an excellent health screening tool capable of initiating early detection and further investigation of potentially serious medical conditions within a large and diverse population in multiple locations. ^

A configuration framework of manufacturing strategy paradigm in state owned enterprises within China's petrochemical industry:building context-embedded configurations for the paradigm of strategic manufacturing management from exploratory case studies

The role of the production system as a key determinant of competitive performance of business operations- has long been the subject of industrial organization research, even predating the .explicit conceptua1isation of manufacturing, strategy in the literature. Particular emergent production issues such as the globalisation of production, global supply chain management, management of integrated manufacturing and a growing e~busjness environment are expected to critically influence the overall competitive performance and therefore the strategic success of the organization. More than ever, there is a critical need to configure and improve production system and operations competence in a strategic way so as to contribute to the long-term competitiveness of the organization. In order to operate competitively and profitably, manufacturing companies, no matter how well managed, all need a long-term 'strategic direction' for the development of operations competence in order to consistently produce more market value with less cost towards a leadership position. As to the long-term competitiveness, it is more important to establish a dynamic 'strategic perspective' for continuous operational improvements in pursuit of this direction, as well as ongoing reviews of the direction in relation to the overall operating context. However, it also clear that the 'existing paradigm of manufacturing strategy development' is incapable of adequately responding to the increasing complexities and variations of contemporary business operations. This has been factually reflected as many manufacturing companies are finding that methodologies advocated in the existing paradigm for developing manufacturing strategy have very limited scale and scope for contextual contingency in empirical application. More importantly, there has also emerged a deficiency in the multidimensional and integrative profile from a theoretical perspective when operationalising the underlying concept of strategic manufacturing management established in the literature. The point of departure for this study was a recognition of such contextual and unitary limitations in the existing paradigm of manufacturing strategy development when applied to contemporary industrial organizations in general, and Chinese State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in particular. As China gradually becomes integrated into the world economy, the relevance of Western management theory and its paradigm becomes a practical matter as much as a theoretical issue. Since China markedly differs from Western countries in terms of culture, society, and political and economic systems, it presents promising grounds to test and refine existing management theories and paradigms with greater contextual contingency and wider theoretical perspective. Under China's ongoing programmes of SOE reform, there has been an increased recognition that strategy development is the very essence of the management task for managers of manufacturing companies in the same way as it is for their counterparts in Western economies. However, the Western paradigm often displays a rather naive and unitary perspective of the nature of strategic management decision-making, one which largely overlooks context-embedded factors and social/political influences on the development of manufacturing strategy. This thesis studies the successful experiences of developing manufacturing strategy from five high-performing large-scale SOEs within China’s petrochemical industry. China’s petrochemical industry constitutes a basic heavy industrial sector, which has always been a strategic focus for reform and development by the Chinese government. Using a confirmation approach, the study has focused on exploring and conceptualising the empirical paradigm of manufacturing strategy development practiced by management. That is examining the ‘empirical specifics’ and surfacing the ‘managerial perceptions’ of content configuration, context of consideration, and process organization for developing a manufacturing strategy during the practice. The research investigation adopts a qualitative exploratory case study methodology with a semi-structural front-end research design. Data collection follows a longitudinal and multiple-case design and triangulates case evidence from sources including qualitative interviews, direct observation, and a search of documentations and archival records. Data analysis follows an investigative progression from a within-case preliminary interpretation of facts to a cross-case search for patterns through theoretical comparison and analytical generalization. The underlying conceptions in both the literature of manufacturing strategy and related studies in business strategy were used to develop theoretical framework and analytical templates applied during data collection and analysis. The thesis makes both empirical and theoretical contributions to our understanding of 'contemporary management paradigm of manufacturing strategy development'. First, it provides a valuable contextual contingency of the 'subject' using the business setting of China's SOEs in petrochemical industry. This has been unpacked into empirical configurations developed for its context of consideration, its content and process respectively. Of special note, a lean paradigm of business operations and production management discovered at case companies has significant implications as an emerging alternative for high-volume capital intensive state manufacturing in China. Second, it provides a multidimensional and integrative theoretical profile of the 'subject' based upon managerial perspectives conceptualised at case companies when operationalising manufacturing strategy. This has been unpacked into conceptual frameworks developed for its context of consideration, its content constructs, and its process patterns respectively. Notably, a synergies perspective towards the operating context, competitive priorities and competence development of business operations and production management has significant implications for implementing a lean manufacturing paradigm. As a whole, in so doing, the thesis established a theoretical platform for future refinement and development of context-specific methodologies for developing manufacturing strategy.

Corrosion mechanisms of duplex stainless steels in the petrochemical industry

The recent search for new sources of hydrocarbons has led to production from very severe environments which can contain considerable amounts of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, and chloride ions, combined with temperatures which can exceed 100°C. Oil and gas production from such wells requires highly corrosion-resistant materials. The traditional solution of using carbon steel with additional protection is generally inadequate in these very-aggressive environments. Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are attractive candidates because of their high strength, good general corrosion resistance, excellent resistance to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking, and good weldability. Although duplex stainless steels have a very good reputation in both subsea and topsides pipework, it is recognized that the tolerance of these materials to variations in microstructure and chemical composition are still not fully understood. The object of this paper is to review the corrosion behaviour of duplex stainless steels in the petrochemical industry, with particular emphasis on microstructures and the effect of changes in chemical composition.

Sustainable initiatives focused on social responsibility and regional development: a study of the leader of the petrochemical industry

The present work will investigate the issue of environmental responsibility actions in the ABC Paulista region, of a leading company in the petrochemical sector. In this context, the problem has been to see how the leading company in the domestic petrochemical industry conducts itself relative to the concept of sustainability and what the consequences of these initiatives in the ABC Paulista are. Thus, the objectives are to identify these consequences and practices with regard to regional development in areas where the leader of the national petrochemical company has significant performance, with highlights on economic, social and environmental impacts. The present investigation is justified by the fact that the company is among the world leaders in the production of biopolymers. The methodology used was qualitative descriptive because this methodological procedure makes it possible to observe and analyze the facts relating to social responsibility initiatives undertaken by the company under study without manipulating them , in establishing correlations on perception of other stakeholders before the actions addressed in this research. Therefore, the results obtained indicate that environmental responsibility initiatives taken by the company satisfy the paradigm of Sustainability and Social Responsibility, in the promotion of regional development in its geographic area.

Climate Change and the Resilience of Commodity Food Production in Australia

The current view of Australian state and national governments about the effects of climate change on agriculture is that farmers – through the adoption of mitigation and adaptation strategies – will remain resilient, and agricultural production will continue to expand. The assumption is that neoliberalism will provide the best ‘free market’ options for climate change mitigation and adaptation in farming. In contrast, we argue that neoliberalism will increase the move towards productivis (‘high-tech’) agriculture – the very system that has caused major environmental damage to the Australian continent. High-tech farming is highly dependent upon access to water and fossil fuels, both of which would appear to be the main limits to production in future decades. Productivist agriculture is a system highly reliant upon fertilizers and fuels that are derived from the petrochemical industry, and are currently increasing in cost as the price of oil increases.

Estrategias de arranque de biofiltros orgánicos para el tratamiento de corrientes gaseosas contaminadas con compuestos de azufre

[ES]El disulfuro de carbono (CS2) y el sulfuro de hidrógeno (H2S) son gases especialmente tóxicos presentes en una gran cantidad de emisiones gaseosas industriales, principalmente en la producción de fibras de rayón a partir de celulosa en el caso del CS2, y en la industria petroquímica en el caso del H2S. La legislación vigente en cuanto a las emisiones de estos compuestos se refiere hace que su tratamiento sea, en muchos casos, necesario. La biofiltración como tecnología para el tratamiento de corrientes gaseosas contaminadas se ha convertido en los últimos años en una alternativa a los tratamientos físico-químicos empleados hasta la fecha. Sin embargo, uno de los principales obstáculos a la hora de la implantación de este tratamiento biológico a escala industrial es la duración del periodo de aclimatación de la biomasa encargada de degradar los contaminantes, que en función del compuesto a tratar puede resultar demasiado largo para la aplicación comercial de esta tecnología. El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de estos periodos de arranque y aclimatación, especialmente lentos en el caso del CS2, y propone una estrategia de arranque basada en la reutilización de biomasa capaz de degradar los compuestos de interés, almacenada tras usos anteriores, que permite reducir el tiempo necesario para alcanzar eficacias de eliminación elevadas. Paralelamente, se ha concluido que paradas de corta duración no afectan de manera importante a la operación del sistema.

Estudo comparativo da sensibilidade de dois organismos expostos a efluentes líquidos.

Tendo em vista a multiplicidade das ações causada pela interação dos agentes químicos com possíveis danos a biota pelos efluentes, a estratégia mais eficiente é o uso integrado de análises físicas, químicas e ecotóxicológicas para avaliação e previsão do risco ambiental. Nesse sentido, ensaios ecotoxicológicos são importantes meios de monitoramento ambiental a fim de se preservar o meio aquático. Um dos objetivos principais do trabalho foi implementar o método de ensaio com Daphnia similis de acordo com a ABNT NBR 12713: 2009. Além disso, objetivou-se avaliar a sensibilidade relativa de dois organismos-testes (Daphnia similis e Danio rerio) a efluentes de diversas indústrias tais como: alimentícia, bebidas, farmacêutica, papel, petroquímica, efluente proveniente de decapagem de metais, e chorume proveniente de três aterros diferentes (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Rio Grande do Sul) avaliando os resultados físico-químicos e os limites das legislações vigentes no Rio de Janeiro (NT 213, NT 202 e DZ 205). Dessa forma, pretende-se observar se os limites estabelecidos são suficientes para não conferir ecotoxicidade aguda ao corpo hídrico. Os efluentes tratados da indústria alimentícia, de bebidas, de papel e farmacêutica não apresentaram ecotoxicidade aguda nem a Daphnia similis nem ao Danio rerio. Já o ensaio com o efluente proveniente da decapagem de metais, apresentou-se muito tóxico aos dois organismos, sendo CL(I)50;48h igual 39,99% e CE(I)50;48h igual a 11,87%, respectivamente. Com relação aos efluentes da indústria petroquímica A, foi detectada ecotoxicidade mesmo estando todos os seus parâmetros analisados de acordo com as legislações vigentes. Já os efluentes provenientes de aterro sanitário, o chorume oriundo de aterro da região metropolitana de São Paulo, em geral, apresentou-se como sendo o mais tóxico dos três aterros sanitários. E o chorume tratado oriundo do aterro do Rio Grande do Sul, demonstrou-se ser o menos tóxico dos três, principalmente com relação à Daphnia similis. De modo geral, todos os efluentes que se encontraram dentro dos limites da legislação (DZ 205 e NT 202), não apresentaram ecotoxicidade aos organismos em estudo.

Avaliação de toxicidade de efluentes industriais utilizando organismos de três níveis tróficos.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de efluentes líquidos industriais, pela caracterização físico-química e ensaios ecotoxicológicos agudos com Danio rerio, Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri. Foram comparadas as sensibilidades dos organismos-teste aos variados tipos de efluentes (indústrias alimentícias, papeleiras, bebidas, petroquímicas e farmacêutica), sendo que estes organismos pertencem a três níveis tróficos diferentes. Além disso, foi implementado o método de ensaio com bactérias luminescentes, o Microtox, de acordo com a NBR 15411 (ABNT, 2006). Na maioria dos ensaios, os efluentes apresentaram parâmetros físico-químicos dentro dos limites permitidos pela legislação. Mesmo assim, algumas vezes foram observados efeitos nos organismos-teste. Foram utilizados efluentes tratados das ETEI, podendo ser avaliada a sensibilidade de cada organismo a cada efluente do estudo. Para a Indústria Alimentícia 1 foram realizadas coletas de efluente bruto e primário, que se mostraram tóxicos aos três organismos. Essa coleta também foi realizada para a Indústria Farmacêutica, na qual o efluente bruto foi tóxico aos três organismos e o efluente do tratamento primário, foi tóxico à Daphnia similis e à Vibrio fischeri. O efluente bruto da Indústria Alimentícia 2, da Indústria de Papel e Celulose 2 e da Indústria de Bebidas foram coletados e avaliados ecotoxicologicamente por meio do ensaio Microtox, demonstrando toxicidade aguda com baixos valores de CE(I)50 para todas as indústrias. Alguns parâmetros físicoquímicos das indústrias foram correlacionados com a toxicidade do efluente final para Daphnia similis, Danio rerio e Vibrio fischeri por meio da correlação de Spearman. O teste não paramétrico Mann-Whitney foi usado para comparar grupos de parâmetros físico-químicos que apresentaram presença ou ausência de toxicidade. Em alguns efluentes tratados das ETEI das Indústrias Alimentícia 1, Alimentícia 2, de Papel e Celulose 2 e Petroquímica 1, foram observadas respostas biológicas das bactérias aos efluentes, o efeito hormesis, que indica que a amostra não possui toxicidade aguda, mas é muito provável que apresente toxicidade crônica.

A importância da gestão de resíduos sólidos na redução de custos da não qualidade.

A presente dissertação visa analisar a importância da gestão dos resíduos sólidos industriais em uma indústria petroquímica e o uso da metodologia Seis Sigma na redução dos custos da qualidade associados à geração de resíduos sólidos e poluição ambiental. A Petroflex, fundada em 1962, situada em Campos Elíseos Duque de Caxias / RJ, é a maior fabricante de borracha sintética da América Latina e uma das primeiras empresas do Brasil e se certificar nas normas ISO. Os processos produtivos de obtenção da borracha sintética são potencialmente poluidores, todas as suas atividades provocam a geração de toneladas de resíduos sólidos. A Petroflex iniciou na década de 1990 seus esforços para reverter um quadro de degradação ambiental e uma cultura de desperdício. A partir de 2004, a Petroflex necessitou de uma nova concepção para priorização das suas ações e tomadas de decisões. A Metodologia Seis Sigma foi a escolhida para sustentar o novo salto de desenvolvimento da empresa e em 2008 a empresa alinhou a Seis Sigma ou Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos. O uso da metodologia Seis Sigma, as ações tomadas e os resultados alcançados, bem como, a realização de um projeto em uma das unidades da Petroflex, que levou a criação de um manual de gestão de resíduos sólidos, serão apresentados nos capítulos dessa dissertação, que buscou pesquisas bibliográficas, eletrônicas e documentais para ilustrar os conceitos deste tema de grande importância para sociedade.