Kuka vedättää ja ketä? : esiintymispalkkioiden eettiset ongelmat dokumentaarisissa teoksissa

Opinnäytetyössä pohditaan dokumentaarisissa teoksissa esiintyvien ihmisten palkkiokäytäntöjä ja niihin liittyviä eettisiä ongelmia. Näyttelijöille, juontajille ja asiantuntijoille maksetaan sähköisissä viestimissä esiintymisestä. Samalla lailla dokumentaarin tai reportaasin päähenkilö uhraa aikaansa ja voimavarojaan antaakseen kasvot tekijän tärkeäksi kokemalle asialle. Eikö myös dokumentaarisessa teoksessa esiintyvä henkilö ansaitse palkkiota? Erityisesti tilanteen eriarvoisuutta korostaa, jos esiintyjä tulee todella kurjista oloista. Dokumentaari voi menestyä, mutta henkilön elämä jatkuu yhtä vaatimattomana kuin ennenkin. Kiinnostuin aiheesta oman kokemukseni kautta ollessani kuvaamassa tv-inserttejä Brasiliassa. Capoeirasta kertovassa insertissä esiintyvän lapsen opettaja vastusti kuvauksia, ellen maksaisi niistä palkkiota. Asiasta syntyi kiivas kädenvääntö, sillä minulla oli jo lapsen vanhemmilta lupa kuvauksiin. Tapahtuma sai miettimään esiintymispalkkojen ongelmallisuutta niin esiintyjien kuin tekijöidenkin kannalta. Huomasin, ettei asiasta ole paljon kirjallisuutta, eikä tekijöiden keskuudessa ole mitään sääntöjä tai suosituksia asiasta. Lähdin tutkimaan aihetta kirjallisuudesta löytyvien pienien viitteiden ja lehtiartikkelien pohjalta sekä haastattelemalla ohjaajia, toimittajia ja tuottajia. Palkkio ei saa olla motiivina dokumentaarisessa teoksessa esiintymiselle. On tapauskohtaista, palkitaanko henkilö lopuksi rahalla tai muulla tavoin. Itse tekemisen täytyy kuitenkin olla vapaaehtoista. Esiintyjän voi lähes aina korvata toisella, sillä dokumentaarinen teos on teema- eikä henkilökeskeinen. Dokumentaristi tai journalisti ei ole avustusjärjestö, eikä kaikkia teoksessa esiintyneitä voida pelastaa. Sen sijaan yksittäisten ihmisten kautta voidaan tuoda esiin suurempia teemoja. Yleensä teema on tärkeä myös esiintyjälle, joten ihmiset pääosin lähtevät mielellään mukaan. Myös oman elämänsä ja näkökulmansa julkinen esiintuominen imartelee. Koska dokumentaarisessa teoksessa esiintyminen ei perustu palkkioihin, ohjaajalla on suuri vastuu siinä mukana olevista ihmisistä. Vaikka henkilön taloudellinen tilanne ei kohentuisikaan, jollain lailla kokemuksen toivoisi häntä rikastuttavan.

H56 Standard House for PNG Housing Commission, Papua New Guinea

As seen from street.

Australia’s Lily Brayton: Performer and theatre artist

Recognition is the aim of this account of an artist who is now remembered largely for her beauty, her wide iconic fame achieved by mass distribution of her image via photography and postcards, and her professional association with a internationally prominent producer who was also her husband. It is however a historically situated study, confining itself to readings of the kind of theatrical, social and cultural work performed by Brayton's presence in a rapidly-modernising Australia during the period between Federation in 1901 and the first World War, which event marks a disjuncture in the patterns of entertainment and cultural discourse in the new nation. Pre-war Australian theatre and vaudeville managements competed vigorously to secure the most acclaimed artists, seeing it as a kind of service and duty to boost their country's prestige along with their own coffers. Meanwhile, local playwrights and producers promoted a burgeoning repertoire of Australian dramas and films which played alongside the imported products in a complex network of cultural codes and affects.

Promoting an agenda for nuclear weapons elimination: The Canberra Commission and dilemmas of disarmament

This paper examines the role of the Canberra Commission in terms of consolidating and influencing the agenda on international negotiations towards the elimination of nuclear weapons. The Commission's Report is significant for two main reasons. First, it represents a unique form of disarmament diplomacy by the Australian Government which combined the post-Cold War international climate of security cooperation with the foreign policy aspirations of an activist middle power. Second, the Report refutes the strategic, technological and political arguments against nuclear elimination in a comprehensive and convincing manner, arguing that without elimination, the world faces increased threats of nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism. This paper thus concludes that the Canberra Commission has been instrumental in strengthening the taboo against the possession, testing or use of nuclear weapons.

Modernity Contextualises New Zealand's Royal Commission on Genetic Modification: A Discourse Analysis

The New Zealand's Royal Commission on Genetic Modification (RCGM)'s report was released in the year 2001. RCGM's findings supports the ongoing development of genetic engineering in New Zealand and recommends the recommencement of genetic modification field trials.

Considerations about the recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the Amazon fan

In 2004, Brazil submitted to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) a Submission for the outer limit of the Brazilian continental shelf for its extension beyond the limits of 200 nautical miles. In 2007, the CLCS presented its recommendations, however it did not recommend four areas proposed by Brazil, the Amazon Fan among them. The objective of this study is to present the main legal and technical aspects of the controversy about the Amazon Fan, in order to evaluate some alternatives for a future submission, new or revised.

EU Commission participation in the Troika mission: is there a European Union price to pay?

The article is intended to debate two questions regarding the involvement of the Commission in the Troika's action: firstly, considering the nature of financial assistance programs, it aims to discuss the effect of the Commission's participation in Troika negotiations on the balance of power of the EU institutions; and secondly, the article raises the issue of the Commission's liability for the results achieved by the financial assistance program, taking into account the extent of the conditions imposed, as well as the intensity of scrutiny by the Troika.

The Interpretation of Verbal Probability Expressions Used in the IAS/IFRS: the auditors Rrgistered with the portuguese securities market commission

One of the main arguments in favour of the adoption and convergence with the international accounting standards published by the IASB (i.e. IAS/IFRS) is that these will allow comparability of financial reporting across countries. However, because these standards use verbal probability expressions (v.g. “probable”) when establishing the recognition and disclosure criteria for accounting elements, they require professional accountants to interpret and classify the probability of an outcome or event taking into account those terms and expressions and to best decide in terms of financial reporting. This paper reports part of a research we carried out on the interpretation of “in context” verbal probability expressions used in the IAS/IFRS by the auditors registered with the Portuguese Securities Market Commission, the Comissão do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários (CMVM). Our results provide support for the hypothesis that culture affects the CMVM registered auditors’ interpretation of verbal probability expressions through its influence on the accounting value (or attitude) of conservatism. Our results also suggest that there are significant differences in their interpretation of the term “probable”, which is consistent with literature in general. Since “probable” is the most frequent verbal probability expression used in the IAS/IFRS, this may have a negative impact on financial statements comparability.

Implementação e integração do modelo de acreditação da Joint Commission International na unidade de imagiologia do Hospital Privado da Boavista

Este trabalho descreve a abordagem abrangente sobre a melhoria do sistema de gestão da qualidade na Unidade de Imagiologia do Hospital da Boavista através da implementação das normas de acreditação da Joint Commission International (JCI). Fundamental para a melhoria geral da qualidade é a redução contínua de riscos para os doentes e para os profissionais da Unidade. Tais riscos podem existir ao nível do ambiente físico assim como no circuito dos exames e dos doentes. A acreditação em Saúde é uma das prioridades estratégicas do Ministério da Saúde e tem como objetivo fortalecer a confiança dos cidadãos nos profissionais de saúde bem como nas instituições de saúde. É importante que Portugal cultive a melhoria da qualidade e segurança nas instituições de saúde mantendo uma relação adequada custo/benefício. A União Europeia tem feito um esforço para que a acreditação seja harmoniosa nos seus princípios, no entanto é respeitada sempre a prevalência da legislação de cada país, bem como as suas especificações culturais e religiosas (Shaw, 2006), responsabilizando-o pelo seu sistema de saúde O trabalho aqui apresentado tem como objetivo principal fundamentar a escolha do modelo de acreditação da JCI para o Hospital da Boavista, nomeadamente para a Unidade de Imagiologia, ver se os padrões estão de acordo com os procedimentos da Unidade, identificar falhas e apontar possiveis melhorias. Pretende-se ainda mostrar a importância da implementação dos sistemas de certificação e acreditação da gestão da qualidade, documentada pela experiência profissional, bem como o know-how do Hospital da Boavista, assim como a complementaridade dos programas da gestão da qualidade, certificação e acreditação. A escolha do modelo de acreditação da JCI, foi uma opção do Hospital da Boavista baseada na credibilidade e no grau de exigência que a entidade impõe. Foi imperativo que a Unidade de Imagiologia realizasse as suas funções de forma válida e fiável e que disponibilizasse produtos / serviços de qualidade. A monitorização e consequente controlo de qualidade do serviço prestado pela Unidade de Imagiologia, foi difícil mas simplificado, em parte, devido ao sistema de gestão da qualidade ISO 9001:2008 já implementado, tendo este sido consolidado com a implementação da acreditação da JCI, com padrões específicos bem definidos na gestão do controlo de qualidade na Unidade de Imagiologia do Hospital da Boavista.

Evaluation system in the European Commission : DEVCO’S evaluation methodology

Mestrado em Economia e Políticas Públicas

Report of the Shell Fish Commission of Maryland.

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