Vulnerability criminalised: Transgender people in prisons

Purpose of this paper: International research identifies transgender people as a vulnerable group in prison systems, with basic needs often being denied. This paper outlines Australian contexts of incarceration, and links between institutional responses and the vulnerabilisation of transgender prisoners. Design/methodology/approach: The paper critically analyses Australian prison policies regarding the treatment of transgender prisoners. Findings: The policy analysis illustrates the links between institutional practices and the increased vulnerability of transgender prisoners. The paper argues that policies further criminalise, and potentially doubly punish, transgender prisoners. Research limitations/implications: This paper analyses the publicly available policies on regulating transgender people’s imprisonment. Given the limited Australian research into transgender prisoner’s lived experiences, there is a gap in relation to policies, their perception, and how corrective services personnel enact the limited procedures available to them in managing transgender prisoners. Practical Implications: Current policies and practices significantly enhance the vulnerability of transgender prisoners. This policy analysis highlights the critical importance of policy and practice reform in relation to housing, safety, health and welfare services, and misgendering. What is the original/value of paper: The policy analysis provides practitioners with an outline of critical issues that arise when transgender people are imprisoned and suggests key areas for future research.

Os desafios da despatologização da transexualidade: reflexões sobre a assistência a transexuais no Brasil

Em 2008, a partir da Portaria 1707 do Ministério da Saúde, foi instituído no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde o Processo Transexualizador que estabeleceu as bases para a regulação do acesso de transexuais aos programas para realizar os procedimentos de transgenitalização. Esta Portaria, que tem como base o reconhecimento de que a orientação sexual e a identidade de gênero são determinantes da situação de saúde e que o mal-estar e sentimento de inadaptação por referência ao sexo anatômico do transexual devem ser abordados dentro da integralidade da atenção preconizada pelo SUS, significou avanços expressivos na legitimação da demanda de transexuais por redesignação sexual e facilitou o acesso dessa população à assistência de saúde. Embora a proposta da atenção a transexuais instituída no Brasil seja a de uma política de saúde integral que ultrapassa a questão cirúrgica e considera fatores psicossociais desta experiência, é possível observar que a mesma está baseada em um modelo biomédico que considera a transexualidade um transtorno mental cujo diagnóstico é condição de acesso ao cuidado e o tratamento está orientado para a realização da cirurgia de redesignação sexual. Nesse sentido, apenas os sujeitos que se enquadram na categoria nosológica de Transtorno de Identidade de Gênero e, consequentemente, expressam o desejo de adequar seu corpo ao gênero com o qual se identificam por meio de modificações corporais têm seu direito à assistência médica garantido. Diante disso, considerando que no Brasil a atenção a transexuais está absolutamente condicionada a um diagnóstico psiquiátrico que, ao mesmo tempo em que legitima a demanda por redesignação sexual e viabiliza o acesso a cuidados de saúde é um vetor de patologização e de estigma que restringe o direito à atenção médica e limita a autonomia, o presente estudo pretende discutir os desafios da despatologização da transexualidade para a gestão de políticas públicas para a população transexual no país. A partir de uma pesquisa sobre as questões históricas, políticas e sociais que definiram a transexualidade como um transtorno mental e dos processos que associaram a regulamentação do acesso aos serviços de saúde ao diagnóstico de transexualismo, espera-se problematizar o atual modelo de assistência a pessoas trans e construir novas perspectivas para a construção de políticas inclusivas e abrangentes que garantam o direito a saúde e o exercício da autonomia para pessoas trans.

A emergência da categoria da transexualidade na interseção com as técnicas biomédicas.

Refletindo sobre a emergência da categoria da transexualidade como a conhecemos na atualidade e seus desdobramentos sociais, políticos e subjetivos, especialmente a partir da segunda metade do século XX, procuramos nessa dissertação discutir o contexto que possibilitou o fenômeno da medicalização tecnológica dessa categoria. Ao desenvolvê-lo, essa pesquisa aponta atores da categoria médica e da militância que compuseram uma relação de negociação entre a demanda do indivíduo transexual e as possibilidades técnicas, legais e discursivas da biomedicina. Inicialmente, buscamos compreender como os profissionais médicos, psiquiatras e psicanalistas, pertencentes à ciência da sexologia a partir do fim do século XIX, incluíram em seus discursos e práticas os comportamentos sexuais considerados desviantes na época. O homossexualismo e o travestismo, representantes dessas perversões, constituíram categorias diagnósticas e identitárias de fundamental importância para a inauguração da transexualidade enquanto categoria nosológica médico-psiquiátrica e enquanto tipo humano, ou seja, uma forma subjetiva de experiência e identidade de gênero. Diante disso, e considerando o contexto sociocultural e o desenvolvimento biotecnológico hormonal e cirúrgico na época, temos a hipótese que a criação dessa categoria só foi possível devido à incorporação em indivíduos transexuais de procedimentos tecnocientíficos que possibilitaram que suas transformações anatomobiológicas construíssem o gênero desejado. A medicalização da transexualidade e sua regulação médico-jurídica, ao mesmo tempo em que são vetores de patologização e de estigma, possibilitaram o acesso à essas transformações corporais. Essa pesquisa problematiza o acesso à essas tecnologias, condicionado à obtenção do diagnóstico psiquiátrico, e aborda a relação interativa entre os aspectos discursivos e práticos da categoria médica e dos indivíduos transexuais e militância, assim como seus efeitos que iluminam essa questão. Finalmente, com o objetivo de ilustrar e compreender a interação entre a tecnologia e o corpo transexual, descrevemos e discutimos brevemente os principais procedimentos aplicados em homens transexuais e mulheres transexuais na transição de gênero.

The 'Unhomely' White Women of Antillean Writing

While the field known as ‘Whiteness Studies’ has been thriving in Anglophone criticism and theory for over 25 years, it is almost unknown in France. This is partly due to epistemological and political differences, but also to demographic factors — in contrast with the post-plantation culture of the US, for example, whites in Martinique and Guadeloupe are a tiny minority of small island populations. Yet ‘whiteness’ remains a phantasized and a fetishized state in the Antillean imaginary, and is strongly inflected by gender. This article sketches the emergence of ‘white’ femininity during slavery, then examines its representation in the work of a number of major Antillean writers (Condé, Placoly, Confiant, Chamoiseau). In their work, a cluster of recurring images and leitmotifs convey the idealization or, more commonly, the pathologization, of the white woman; these images resonate strongly with Bhabha’s ‘unhomely’, and convey the disturbing imbrication of sex and race in Antillean history.

‘Designer Vaginas': The Representation of Female Genitals on Canadian Cosmetic Surgeons' Websites

This thesis critically examines the online marketing tactics of 10 (English language) Canadian cosmetic surgery clinics’ websites that offer Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS), specifically, labiaplasty (labial reduction) and vaginoplasty (vaginal tightening). Drawing on a qualitative Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA) and a feminist-informed social constructionist framework (Lazar, 2007), I examine how FGCS discourses reiterate and reinforce heteronormative sexual scripts for women, and impose restrictive models of femininity through the pathologization of genital diversity and the appropriation of postfeminist and neoliberal discourses of individual choice and empowerment. I explore feminist analyses of the links between FGCS and contemporary Western women’s postfeminist subjectivity, and the reconfiguration of women’s sexual agency, to better understand what these contemporary shifts may mean for women’s sexual anxiety and expression. My analysis highlights several discourses that organize the online marketing material of Canadian FGCS websites, including: the pathologization of genital diversity; restrictive models of femininity; heteronormative sexual scripts; neoliberal and post-feminist rhetorics of individual choice and empowerment; and psychological and sexual transformation. Overall, these discourses undermine acceptance of women’s genital diversity, legitimize the FGCS industry and frame FGCS as the only viable solution to alleviate women’s genital and sexual distress despite the lack of evidence regarding the long-term benefits and risks of these procedures, and the recommendations against FGCS by professional medical organizations.

L’utérus artificiel ou l’effacement du corps maternel : de l’obstétrique à la machinique

Face au projet de l’utérus artificiel, ce mémoire est consacré à comprendre et expliquer les tenants sociohistoriques bornant son développement. Employant une méthode de « cartographie du présent », nous établissons en premier lieu la solidité empirique de l’ectogenèse, telle qu’exprimée en laboratoire et par les discours experts actuels. Cette analyse préliminaire permet de dégager la question névralgique de l’effacement du corps maternel dans la procréation, ce que nous problématisons suivant une perspective sociohistorique et anthropologique. L’hypothèse principale de ce mémoire est que l’utérus artificiel constitue l’extension radicale de représentations et pratiques existantes qui effacent de maintes façons le corps; ainsi nous cherchons à repérer le cheminement de cette radicalisation. En fouillant l’archéologie de l’assistance à la procréation – des accoucheuses médiévales à la techno-maternité contemporaine en passant par l’obstétrique moderne – notre objectif est de bien identifier la généalogie de la médicalisation, de la pathologisation et de la technicisation croissantes du corps maternel et de l’engendrement afin de caractériser la construction sociale d’une maternité machinique. Autrement dit, il s’agit de jalonner les représentations et pratiques sociales à l’oeuvre dans l’approche contemporaine de la procréation qui participent à l’oblitération du corps et ainsi créent un terreau fertile pour l’implantation de l’UA.

Television and the popular: viewing from the British perspective

The academic discipline of television studies has been constituted by the claim that television is worth studying because it is popular. Yet this claim has also entailed a need to defend the subject against the triviality that is associated with the television medium because of its very popularity. This article analyses the many attempts in the later twentieth and twenty-first centuries to constitute critical discourses about television as a popular medium. It focuses on how the theoretical currents of Television Studies emerged and changed in the UK, where a disciplinary identity for the subject was founded by borrowing from related disciplines, yet argued for the specificity of the medium as an object of criticism. Eschewing technological determinism, moral pathologization and sterile debates about television's supposed effects, UK writers such as Raymond Williams addressed television as an aspect of culture. Television theory in Britain has been part of, and also separate from, the disciplinary fields of media theory, literary theory and film theory. It has focused its attention on institutions, audio-visual texts, genres, authors and viewers according to the ways that research problems and theoretical inadequacies have emerged over time. But a consistent feature has been the problem of moving from a descriptive discourse to an analytical and evaluative one, and from studies of specific texts, moments and locations of television to larger theories. By discussing some historically significant critical work about television, the article considers how academic work has constructed relationships between the different kinds of objects of study. The article argues that a fundamental tension between descriptive and politically activist discourses has confused academic writing about ›the popular‹. Television study in Britain arose not to supply graduate professionals to the television industry, nor to perfect the instrumental techniques of allied sectors such as advertising and marketing, but to analyse and critique the medium's aesthetic forms and to evaluate its role in culture. Since television cannot be made by ›the people‹, the empowerment that discourses of television theory and analysis aimed for was focused on disseminating the tools for critique. Recent developments in factual entertainment television (in Britain and elsewhere) have greatly increased the visibility of ›the people‹ in programmes, notably in docusoaps, game shows and other participative formats. This has led to renewed debates about whether such ›popular‹ programmes appropriately represent ›the people‹ and how factual entertainment that is often despised relates to genres hitherto considered to be of high quality, such as scripted drama and socially-engaged documentary television. A further aspect of this problem of evaluation is how television globalisation has been addressed, and the example that the issue has crystallised around most is the reality TV contest Big Brother. Television theory has been largely based on studying the texts, institutions and audiences of television in the Anglophone world, and thus in specific geographical contexts. The transnational contexts of popular television have been addressed as spaces of contestation, for example between Americanisation and national or regional identities. Commentators have been ambivalent about whether the discipline's role is to celebrate or critique television, and whether to do so within a national, regional or global context. In the discourses of the television industry, ›popular television‹ is a quantitative and comparative measure, and because of the overlap between the programming with the largest audiences and the scheduling of established programme types at the times of day when the largest audiences are available, it has a strong relationship with genre. The measurement of audiences and the design of schedules are carried out in predominantly national contexts, but the article refers to programmes like Big Brother that have been broadcast transnationally, and programmes that have been extensively exported, to consider in what ways they too might be called popular. Strands of work in television studies have at different times attempted to diagnose what is at stake in the most popular programme types, such as reality TV, situation comedy and drama series. This has centred on questions of how aesthetic quality might be discriminated in television programmes, and how quality relates to popularity. The interaction of the designations ›popular‹ and ›quality‹ is exemplified in the ways that critical discourse has addressed US drama series that have been widely exported around the world, and the article shows how the two critical terms are both distinct and interrelated. In this context and in the article as a whole, the aim is not to arrive at a definitive meaning for ›the popular‹ inasmuch as it designates programmes or indeed the medium of television itself. Instead the aim is to show how, in historically and geographically contingent ways, these terms and ideas have been dynamically adopted and contested in order to address a multiple and changing object of analysis.

Despatologização do gênero: a politização das identidades abjetas

Apesar das mudanças políticas e sociais em relação às transexualidades e travestilidades, elas ainda são consideradas pela Associação de Psiquiatria Norte-Americana (APA) e pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) como transtornos mentais. Essas entidades divulgarão em 2013 as novas versões do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais (DSM - APA) e do Código Internacional de Doença (CID - OMS), o que tem mobilizado ativistas trans que reivindicam a retirada da transexualidade do rol das doenças identificáveis como transtornos mentais. A campanha Stop Trans Pathologization (Pare a Patologização!) se internacionalizou e envolvia, até o início de 2012, mais de 29 países. Neste artigo, discutiremos algumas iniciativas dessa campanha, analisaremos a ideologia de gênero presente no DSM e no CID, que incorporam o gênero como uma categoria diagnóstica, e, por fim, apresentaremos argumentos pelo fim do diagnóstico de gênero.

Psicanálise, gênero e singularidade

Psychology, and more specifically Psychoanalysis have been called to manifest themselves about current phenomena regarding gender and sexuality issues. The demand for acting on these matters has grown, partly due to the influence of media. It is possible to point out limits on the performance of these professionals for lacking a reflection on the concept of subject, the effects of a pathologization of gender and the use of a binary conception of gender.

Da crise normal ao risco: produções da adolescência nos cenários da saúde mental no Brasil

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

Case study of children of referrals to health services: an individualizing design?

Nowadays education for all is recommended as an international action. However in Brazil one can observe homogeneous practices for a heterogeneous public. When the student has learning difficulties, there seems to be an attempt to normalization and pathologization by the means of referral, many times being indiscriminate, to health services. This case study aimed to analyze records of pedagogical strategies to meet the students educational needs before sending them to health services. Two records sent to a multidisciplinary team of a Regional Specialty Clinic (ARE) in a city of the state of São Paulo/Brazil, were used. The results reflect that the records of the educators do not show the pedagogical strategies used with the students and that the education system still seeks homogeneous classes, devaluating the diversity present in its context.

A psicopatologização da infância no contemporâneo: um estudo sobre a expansão do diagnóstico de transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade

The expansion of psychiatric labeling does not reach only the adult population, but also the problematic related to childhood have been captured by the speeches and practices of the medical-psychiatric knowledge and turned into psychopathologies which tend to be treated with the main resource made available by psychiatrics in the present times: the psychotropic drugs. This work presents a critical thinking on the expansion of the diagnoses of “attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity” (ADHD) both in children and teenagers and on the conduction of drug therapies. It follows that the processes of childhood psycho-pathologization and the trivializing of psychotropic drug prescription are related to the overvaluation of the biological conception of psychic suffering and to the economic interests of the great pharmaceutical laboratories which by means of several strategies influence the medical practices, factors that lead to exposure of these patients to possible side effects and the risks of stigmatization that must be considered.

Depresión subclínica en España:prevalencia e impacto sobre la salud

INTRODUCCIÓN: La depresión subclínica es una condición prevalente que presenta importantes implicaciones para el funcionamiento y el bienestar de los pacientes. Sin embargo, faltan estudios que operativicen su definición y que profundicen en su significación clínica y su impacto en la salud. El presente trabajo analiza el impacto de la depresión subclínica sobre un indicador de salud compuesto por ocho dominios de funcionamiento, y su prevalencia en la población española. MÉTODO: La muestra se ha extraído de la base de datos de la Encuesta Mundial de Salud de la OMS, seleccionando las respuestas para España de personas con depresión subclínica y sin depresión. RESULTADOS: Controlando la interacción de las distintas variables demográficas, ser mujer resulta ser el único predictor significativo para la presencia de depresión subclínica. Un peor estado de salud se asocia significativamente con presentar depresión subclínica, ser mujer, tener una edad elevada, un bajo nivel de ingresos, un menor número de años de educación formal y ser viudo. La disminución resulta significativa en los ocho dominios de funcionamiento que conforman el índice. CONCLUSIONES: Se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de conceptualizar mejor la naturaleza de la depresión subclínica, profundizando en la línea de recientes propuestas que abogan por una definición basada en su significación clínica más que en el número de síntomas depresivos, con el objetivo de no patologizar el sufrimiento humano y el malestar inherente a muchas situaciones vitales. INTRODUCTION: Subclinical depression is a prevalent condition with important implications for patients' functioning and wellbeing. However, there is a lack of studies operationalising its definition and studying its clinical significance and health impact in depth. This work analyses subclinical depression impact on a health satus score derived from eight heath domains, and its prevalence in Spanish population. METHODS: The sample was selected from World Health Survey database, choosing the answers for Spain of people with a dignosis of subclinical depression and no depressive disorders. RESULTS: Controlling the interaction of the different demographic variables, being female was the only significant predictor for the presence of subclinical depression. A worse health status is associated with subclinical depression, being female, a higher age, lower incomes, less years of formal education and being widowed. The decrease is significant in the eight health domains composing the score. CONCLUSIONS: The necessity of a better conceptualization of the nature of clinical depression is highlighted, going in depth in different proposals defending a definition based on clinical signification rather than in the number of depressive symptoms, with the goal of avoiding the pathologization of human suffering and inherent distress to several vital situations.