Caraterização dos padrões de jogo ofensivos após recuperação de posse bola a partir de desarme ou interceção: análise comparativa da equipa principal e equipa B do Sporting Club de Portugal

O jogo de futebol, e simultaneamente o seu processo ofensivo, tem sido, nos últimos anos, alvo de diversos trabalhos de investigação. Tendo como objetivo a sua análise e caracterização, o especial interesse por parte dos investigadores tem estado focado predominantemente no processo ofensivo no seu todo, desde a recuperação de posse de bola, o desenvolvimento do processo em si e a sua finalização. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo a caraterização do processo ofensivo da equipa principal e equipa B do Sporting Clube de Portugal após recuperação de posse de bola por desarme ou interceção. Foram registadas as sequências ofensivas de 16 jogos (8 por equipa), da equipa principal e da sua equipa B, da época 2014/15, na condição de visitado, com recurso ao software Videobserver (Afra, 2013). As sequências ofensivas foram observadas e registadas a partir da recuperação de posse de bola de forma dinâmica, ou seja, através de desarme ou interceção. Para a análise estatística descritiva e sequencial foi utilizado o software SDIS GSEQ 5.1 (Bakeman & Quera, 1996). Os resultados permitiram concluir que i) as equipas observadas recuperaram a posse de bola maioritariamente no setor médio defensivo e numa relação de igualdade ou superioridade relativa; ii) as equipas observadas, desenvolvem o processo ofensivo de forma semelhante, recorrendo ao passe curto ou médio, para a frente, ou diagonal frente e rasteiro como comportamento mais vezes verificado após a recuperação de posse de bola; iii) O método de jogo ofensivo mais utilizado pelas equipas observadas é o ataque rápido. A equipa principal do SCP, ao contrário da equipa B, não é influenciada pela forma como o adversário reage à perda de posse de bola para optar pelo seu método de jogo ofensivo; iv) no caso da equipa principal, o método de jogo ofensivo que potencia mais situações de finalização com sucesso é o ataque rápido, enquanto na equipa B é o contra-ataque; v) ambas as equipas optam pelo método de jogo ofensivo contra-ataque, quando a recuperação de posse de bola acontece no setor defensivo e setor médio defensivo, sendo substituído pelo ataque rápido nos setores mais adiantados.

Caraterização dos padrões de jogo ofensivos após recuperação de posse bola a partir de desarme ou interceção: análise comparativa da equipa principal e equipa B do Sporting Club de Portugal

O jogo de futebol, e simultaneamente o seu processo ofensivo, tem sido, nos últimos anos, alvo de diversos trabalhos de investigação. Tendo como objetivo a sua análise e caracterização, o especial interesse por parte dos investigadores tem estado focado predominantemente no processo ofensivo no seu todo, desde a recuperação de posse de bola, o desenvolvimento do processo em si e a sua finalização. O presente estudo teve como principal objetivo a caraterização do processo ofensivo da equipa principal e equipa B do Sporting Clube de Portugal após recuperação de posse de bola por desarme ou interceção. Foram registadas as sequências ofensivas de 16 jogos (8 por equipa), da equipa principal e da sua equipa B, da época 2014/15, na condição de visitado, com recurso ao software Videobserver (Afra, 2013). As sequências ofensivas foram observadas e registadas a partir da recuperação de posse de bola de forma dinâmica, ou seja, através de desarme ou interceção. Para a análise estatística descritiva e sequencial foi utilizado o software SDIS GSEQ 5.1 (Bakeman & Quera, 1996). Os resultados permitiram concluir que i) as equipas observadas recuperaram a posse de bola maioritariamente no setor médio defensivo e numa relação de igualdade ou superioridade relativa; ii) as equipas observadas, desenvolvem o processo ofensivo de forma semelhante, recorrendo ao passe curto ou médio, para a frente, ou diagonal frente e rasteiro como comportamento mais vezes verificado após a recuperação de posse de bola; iii) O método de jogo ofensivo mais utilizado pelas equipas observadas é o ataque rápido. A equipa principal do SCP, ao contrário da equipa B, não é influenciada pela forma como o adversário reage à perda de posse de bola para optar pelo seu método de jogo ofensivo; iv) no caso da equipa principal, o método de jogo ofensivo que potencia mais situações de finalização com sucesso é o ataque rápido, enquanto na equipa B é o contra-ataque; v) ambas as equipas optam pelo método de jogo ofensivo contra-ataque, quando a recuperação de posse de bola acontece no setor defensivo e setor médio defensivo, sendo substituído pelo ataque rápido nos setores mais adiantados.

Science of winning soccer : emergent pattern-forming dynamics in association football

Quantitative analysis is increasingly being used in team sports to better understand performance in these stylized, delineated, complex social systems. Here we provide a first step toward understanding the pattern-forming dynamics that emerge from collective offensive and defensive behavior in team sports. We propose a novel method of analysis that captures how teams occupy sub-areas of the field as the ball changes location. We used the method to analyze a game of association football (soccer) based upon a hypothesis that local player numerical dominance is key to defensive stability and offensive opportunity. We found that the teams consistently allocated more players than their opponents in sub-areas of play closer to their own goal. This is consistent with a predominantly defensive strategy intended to prevent yielding even a single goal. We also find differences between the two teams' strategies: while both adopted the same distribution of defensive, midfield, and attacking players (a 4:3:3 system of play), one team was significantly more effective both in maintaining defensive and offensive numerical dominance for defensive stability and offensive opportunity. That team indeed won the match with an advantage of one goal (2 to 1) but the analysis shows the advantage in play was more pervasive than the single goal victory would indicate. Our focus on the local dynamics of team collective behavior is distinct from the traditional focus on individual player capability. It supports a broader view in which specific player abilities contribute within the context of the dynamics of multiplayer team coordination and coaching strategy. By applying this complex system analysis to association football, we can understand how players' and teams' strategies result in successful and unsuccessful relationships between teammates and opponents in the area of play.

Pattern-based analysis of EAI languages : the case of the business modelling language

Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) is a challenging area that is attracting growing attention from the software industry and the research community. A landscape of languages and techniques for EAI has emerged and is continuously being enriched with new proposals from different software vendors and coalitions. However, little or no effort has been dedicated to systematically evaluate and compare these languages and techniques. The work reported in this paper is a first step in this direction. It presents an in-depth analysis of a language, namely the Business Modeling Language, specifically developed for EAI. The framework used for this analysis is based on a number of workflow and communication patterns. This framework provides a basis for evaluating the advantages and drawbacks of EAI languages with respect to recurrent problems and situations.

What lies beneath? : The pattern and abundance of the subterranean tuber bank of the invasive liana cat’s claw creeper, Macfadyena unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae)

Cat’s claw creeper, Macfadyena unguis-cati (L.) Gentry (Bignoniaceae) is a major environmental weed of riparian areas, rainforest communities and remnant natural vegetation in coastal Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. In densely infested areas, it smothers standing vegetation, including large trees, and causes canopy collapse. Quantitative data on the ecology of this invasive vine are generally lacking. The present study examines the underground tuber traits of M. unguis-cati and explores their links with aboveground parameters at five infested sites spanning both riparian and inland vegetation. Tubers were abundant in terms of density (~1000 per m2), although small in size and low in level of interconnectivity. M. unguis-cati also exhibits multiple stems per plant. Of all traits screened, the link between stand (stem density) and tuber density was the most significant and yielded a promising bivariate relationship for the purposes of estimation, prediction and management of what lies beneath the soil surface of a given M. unguis-cati infestation site. The study also suggests that new recruitment is primarily from seeds, not from vegetative propagation as previously thought. The results highlight the need for future biological-control efforts to focus on introducing specialist seed- and pod-feeding insects to reduce seed-output.

BioPatML : pattern sharing for the genomic sciences

Computational biology increasingly demands the sharing of sophisticated data and annotations between research groups. Web 2.0 style sharing and publication requires that biological systems be described in well-defined, yet flexible and extensible formats which enhance exchange and re-use. In contrast to many of the standards for exchange in the genomic sciences, descriptions of biological sequences show a great diversity in format and function, impeding the definition and exchange of sequence patterns. In this presentation, we introduce BioPatML, an XML-based pattern description language that supports a wide range of patterns and allows the construction of complex, hierarchically structured patterns and pattern libraries. BioPatML unifies the diversity of current pattern description languages and fills a gap in the set of XML-based description languages for biological systems. We discuss the structure and elements of the language, and demonstrate its advantages on a series of applications, showing lightweight integration between the BioPatML parser and search engine, and the SilverGene genome browser. We conclude by describing our site to enable large scale pattern sharing, and our efforts to seed this repository.

Interpersonal pattern dynamics and adaptive behavior in multiagent neurobiological systems : conceptual model and data

Ecological dynamics characterizes adaptive behavior as an emergent, self-organizing property of interpersonal interactions in complex social systems. The authors conceptualize and investigate constraints on dynamics of decisions and actions in the multiagent system of team sports. They studied coadaptive interpersonal dynamics in rugby union to model potential control parameter and collective variable relations in attacker–defender dyads. A videogrammetry analysis revealed how some agents generated fluctuations by adapting displacement velocity to create phase transitions and destabilize dyadic subsystems near the try line. Agent interpersonal dynamics exhibited characteristics of chaotic attractors and informational constraints of rugby union boxed dyadic systems into a low dimensional attractor. Data suggests that decisions and actions of agents in sports teams may be characterized as emergent, self-organizing properties, governed by laws of dynamical systems at the ecological scale. Further research needs to generalize this conceptual model of adaptive behavior in performance to other multiagent populations.

Power law distributions in pattern dynamics of attacker-defender dyads in the team sport of Rugby Union : phenomena in a region of self-organized criticality?

In the region of self-organized criticality (SOC) interdependency between multi-agent system components exists and slight changes in near-neighbor interactions can break the balance of equally poised options leading to transitions in system order. In this region, frequency of events of differing magnitudes exhibits a power law distribution. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether a power law distribution characterized attacker-defender interactions in team sports. For this purpose we observed attacker and defender in a dyadic sub-phase of rugby union near the try line. Videogrammetry was used to capture players’ motion over time as player locations were digitized. Power laws were calculated for the rate of change of players’ relative position. Data revealed that three emergent patterns from dyadic system interactions (i.e., try; unsuccessful tackle; effective tackle) displayed a power law distribution. Results suggested that pattern forming dynamics dyads in rugby union exhibited SOC. It was concluded that rugby union dyads evolve in SOC regions suggesting that players’ decisions and actions are governed by local interactions rules.