Tomographic and radiographic aspects of an infiltrative mediastinal lymphoma in a domestic cat with acute paraparesis: case report

Lymphomas are malignant neoplasms resulting from clonal proliferations of lymphocytes, originated from lymphoid organs, but can develop in any organ by the migration of lymphocytes to the organ's tissue. Lymphoma constitutes one of the most common neoplasms in cats. Imaging techniques like radiology, ultrasound and tomography may help in diagnosing and classifying lymphomas. Our objective is to report the radiographic and tomographic characteristics of a mediastinal lymphoma in a cat, which occupied a large thoracic and abdominal area and infiltrated into the medullary canal causing acute paraparesis. The tomographic exam was essential for identifying the mass, its extension and its location, besides identifying how compromised the adjacent structures were, but the histopathological examination was crucial to diagnose the nature of the lesion.

Upregulation of hsa-miR-125b in HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients

The retrovirus human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) promotes spastic paraparesis, adult T cell leukaemia and other diseases. Recently, some human microRNAs (miRNAs) have been described as important factors in host-virus interactions. This study compared miRNA expression in control individuals, asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis patients. The proviral load and Tax protein expression were measured in order to characterize the patients. hsa-miR-125b expression was significantly higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.0285) or in the HAM group (p = 0.0312). Therefore, our findings suggest that miR-125b expression can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of viral replication and pathogenic processes.

Co-presentation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and adult-onset infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 infection

Background  Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 (IDH), and various other clinical conditions. Several of these diseases can occur in association. Objective  Report an association of diseases related to HTLV-1 infection, occurring in an unusual age group. Methods  Dermatological and laboratory exams were consecutively performed in HTLV-1-infected individuals from January 2008 to July 2010 in the HTLV Outpatient Clinic at the Institute of Infectious Diseases “Emilio Ribas” in São Paulo, Brazil. Results  A total of 193 individuals (73 HAM/TSP and 120 asymptomatic carriers) were evaluated, three of which were associated with adult-onset IDH and HAM/TSP. In all three cases, the patients were affected by IDH after the development and progression of HAM/TSP-associated symptoms. Limitations  Small number of cases because of the rarity of these diseases. Conclusion  We draw attention to the possibility of co-presentation of adult-onset IDH in patients with a previous diagnosis of HAM/TSP, although IDH is a disease classically described in children. Thus, dermatologists should be aware of these diagnoses in areas endemic for HTLV-1 infection.

Brain atrophy in pure and complicated hereditary spastic paraparesis: a quantitative 3D MRI study

Hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) is a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders with progressive lower limb spasticity, categorized into pure (p-HSP) and complicated forms (c-HSP). The purpose of this study was to evaluate if brain volumes in HSP were altered compared with a control population. Brain volumes were determined in patients suffering from HSP, including both p-HSP (n = 21) and c-HSP type (n = 12), and 30 age-matched healthy controls, using brain parenchymal fractions (BPF) calculated from 3D MRI data in an observer-independent procedure. In addition, the tissue segments of grey and white matter were analysed separately. In HSP patients, BPF were significantly reduced compared with controls both for the whole patient group (P < 0.001) and for both subgroups, indicating considerable brain atrophy. In contrast to controls who showed a decline of brain volumes with age, this physiological phenomenon was less pronounced in HSP. Therefore, global brain parenchyma reduction, involving both grey and white matter, seems to be a feature in both subtypes of HSP. Atrophy was more pronounced in c-HSP, consistent with the more severe phenotype including extramotor involvement. Thus, global brain atrophy, detected by MRI-based brain volume quantification, is a biological marker in HSP subtypes.

Mimicry between HTLV-I and myelin basic protein: No response in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy patients

The reactivity to a peptide from the HTLV-I polyprotein (FKLPGLNSR) and a similar sequence from myelin basic protein (MBP) (FKLGGRDSR) was examined in relation to the proposal that mimicry of MBP by HTLV-I could be involved in autoimmune responses in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM). It was found that rabbit antibodies raised against the HTLV-I peptide recognised both peptides, with a titre of 1/10240 to the HTLV-I peptide and 1/5220 to the MBP peptide. Human sera from HAM patients and a HTLV-I carrier without HAM showed slightly higher responses to the HTLV-I peptide compared to the responses from uninfected human sera. HAM patients had greater responses to the HTLV-I peptide than to the similar MBP peptide and an unrelated bovine MBP peptide. There was no recognition of the peptides by peripheral blood lymphocytes from HAM patients or a HTLV-I carrier without HAM. It was concluded that although cross-reactivity was demonstrated in rabbits and the HTLV-I peptide was recognised by sera from HAM patients, the epitope does not appear to evoke a mimicking response to the similar region in MBP. Hence it is not likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of HAM through molecular mimicry.

Caractérisation des transcrits antisens chez les rétrovirus HTLV et étude comparative des fonctions des protéines traduites à partir de ces transcrits antisens

Le premier membre de la famille des rétrovirus humains HTLV (Virus T-lymphotropique Humain), HTLV-1, a été découvert en 1980 et l’on estime aujourd’hui à plus de 10 millions le nombre d’individus infectés à travers le monde. Après une période de latence d’environ 40 ans, 5% des individus infectés développent des leucémies, des lymphomes adultes de lymphocytes T (ATLL) ou encore une myélopathie associée à HTLV-1/ paraparésie spastique tropicale (HAM/TSP). L’apparition de la maladie serait en grande partie orchestrée par deux protéines virales, soit Tax et HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ). L’expression du génome viral se fait à partir d’un transcrit sens de pleine longueur suite à un épissage alternatif, à l’exception du gène HBZ. HBZ est produite à partir d’un transcrit antisens initié dans la séquence terminale longue répétée (LTR)’3. Elle a été décrite comme étant capable de réguler négativement la transcription virale dépendante de Tax en se dimérisant avec des facteurs de transcription cellulaires tels que CREB-2 et certains membres de la famille Jun. HBZ a aussi un pouvoir prolifératif et bien que nous ne sachions toujours pas le mécanisme moléculaire menant à l’oncogenèse par HBZ, nous savons qu’elle module une multitude de voies de transduction de signaux, dont AP-1. Nous avons récemment mis en évidence un transcrit antisens nommé Antisense Protein of HTLV-2 (APH-2) chez HTLV-2 qui n’est associé qu’à une myélopathie apparentée au HAM/TSP. Ce n’est qu’en 2005 que HTLV-3 et HTLV-4 se sont rajoutés au groupe HTLV. Cependant, aucune corrélation avec le développement d’une quelconque maladie n’a été montrée jusqu’à ce jour. Le premier volet de ce projet de doctorat avait pour objectif de détecter et caractériser les transcrits antisens produits par HTLV-3 et HTLV-4 et d’étudier les protéines traduites à partir de ces transcrits pour ainsi évaluer leurs similitudes et/ou différences avec HBZ et APH-2. Nos études de localisation cellulaire réalisées par microscopie confocale ont montré que APH-3 et APH-4 sont des protéines nucléaires, se retrouvant sous la forme de granules et, dans le cas d’APH-3, partiellement cytoplasmique. Ces granules co-localisent en partie avec HBZ. Les analyses à l’aide d’un gène rapporteur luciférase contenant le LTR 5’ de HTLV-1 ont montré que APH-3 et APH-4 peuvent aussi inhiber la transactivation du LTR 5’ par Tax. Aussi, des études faisant appel au gène rapporteur précédé d’un promoteur de collagénase (site AP-1), ont montré que ces deux protéines, contrairement à HBZ, activent la transcription dépendante de tous les membres des facteurs de transcription de la famille Jun. De plus, les mutants ont montré que le motif fermeture éclair (LZ) atypique de ces protéines est impliqué dans cette régulation. En effet, APH-3 et APH-4 modulent la voie Jun-dépendante en se dimérisant via leur LZ atypique avec la famille Jun et semblent activer la voie par un mécanisme ne faisant pas par d’un domaine activateur autonome. Dans un deuxième volet, nous avions comme objectif d’approfondir nos connaissances sur la localisation nucléolaire de HBZ. Lors de nos analyses, nous avons identifié deux nouveaux partenaires d’interaction, B23 et la nucléoline, qui semblent être associés à sa localisation nucléolaire. En effet, ces interactions sont plus fortes suivant une délétion des domaines AD et bZIP de HBZ qui dans ce cas est localisée strictement au nucléole. De plus, bien que APH-3 et APH-4 puissent se localiser aux nucléoles, HBZ est la seule protéine traduite à partir d’un transcrit antisens pouvant interagir avec B23. Finalement, ces travaux ont clairement mis en évidence que HTLV-3 et HTLV-4 permettent la production de transcrits antisens comme chez d’autres rétrovirus. Les protéines traduites à partir de ces transcrits antisens jouent d’importants rôles dans la réplication rétrovirale mais semblent avoir des fonctions différentes de celles de HBZ au niveau de la régulation de la transcription de la voie Jun. HBZ semble aussi jouer un rôle unique dans le nucléole en ciblant les protéines nucléolaires de la cellule. Ces études démontrent que les protéines produites à partir de transcrits antisens chez les rétrovirus HTLV partagent plusieurs ressemblances, mais démontrent aussi des différences. Ainsi, les APH pourraient, en tant qu’outil comparatif, aider à mieux cibler les mécanismes moléculaires importants utilisés par HBZ pour induire la pathogénèse associée à une infection par HTLV.

Association of Human T Lymphotropic Virus 1 Amplification of Periodontitis Severity with Altered Cytokine Expression in Response to a Standard Periodontopathogen Infection

Background. Periodontal diseases (PDs) are infectious diseases in which periodontopathogens trigger chronic inflammatory and immune responses that lead to tissue destruction. Recently, viruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PDs. Individuals infected with human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) present with abnormal oral health and a marked increased prevalence of periodontal disease. Methods. In this study, we investigated the patterns of periodontopathogen infection and local inflammatory immune markers in HTLV-1-seropositive individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP/HTLV-1 group) compared with HTLV-1 -seronegative individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP group) and periodontally healthy, HTLV-1 -seronegative individuals (control group). Results. Patients in the CP/HTLV-1 group had significantly higher values of bleeding on probing, mean probing depth, and attachment loss than patients in the CP group. The expression of tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin (IL) 4 was found to be similar in the CP and CP/HTLV-1 groups, whereas IL-12 and IL-17 levels trended toward a higher expression in the CP/HTLV-1 group. A significant increase was seen in the levels of IL-1 beta and interferon gamma in the CP/HTLV-1 group compared with the CP group, whereas expression of the regulatory T cell marker FOXp3 and IL-10 was significantly decreased in the lesions from the CP/HTLV-1 group. Interestingly, similar frequency and/or load of periodontopathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) and frequency of viruses (herpes simplex virus 1, human cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus) characteristically associated with PDs were found in the CP/HTLV and CP groups. Conclusions. HTLV-1 may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease through the deregulation of the local cytokine network, resulting in an exacerbated response against a standard periodontopathogen infection.

Screening of ARHSP-TCC Patients Expands the Spectrum of SPG11 Mutations and Includes a Large Scale Gene Deletion

Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia with thinning of corpus callosum (ARHSP-TCC) is a complex form of HSP initially described in Japan but subsequently reported to have a worldwide distribution with a particular high frequency in multiple families from the Mediterranean basin. We recently showed that ARHSP-TCC is commonly associated with mutations in SPG11/KIAA1840 on chromosome 15q. We have now screened a collection of new patients mainly originating from Italy and Brazil, in order to further ascertain the spectrum of mutations in SPG11, enlarge the ethnic origin of SPG11 patients, determine the relative frequency at the level of single Countries (i.e., Italy), and establish whether there is one or more common mutation. In 25 index cases we identified 32 mutations; 22 are novel, including 9 nonsense, 3 small deletions, 4 insertions, 1 in/del, 1 small duplication, 1 missense, 2 splice-site, and for the first time a large genomic rearrangement. This brings the total number of SPG11 mutated patients in the SPATAX collection to 111 cases in 44 families and in 17 isolated cases, from 16 Countries, all assessed using homogeneous clinical criteria. While expanding the spectrum of mutations in SPG11, this larger series also corroborated the notion that even within apparently homogeneous population a molecular diagnosis cannot be achieved without full gene sequencing. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Clonagem e expressão da glicoproteína transmembrana do retrovírus HTLV-1 em células de mamíferos

The retrovirus HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of the adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. The proviral genome has 9,032 base pairs, showing regulatory and structural genes. The env gene encodes for the transmembrane glycoprotein gp 21. The development of methodologies for heterologous protein expression, as well as the acquisition of a cellular line that constituently expresses the recombinant, were the main goals of this work. The DNA fragment that encodes for gp 21 was amplified by nested-PCR and cloned into a pCR2.1-TOPO vector. After which, a sub-cloning was realized using the expressing vector pcDNA3.1+. The transfection of mammalian cells HEK 293 was performed transitorily and permanently. Production of the recombinant gp 21 was confirmed by flux cytometry experiments and the cell line producing protein will be used in immunogenicity assays.

Clonagem e expressão da glicoproteína transmembrana do vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas em sistema procarioto

HTLV-1 is the virus that causes T cell lymphoma/leukemia in adults and a neurological disorder known as HTLV-associated myelopathy or tropical spastic paraparesis. One of the transmission means is through contaminated blood and its byproducts. Because of the risk of HTLV-associated infections, screening for HTLV was introduced for Brazilian blood donors in 1993. Most of the diagnostic kits used in the national blood banks are bought from foreign companies. Brazil does not have the technology to produce this material and there is a need to produce diagnostic systems with national technology. In this study, we show the expression of gp21/HTLV-1 in Escherichia coli and its reactivity towards monoclonal antibodies and the antibodies of infected patients. Expressing these proteins is the first step towards obtaining diagnostic kits with Brazilian biotechnology.