Facteurs influencing haptic shape perception

Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la contribution de plusieurs facteurs (le design de la tâche, l’orientation d’angle, la position de la tête et du regard) sur la capacité des sujets à percevoir les différences de formes bidimensionnelles (2-D) en utilisant le toucher haptique. Deux séries d'expériences (n = 12 chacune) ont été effectuées. Dans tous les cas, les angles ont été explorés avec l'index du bras tendu. La première expérience a démontré que le seuil de discrimination des angles 2-D a été nettement plus élevé, 7,4°, que le seuil de catégorisation des angles 2-D, 3,9°. Ce résultat étend les travaux précédents, en montrant que la différence est présente dans les mêmes sujets testés dans des conditions identiques (connaissance des résultats, conditions d'essai visuel, l’orientation d’angle). Les résultats ont également montré que l'angle de catégorisation ne varie pas en fonction de l'orientation des angles dans l'espace (oblique, verticale). Étant donné que les angles présentés étaient tous distribués autour de 90°, ce qui peut être un cas particulier comme dans la vision, cette constatation doit être étendue à différentes gammes d'angles. Le seuil plus élevé dans la tâche de discrimination reflète probablement une exigence cognitive accrue de cette tâche en demandant aux sujets de mémoriser temporairement une représentation mentale du premier angle exploré et de la comparer avec le deuxième angle exploré. La deuxième expérience représente la suite logique d’une expérience antérieure dans laquelle on a constaté que le seuil de catégorisation est modifié avec la direction du regard, mais pas avec la position de la tête quand les angles (non visibles) sont explorés en position excentrique, 60° à la droite de la ligne médiane. Cette expérience a testé l'hypothèse que l'augmentation du seuil, quand le regard est dirigé vers l'extrême droite, pourrait refléter une action de l'attention spatiale. Les sujets ont exploré les angles situés à droite de la ligne médiane, variant systématiquement la direction du regard (loin ou vers l’angle) de même que l'emplacement d'angle (30° et 60° vers la droite). Les seuils de catégorisation n’ont démontré aucun changement parmi les conditions testées, bien que le biais (point d'égalité subjective) ait été modifié (décalage aux valeurs inférieurs à 90°). Puisque notre test avec le regard fixé à l’extrême droite (loin) n'a eu aucun effet sur le seuil, nous proposons que le facteur clé contribuant à l'augmentation du seuil vu précédemment (tête tout droit/regard à droite) doit être cette combinaison particulière de la tête/regard/angles et non l’attention spatiale.

L'interactivité tactile et la compréhension de l'objet virtuel : utilisation potentielle de l'interface haptique en design industriel

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

L'interactivité tactile et la compréhension de l'objet virtuel : utilisation potentielle de l'interface haptique en design industriel

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Téléopération d'un robot collaboratif par outil haptique

Ce projet de recherche, intitulé Téléopération d'un robot collaboratif par outil haptique traite un des problèmes contemporains de la robotique, à savoir la coopération entre l'humain et la machine. La robotique est en pleine expansion depuis maintenant deux décennies: les robots investissent de plus en plus l'industrie, les services ou encore l'assistance à la personne et se diversifient considérablement. Ces nouvelles tendances font sortir les robots des cages dans lesquelles ils étaient placés et ouvrent grand la porte vers de nouvelles applications. Parmi elles, la coopération et les interactions avec l'humain représentent une réelle opportunité pour soulager l'homme dans des tâches complexes, fastidieuses et répétitives. En parallèle de cela, la robotique moderne s'oriente vers un développement massif du domaine humanoïde. Effectivement, plusieurs expériences sociales ont montré que l'être humain, constamment en interaction avec les systèmes qui l'entourent, a plus de facilités à contribuer à la réalisation d'une tâche avec un robot d'apparence humaine plutôt qu'avec une machine. Le travail présenté dans ce projet de recherche s'intègre dans un contexte d'interaction homme-robot (IHR) qui repose sur la robotique humanoïde. Le système qui en découle doit permettre à un utilisateur d'interagir efficacement et de façon intuitive avec la machine, tout en respectant certains critères, notamment de sécurité. Par une mise en commun des compétences respectives de l'homme et du robot humanoïde, les interactions sont améliorées. En effet, le robot peut réaliser une grande quantité d'actions avec précision et sans se fatiguer, mais n'est pas nécessairement doté d'une prise de décision adaptée à la situation, contrairement à l'homme qui est capable d'ajuster son comportement naturellement ou en fonction de son expérience. En d'autres termes, ce système cherche à intégrer le savoir-faire et la capacité de réflexion humaine avec la robustesse, l'efficacité et la précision du robot. Dans le domaine de la robotique, le terme d'interaction intègre également la notion de contrôle. La grande majorité des robots reçoit des commandes machines qui sont généralement des consignes de trajectoire, qu'ils sont capables d'interpréter. Or, plusieurs interfaces de contrôle sont envisageables, notamment celles utilisant des outils haptiques, qui permettent à un utilisateur d'avoir un ressenti et une perception tactile. Ces outils comme tous ceux qui augmentent le degré de contrôle auprès de l'utilisateur, en ajoutant un volet sensoriel, sont parfaitement adaptés pour ce genre d'applications. Dans ce projet, deux outils haptiques sont assemblés puis intégrés à une interface de contrôle haptique dans le but de commander le bras d'un robot humanoïde. Ainsi, l'homme est capable de diriger le robot tout en ajustant ses commandes en fonction des informations en provenance des différents capteurs du robot, qui lui sont retranscrites visuellement ou sensoriellement.

Perception Of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgeons, Orthodontists And Laypersons In Relation To The Harmony Of The Smile.

Harmony is one of the main objectives in surgical and orthodontic treatment and this harmony must be present in the smile, as well as in the face. The aim of the present study was to assess the perceptions of professionals and laypersons in relation to the harmony of the smile of patients with or without vertical maxillary alterations. Sixty observers (oral and maxillofacial surgeons, orthodontists and laypersons) reported the degree of harmony of six smiles using an objective questionnaire and the participants indicated if there was a need for corrective surgery or not. The classification of observers was recorded on a Likert scale from 1 to 5. Mixed regression was used to determine differences between the three groups. Statistically significant differences were found only for the harmony of the smile between the oral and maxillofacial surgeons and laypersons, with laypersons being more critical when assessing the smile. There was no statistical difference between the other groups for the harmony of the smile or the indication of corrective surgery. The patterns of greater or lesser harmony determined by observers during the smile were similar to those found in the literature as the ideal standard in relation to vertical maxillary positioning. Laypersons had a tendency to be more critical in relation to facial harmony than surgeons, although no statistical differences were found in the other groups in relation to the harmony of the smile or indication for the corrective surgery. In addition, the patterns of greater or lesser harmony of the smile determined by the participants were similar to those found in the literature as the ideal standard in relation to vertical maxillary positioning. Overall, the present study demonstrates that adequate interaction between surgeons, orthodontists and laypersons is essential in order to achieve facial harmony with orthodontic and/or surgical treatment. Opinion of specialists and laypersons about the smile in relation to the vertical positioning of the maxilla.

[the Perception Of Behavior Related To Mindfulness And The Brazilian Version Of The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory].

Mindfulness is a practice and a form of consciousness which has been the basis for innovative interventions in care and health promotion. This study presents mindfulness, describes and discusses the process of cultural adaptation of The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI) to Brazilian Portuguese. From the original version of this pioneering instrument for assessing mindfulness two translations and two back-translations were made. These were evaluated by a committee of 14 experts (Buddhists, linguists, health professionals), who helped to create two versions for the first pre-test, based on which suggestions were made by a sample of 41 people of the population through interviews. Considering the difficulties in understanding the concepts that are unfamiliar to the Brazilian culture, a new version was prepared with additional explanations, which underwent a further evaluation of the experts and a second pre-test with 72 people. This process aimed at addressing the limitations and challenges of evaluating mindfulness in a country of western culture through a self-report instrument based on Buddhist psychology. With appropriate levels of clarity and equivalence with the original instrument, the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory adapted for Brazil is presented.

[maternal Perception Regarding Hospitalized Newborns].

Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the neonatal unit of a public teaching hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, which aimed to determine the perceptions of mothers about their newborns hospitalized children. The sample consisted of 100 women questioned, through the Neonatal Perception Inventory Broussard, about how much trouble was expected to be presented by babies of the general unit, on behaviors such as crying; feeding; regurgitate or vomit; evacuate; sleep and have a routine. Then, the same questions were repeated about their own babies. Ninety mothers considered their children with fewer difficulties than other babies at the unit. Younger women and mothers of infants with higher weights tended to consider their children with more difficulty. The Inventory is easy to apply and may be useful in the evaluation of mother-child interaction, although its result cannot be considered in isolation.

Validação da Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), Life Satisfaction Index for the Third Age (LSITA) e do Aging Perception Questionnaire (APQ) para a língua portuguesa no Brasil : um estudo em idosos brasileiros

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Self-perception and malocclusion and their relation to oral appearance and function

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between malocclusion and self-perception of oral appearance/function, in 12/15-year-old Brazilian adolescents. The cluster sample consisted of 717 teenagers attending 24 urban public (n=611) and 5 rural public (n=107) schools in Maringá/PR. Malocclusion was measured using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI), in accordance with WHO recommendations. A parental questionnaire was applied to collect information on esthetic perception level and oral variables related to oral health. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Multiple logistic regression confirmed that for 12-year-old, missing teeth (OR=2.865) and presence of openbite (open occlusal relationship) (OR=2.865) were risk indicators for speech capability. With regard to 15-year-old, presence of mandibular overjet (horizontal overlap) (OR=4.016) was a risk indicator for speech capability and molar relationship (OR=1.661) was a risk indicator for chewing capability. The impact of malocclusion on adolescents' life was confirmed in this study. Speech and chewing capability were associated with orthodontic deviations, which should be taken into consideration in oral health planning, to identify risk groups and improve community health services.

Perception of difficulties with vision-related activities of daily living among patients undergoing unilateral posterior capsulotomy

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of Nd:YAG (neodymium: yttrium-aluminum- garnet) laser unilateral posterior capsulotomy on visual acuity and patients' perception of difficulties with vision-related activities of daily life. METHODS: We conducted an interventional survey that included 48 patients between 40 and 80 years of age with uni- or bilateral pseudophakia, posterior capsule opacification, and visual acuity <0.30 (logMAR) in one eye who were seen at a Brazilian university hospital. All patients underwent posterior capsulotomy using an Nd:YAG laser. Before and after the intervention, patients were asked to complete a questionnaire that was developed in an exploratory study. RESULTS: Before posterior capsulotomy, the median visual acuity (logMAR) of the included patients was 0.52 (range 0.30-1.60). After posterior capsulotomy, the median visual acuity of the included patients improved to 0.10 (range 0.0-0.52). According to the subjects' perceptions, their ability to perform most of their daily life activities improved after the intervention (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: After patients underwent posterior capsulotomy with an Nd:YAG laser, a significant improvement in the visual acuity of the treated eye was observed. Additionally, subjects felt that they experienced less difficulty performing most of their vision-dependent activities of daily living.

Dweller perception using fuzzy logic for slum upgrading

A large number of initiatives in cities in Brazil - including slum clearance and upgrading - have been undertaken over the years in an effort to ameliorate the problems arising from informal occupation; unfortunately, however, little is known about the related performance outcomes. Careful appraisal of the results of such initiatives is thus called for, covering evaluations of dwellers` perceptions of the upgraded environments. Among the available evaluation methods, post-occupancy evaluation (POE) is commonly employed, although it fails adequately to reflect prevailing subjective concepts of quality. The present paper contains the partial findings of a research exercise aimed at developing an original method, using fuzzy logic, for urban environmental quality evaluation in informally occupied areas on the basis of combining quantitative indicators and dweller perception. It combines POE with fuzzy logic in order to develop tools that can better model the uncertain information that emerges from that kind of study. This paper aims to introduce an uncertainty measure used in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of slum upgrading projects. The results show that it is possible to quantify certainty degrees in the findings and to define if additional information is needed.

Letters and cities: reading the urban environment with the help of perception theories

When wandering around a city such as Sao Paulo, we are surrounded by letters, numbers and symbols. These elements form part of an environment full of signs in many shapes and sizes that compete for our attention. Our perception of these elements contributes towards our spatial guidance and sense of place. The idea of `reading` the city, or urban environment, was introduced by Kevin Lynch, for whom reading the urban structure follows on from recognizing or identifying its numerous visual elements, not necessarily verbal ones. Beginning with a brief bibliographic review of perception theories, this article combines concepts from environmental psychology with concerns brought up by the fields of information design and epigraphy studies, setting out the basis of a methodological proposal for the study of typography and lettering in the urban environment.

Expertise and the perception of kinematic and situational probability information

Two experiments were conducted on the nature of expert perception in the sport of squash. In the first experiment, ten expert and fifteen novice players attempted to predict the direction and force of squash strokes from either a film display (occluded at variable time periods before and after the opposing player had struck the ball) or a matched point-light display (containing only the basic kinematic features of the opponent's movement pattern). Experts outperformed the novices under both display conditions, and the same basic time windows that characterised expert and novice pick-up of information in the film task also persisted in the point-light task. This suggests that the experts' perceptual advantage is directly related to their superior pick-up of essential kinematic information. In the second experiment, the vision of six expert and six less skilled players was occluded by remotely triggered liquid-crystal spectacles at quasi-random intervals during simulated match play. Players were required to complete their current stroke even when the display was occluded and their prediction performance was assessed with respect to whether they moved to the correct half of the court to match the direction and depth of the opponent's stroke. Consistent with experiment 1, experts were found to be superior in their advance pick-up of both directional and depth information when the display was occluded during the opponent's hitting action. However, experts also remained better than chance, and clearly superior to less skilled players, in their prediction performance under conditions where occlusion occurred before any significant pre-contact preparatory movement by the opposing player was visible. This additional source of expert superiority is attributable to their superior attunement to the information contained in the situational probabilities and sequential dependences within their opponent's pattern of play.

Hitting a moving target: Perception and action in the timing of rapid interceptions

Different interceptive tasks and modes of interception (hitting or capturing) do not necessarily involve similar control processes. Control based on preprogramming of movement parameters is possible for actions with brief movement times but is now widely rejected; continuous perceptuomotor control models are preferred for all types of interception. The rejection of preprogrammed control and acceptance of continuous control is evaluated for the timing of rapidly executed, manual hitting actions. It is shown that a preprogrammed control model is capable of providing a convincing account of observed behavior patterns that avoids many of the arguments that have been raised against it. Prominent continuous perceptual control models are analyzed within a common framework and are shown to be interpretable as feedback control strategies. Although these models can explain observations of on-line adjustments to movement, they offer only post hoc explanations for observed behavior patterns in hitting tasks and are not directly supported by data. It is proposed that rapid manual hitting tasks make up a class of interceptions for which a preprogrammed strategy is adopted-a strategy that minimizes the role of visual feedback. Such a strategy is effective when the task demands a high degree of temporal accuracy.

Studies of Cognition and Emotion in Organisations: Attribution, Affective Events, Emotional Intelligence and Perception of Emotion

This article details the author’s attempts to improve understanding of organisational behaviour through investigation of the cognitive and affective processes that underlie attitudes and behaviour. To this end, the paper describes the author’s earlier work on the attribution theory of leadership and, more recently, in three areas of emotion research: affective events theory, emotional intelligence, and the effect of supervisors’ facial expression on employees’ perceptions of leader-member exchange quality. The paper summarises the author’s research on these topics, shows how they have contributed to furthering our understanding of organisational behaviour, suggests where research in these areas are going, and draws some conclusions for management practice.