Relation among optical, thermal and thermo-optical properties and niobium concentration in tellurite glasses

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Thermal and spectroscopic investigations of glasses in the system PbO-PbCl2-PbBr2

Glass formation has been examined in the system 15PbO.xPbCl(2).(85-x)PbBr2 (where 0 <= x <= 25)where the PbO concentration is kept constant while PbCl2 and PbBr2 concentrations are varied. The glasses have been examined using thermal and spectroscopic techniques. T-8, Delta C-p, refractive index, optical basicity have been found to remain unaffected by the composition which is a curious feature of these glasses. It is found that there is a wide infrared window available for use in the investigated glasses. The IR window extends from 1000 to 1500 cm(-1) and in glasses where PbCl2 is less than 20 mol%, the window extends up to 2260 cm(-1). X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) revealed that the 4f(5/2) and 4f(7/2) peaks due to f-level transitions have a constant difference in energies, but with energy and FWHM values that varying sensitively and systematically with composition. The observations are discussed and suitable explanations are provided.

Tuning the Eu luminescence in glass materials synthesized in air by adjusting glass compositions

The doped Eu3+ ions can be partly reduced to Eu2+ in a series of MO-B2O3: Eu (M=Ba, Sr, Ca) glasses synthesized in air atmosphere, but not in the 12CaO-7Al(2)O(3): Eu glass. The different redox-behavior of Eu ions in these two glass systems is attributed to the different host optical basicity. It is found that a lower valence state of Eu2+ is more favorable in acidic glasses, which have lower optical basicities. A notion of the critical value of optical basicity is introduced empirically, which can be used as a guide for the selection of glass composition suitable to incorporate Eu2+ for luminescence. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of chloride substitution on the chemical and physical properties and the crystallization behavior in heavy metal fluoride glasses

Effect of the substitutions of chloride for fluoride on the chemical and physical properties and the crystallization behavior in heavy metal fluoride glasses has been investigated. The characteristic temperature of the glass does not changed obviously when the fluoride was taken place by chloride. Compared with samples of being free of ErF3, the doping samples are more inclined to be surface crystallization. Optical basicity in the glass system increases with increasing the negative charge provided by the chloride atoms and the absorption peak red shifted is observed in absorption spectra. XRD measurements show that not a single crystalline phase appears in the heated glass samples, which indicate the substitutions of chloride for fluoride with a variety of crystalline precipitation trends. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Estudo da substituição da fluorita por alumina ou sodalita e de cal por resíduo de mármore em escórias sintéticas dessulfurantes.

A siderurgia vem sofrendo transformações que buscam inovação e matérias-primas alternativas. Dentro deste contexto, o uso de resíduos industriais para a formação de escórias sintéticas é tido como alternativa na busca de novos materiais e rotas de reaproveitamento de resíduos. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o uso de escórias sintéticas na etapa de dessulfuração do ferro-gusa, aço e ferro fundido. Assim como, propor a utilização da sodalita e da alumina em substituição à fluorita e o resíduo de mármore em substituição à cal convencional. Inicialmente, o resíduo foi caracterizado utilizando as seguintes técnicas: análise química, análise granulométrica, área de superfície específica, difração de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise de espectroscopia por energia dispersiva (EDS). Os resultados da caracterização mostraram que aproximadamente 90% das partículas do resíduo de mármore estão abaixo de 100m e sua área superficial foi de 0,24m²/g. Através da difração de raios-X foi observado que o resíduo é composto por CaCO3, MgCO3 e SiO2. Na sequência, foram feitas simulações com o software Thermo-Calc para obter dados termodinâmicos das fases presentes nas misturas e compará-los com os resultados experimentais. Além disso, também foram calculados dados de capacidade de sulfeto (Cs), partição de enxofre (Ls) e basicidade ótica () das misturas iniciais. Posteriormente, foram realizados os ensaios experimentais em escala laboratorial para ferro-gusa, ferro fundido e aço, respectivamente nas temperaturas de 1400°C, 1550°C e 1600°C. Nos ensaios de dessulfuração do aço e do ferro-gusa, utilizou-se um rotor de alumina com o objetivo de favorecer a agitação no metal e aumentar a remoção de enxofre. Na etapa de dessulfuração do ferro-gusa, constatou-se que a fase sólida de CaO é a responsável pela remoção de enxofre e que a presença das fases silicato tricálcio e aluminato tricálcio (3CaO.SiO2 e 3CaO.Al2O3) limitam a reação, sendo maiores suas concentrações nas escórias que utilizaram o resíduo de mármore e sodalita, devido a presença de SiO2 e Al2O3 nestas matérias-primas. Já para o aço e o ferro fundido, que foram estudados com escórias à base de CaO e Al2O3, observou-se que o aumento da fase líquida favoreceu a dessulfuração. Verificou-se que a dessulfuração no ferro fundido foi por escória de topo e no aço por um processo misto, onde a fase líquida e fase sólida participaram da dessulfuração.

Polymeric pH indicators immobilized PVA membranes for optical sensors of high basicity based on a kinetic process

Two kinds of polymeric pH indicators PPF (phenolphthalein-formaldehyde product) and CPF (o-cresolphthalein-formaldehyde product) immobilized cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes (PPF-PVA and CPF-PVA) for optical intermittent determination of high basicity ([OH-] = 1-8 M) based on a kinetic process were developed. In our previous work, we had demonstrated that PPF-PVA and CPF-PVA could perform the determination of high pH values from pH 10.0 to 14.0. Here the discoloring kinetic behaviors of PPF-PVA and CPF-PVA were compared with those of free phenolphthalein, o-cresolphthalein and thymolphthalein. Experimental results and theoretical analysis indicated that the response behaviors of the optodes' membranes in concentrated NaOH solutions were diffusion-independent and still complied with the pseudo-first-order kinetics. In addition, two data analysis methods for determination were presented. One was directly based on the reduced absorbance: the other was based on the discoloring kinetic constant. It was found that the latter could perform a rapid (60 s) and reliable (relative standard deviation: 2.6%) determination for high basicity.

Person tracking using motion detection and optical flow

Person tracking systems to date have either relied on motion detection or optical flow as a basis for person detection and tracking. As yet, systems have not been developed that utilise both these techniques. We propose a person tracking system that uses both, made possible by a novel hybrid optical flow-motion detection technique that we have developed. This provides the system with two methods of person detection, helping to avoid missed detections and the need to predict position, which can lead to errors in tracking and mistakes when handling occlusion situations. Our results show that our system is able to track people accurately, with an average error less than four pixels, and that our system outperforms the current CAVIAR benchmark system.