Mindreading and moral awareness in popular and rejected preschoolers

This study sought to examine links among young children's peer relations, their moral understanding in terms of the ability to distinguish lies from mistakes, and their theory-of-mind development. Based on sociometric measures, 109 children with a mean age of 4.8 years were divided into groups of popular and rejected preschoolers. Rejected children who had a stable mutual friend scored higher on measures of moral understanding and theory of mind than did rejected children without such friendships. Similarly, popular children who had a stable mutual friendship outperformed other popular children on mindreading, although their moral understanding was no better than that of the popular group who lacked mutual friends. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that peer popularity was a significant independent predictor of children's moral understanding after any effects of verbal maturity, age and theory-of-mind were statistically controlled. Moreover, having a reciprocal stable friendship made a significant independent contribution to the explanation of individual differences in mindreading, over and above age and verbal maturity, which also contributed significantly. These results are discussed in terms of conversational, cognitive, and emotional processes in the development of social cognition.

Timing pubertaire et adaptation psychosociale à l'adolescence : le rôle des relations interpersonnelles et des vulnérabilités individuelles

Cette thèse avait pour objectif d’examiner les liens longitudinaux entre le timing pubertaire et les problèmes de comportement intériorisés et extériorisés à l’adolescence, soit les problèmes de conduite et les symptômes dépressifs. Guidé par la perspective théorique biosociale et le modèle de vulnérabilité-stress, le rôle modérateur de l’environnement social et des vulnérabilités personnelles préexistantes était également évalué. Les hypothèses initiales étaient qu’un timing pubertaire précoce ou déviant de la norme (précoce et tardif) serait associé à des niveaux plus élevés de problèmes de conduite et de symptômes dépressifs, mais que ce lien serait accentué dans des contextes sociaux et interpersonnels plus à risque et en présence de vulnérabilités individuelles chez les adolescents. Pour vérifier ces hypothèses, des données provenant de l’Enquête Longitudinale Nationale sur les Enfants et les Jeunes (ELNEJ) ont été analysées. Gérée par Statistique Canada, l’ELNEJ est une enquête prospective biennale comportant différents échantillons représentatifs d’enfants et d’adolescents canadiens. Les mesures utilisées dans cette thèse ont été collectées à différents cycles de l’enquête, soit à 10–11 ans, 12–13 ans, 14–15 ans et 16–17 ans, directement auprès des adolescents et de leurs parents par le biais de questionnaires et d’entrevues. Le premier article de la thèse a vérifié si l’interaction entre le timing pubertaire et des caractéristiques du contexte social des pairs (c.-à-d. l’affiliation avec des pairs déviants et l’implication amoureuse en début d’adolescence) prédisait la présentation de problèmes de conduite avec et sans agressivité physique à l’adolescence. Les résultats ont montré que le contexte social des pairs modérait l’association entre le timing pubertaire et les problèmes de conduite. Une interaction significative entre le timing pubertaire et l’affiliation à des pairs déviants a indiqué qu’une puberté plus précoce était associée à des fréquences plus élevées de problèmes de conduite agressive seulement chez les filles et les garçons qui fréquentaient des pairs déviants. Autrement dit, parmi les adolescents s’affiliant à des pairs déviants en début d’adolescence, les adolescents pubères précoces tendaient à présenter plus de problèmes de conduite agressive deux ans plus tard, en comparaison à leurs pairs pubères dans les temps moyens ou tardifs. Une seconde interaction significative obtenue chez les filles a montré que la puberté plus précoce était prédictrice des problèmes de conduite non-agressive seulement en présence d’un engagement amoureux en début d’adolescence. En effet, dans un contexte d’implication amoureuse, les filles pubères précoces présentaient plus de problèmes de conduite non-agressive que leurs pairs. Le deuxième article de la thèse avait pour objectif d’évaluer le rôle modérateur des vulnérabilités individuelles à la dépression (présence de symptômes intériorisés à la fin de l’enfance), du contexte social des pairs (affiliation à des pairs déviants, expérience amoureuse précoce et perception de popularité auprès des pairs) et des relations parent-adolescent (perception de rejet de la part des parents) dans l’association longitudinale entre le timing pubertaire et les symptômes dépressifs en fin d’adolescence. Chez les filles, une interaction triple a révélé que la puberté plus précoce était liée à davantage de symptômes dépressifs, mais seulement chez celles qui présentaient des symptômes intériorisés à la fin de l’enfance et une implication amoureuse précoce. Chez les garçons, un effet curvilinéaire du timing pubertaire a été observé alors que la puberté précoce et tardive était associée à plus de symptômes dépressifs, mais seulement chez les garçons qui manifestaient des symptômes intériorisés à la fin de l’enfance. La puberté plus précoce était aussi liée à des niveaux plus élevés de symptômes dépressifs en présence d’affiliation à des pairs déviants (garçons) et de perceptions plus importantes de rejet parental (filles et garçons). En somme, la mise en évidence d’interactions significatives entre le timing pubertaire, les caractéristiques de l’environnement social et les vulnérabilités individuelles suscite différentes réflexions au plan théorique et pratique. Tout d’abord, les résultats suggèrent que le timing pubertaire en lui-même ne paraît pas représenter un facteur de risque généralisé des problèmes de comportement intériorisés et extériorisés à l’adolescence. Plus particulièrement, ces résultats soulignent l’importance de considérer l’environnement social et les facteurs de risque individuels préexistants afin de mieux comprendre l’effet de la transition pubertaire sur l’adaptation psychosociale des adolescents.

PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP QUALITY AND THE INFLUENCE ON SOCIOMETRIC VERSUS PEER-PERCEIVED POPULARITY

The purpose of this study was to compare factors in the parent-child relationships of peer perceived popular adolescents to those of sociometrically popular adolescents. Factors included autonomy, relatedness, and idealization. Participants were 71 8th grade adolescents. Results showed similarities in parent-child relationships between perceived popular and sociometrically popular adolescents for autonomy, relatedness, and idealization. Results suggest that future research should explore other factors, such as affection from mother and father and levels of psychological control behavior to differentiate perceived popularity from sociometrically popular adolescents.

Design and Implementation of Peer-to-Peer Network over Bluetooth

During the last half decade the popularity of different peer-to-peer applications has grown tremendously. Traditionally only desktop-class computers with fixed line network connections have been powerful enough to utilize peer-to-peer. However, the situation is about to change. The rapid development of wireless terminals will soon enable peer-to-peer applications on these devices as well as on desktops. Possibilities are further enhanced by the upcoming high-bandwidth cellular networks. In this thesis the applicability and implementation alternatives of an existing peer-to-peer system are researched for two target platforms: Linux powered iPaq and Symbian OS based smartphone. The result is a peer-to-peer middleware component suitable for mobile terminals. It works on both platforms and utilizes Bluetooth networking technology. The implemented software platforms are compatible with each other and support for additional network technologies can be added with a minimal effort.

Software Security Vulnerabilities in Mobile Peer-to-peer Environment

Increase of computational power and emergence of new computer technologies led to popularity of local communications between personal trusted devices. By-turn, it led to emergence of security problems related to user data utilized in such communications. One of the main aspects of the data security assurance is security of software operating on mobile devices. The aim of this work was to analyze security threats to PeerHood, software intended for performing personal communications between mobile devices regardless of underlying network technologies. To reach this goal, risk-based software security testing was performed. The results of the testing showed that the project has several security vulnerabilities. So PeerHood cannot be considered as a secure software. The analysis made in the work is the first step towards the further implementation of PeerHood security mechanisms, as well as taking into account security in the development process of this project.

Evolutionary methods for self-organizing cooperation in peer-to-peer networks

The Peer-to-Peer network paradigm is drawing the attention of both final users and researchers for its features. P2P networks shift from the classic client-server approach to a high level of decentralization where there is no central control and all the nodes should be able not only to require services, but to provide them to other peers as well. While on one hand such high level of decentralization might lead to interesting properties like scalability and fault tolerance, on the other hand it implies many new problems to deal with. A key feature of many P2P systems is openness, meaning that everybody is potentially able to join a network with no need for subscription or payment systems. The combination of openness and lack of central control makes it feasible for a user to free-ride, that is to increase its own benefit by using services without allocating resources to satisfy other peers’ requests. One of the main goals when designing a P2P system is therefore to achieve cooperation between users. Given the nature of P2P systems based on simple local interactions of many peers having partial knowledge of the whole system, an interesting way to achieve desired properties on a system scale might consist in obtaining them as emergent properties of the many interactions occurring at local node level. Two methods are typically used to face the problem of cooperation in P2P networks: 1) engineering emergent properties when designing the protocol; 2) study the system as a game and apply Game Theory techniques, especially to find Nash Equilibria in the game and to reach them making the system stable against possible deviant behaviors. In this work we present an evolutionary framework to enforce cooperative behaviour in P2P networks that is alternative to both the methods mentioned above. Our approach is based on an evolutionary algorithm inspired by computational sociology and evolutionary game theory, consisting in having each peer periodically trying to copy another peer which is performing better. The proposed algorithms, called SLAC and SLACER, draw inspiration from tag systems originated in computational sociology, the main idea behind the algorithm consists in having low performance nodes copying high performance ones. The algorithm is run locally by every node and leads to an evolution of the network both from the topology and from the nodes’ strategy point of view. Initial tests with a simple Prisoners’ Dilemma application show how SLAC is able to bring the network to a state of high cooperation independently from the initial network conditions. Interesting results are obtained when studying the effect of cheating nodes on SLAC algorithm. In fact in some cases selfish nodes rationally exploiting the system for their own benefit can actually improve system performance from the cooperation formation point of view. The final step is to apply our results to more realistic scenarios. We put our efforts in studying and improving the BitTorrent protocol. BitTorrent was chosen not only for its popularity but because it has many points in common with SLAC and SLACER algorithms, ranging from the game theoretical inspiration (tit-for-tat-like mechanism) to the swarms topology. We discovered fairness, meant as ratio between uploaded and downloaded data, to be a weakness of the original BitTorrent protocol and we drew inspiration from the knowledge of cooperation formation and maintenance mechanism derived from the development and analysis of SLAC and SLACER, to improve fairness and tackle freeriding and cheating in BitTorrent. We produced an extension of BitTorrent called BitFair that has been evaluated through simulation and has shown the abilities of enforcing fairness and tackling free-riding and cheating nodes.

P2P assisted streaming for low popularity VoD contents

The Video on Demand (VoD) service is becoming a dominant service in the telecommunication market due to the great convenience regarding the choice of content items and their independent viewing time. However, due to its high traffic demand nature, the VoD streaming systems are faced with the problem of huge amounts of traffic generated in the core of the network, especially for serving the requests for content items that are not in the top popularity range. Therefore, we propose a peer assisted VoD model that takes advantage of the clients unused uplink and storage capacity to serve requests for less popular items with the objective to keep the traffic on the periphery of the network, reduce the transport cost in the core of the network and make the system more scalable.

Does a peer model’s task proficiency influence children’s solution choice and innovation?

The current study investigated whether 4- to 6-year-old children’s task solution choice was influenced by the past proficiency of familiar peer models and the children’s personal prior task experience. Peer past proficiency was established through behavioral assessments of interactions with novel tasks alongside peer and teacher predictions of each child’s proficiency. Based on these assessments, one peer model with high past proficiency and one age-, sex-, dominance-, and popularity-matched peer model with lower past proficiency were trained to remove a capsule using alternative solutions from a three-solution artificial fruit task. Video demonstrations of the models were shown to children after they had either a personal successful interaction or no interaction with the task. In general, there was not a strong bias toward the high past-proficiency model, perhaps due to a motivation to acquire multiple methods and the salience of other transmission biases. However, there was some evidence of a model-based past-proficiency bias; when the high past-proficiency peer matched the participants’ original solution, there was increased use of that solution, whereas if the high past-proficiency peer demonstrated an alternative solution, there was increased use of the alternative social solution and novel solutions. Thus, model proficiency influenced innovation.

Friendship dynamics and popularity hierarchies among inclusive men

Previous research has demonstrated that aggression and marginalization are key components of maintaining popularity within male peer groups. However, more recent ethnographic studies have documented a significant shift in young men’s attitudes and behaviours, with more inclusive masculinities flourishing. My previous research has examined friendship dynamics and popularity hierarchies among boys, showing that contemporary popularity is stratified by a boy’s charisma, authenticity, emotional support, and social fluidity. In this article, I draw upon ethnographic research to provide an intersectional analysis of how adolescent masculinities are influenced by class, age and sexuality

A Taxonomy for Locality Algorithms on Peer-to-Peer Networks

The continuous growth of peer-to-peer networks has made them responsible for a considerable portion of the current Internet traffic. For this reason, improvements in P2P network resources usage are of central importance. One effective approach for addressing this issue is the deployment of locality algorithms, which allow the system to optimize the peers` selection policy for different network situations and, thus, maximize performance. To date, several locality algorithms have been proposed for use in P2P networks. However, they usually adopt heterogeneous criteria for measuring the proximity between peers, which hinders a coherent comparison between the different solutions. In this paper, we develop a thoroughly review of popular locality algorithms, based on three main characteristics: the adopted network architecture, distance metric, and resulting peer selection algorithm. As result of this study, we propose a novel and generic taxonomy for locality algorithms in peer-to-peer networks, aiming to enable a better and more coherent evaluation of any individual locality algorithm.