Nutraceuticals in migraine treatment

Migraineurs experience significant decline in functioning and productivity, which in turn translates into diminished quality of life and a major economic burden on society at large [1]. Although current research has better elucidated the pathophysiology underlying migraine, the exact etiology remains to be defined. Biochemical factors that could potentially disrupt the vascular endothelial function, leading to cortical spreading depression that can activate and affect the trigeminovascular system, are primary candidates for involvement in migraine pathophysiology [2]. The current mechanisms explaining the pathogenesis behind migraine continue to evolve, but theories of variability in cortical excitability, neuronal dysregulation and neurotransmitter/receptor activation are all important and potentially amenable to nutraceutical manipulation [3]. As our knowledge about migraine pathogenesis expands, our current understanding of the complex relationships between pharmacological doses, cofactor and hormone interactions, and neural and pain pathway activities will also advance, creating new avenues for research and migraine treatment development [3].

Tannin containing legumes as a model for nutraceuticals against digestive parasites in livestock

Parasitic infections with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) still represent a worldwide major pathological threat associated with the outdoor production of various livestock species. Because of the widespread resistance to synthetic chemical anthelmintics, there is a strong impetus to explore novel approaches for a more integrated management of the infections. The use of nutraceuticals in the control of GINs is one of the alternatives which has been widely studied for since 20 years. The objectives of this review are: i) to define and illustrate the concept of ‘nutraceutical’ in the context of veterinary parasitology based on data obtained on the most studied GIN models in small ruminants, the tannin-containing legumes (Fabaceae); ii) to illustrate how the ‘nutraceutical concept’ could be expanded to other plants, other livestock production systems and other GI parasitic diseases, and iii) to explain how this concept is opening up new research fields for better understanding the interactions between the host, the digestive parasites and the environment.

Carotenoids and polyphenols in nutricosmetics, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals

The market for cosmeceuticals continues with significant annual growth, but today consumers are more aware of nutritional products that contribute to both skin health and disease prevention. In the last 10 years, pharmacists, chemists, nutritionists, and physicians have been working together to develop new nutritional applications to satisfy peoples needs and demands. As a recent result of convergence phenomenon between cosmetics and food industries, nutricosmetics is a blurry area unfamiliar to many consumers and sometimes even to foods and cosmetics experts. Characterized by oral supplementation of nutrients, nutricosmetics are also known as beauty pills,beauty from within, and even oral cosmetics. The major claim is the antiaging effect, reducing wrinkles by fighting free radicals generated by solar radiation. Among the ingredients used in nutricosmetics, antioxidants represent the most crucial. The best-known antioxidants are carotenoids (beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin) and polyphenols (anthocyanidins, catechins, flavonoids, tannins, and procyanidins). This study presents an overview about the concept of nutricosmetics and gives us information about the difference between nutricosmetics, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. The article also discusses about carotenoids and polyphenols, two classes of ingredients often employed in such products.

Development of new therapeutic approaches in the treatments of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: functional food and nutraceuticals vs synthetic peptides based vaccines

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are intestinal chronic relapsing diseases which ethiopathogenesis remains uncertain. Several group have attempted to study the role of factors involved such as genetic susceptibility, environmental factors such as smoke, diet, sex, immunological factors as well as the microbioma. None of the treatments available satisfy several criteria at the same time such as safety, long-term remission, histopatological healing, and specificity. We used two different approaches for the development of new therapeutic treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. The first is focused on the understanding of the potential role of functional food and nutraceuticals nutrients in the treatment of IBD. To do so, we investigated the role of Curcuma longa in the treatment of chemical induced colitis in mice model. Since Curcma Longa has been investigated for its antinflammatory role related to the TNFα pathway as well investigators have reported few cases of patients with ulcerative colites treated with this herbs, we harbored the hypothesis of a role of Curcuma Longa in the treatment f IBD as well as we decided to assess its role in intestinal motility. The second part is based on an immunological approach to develop new drugs to induce suppression in Crohn’s disease or to induce mucosa immunity such as in colonrectal tumor. The main idea behind this approach is that we could manipulate relevant cell-cell interactions using synthetic peptides. We demonstrated the role of the unique interaction between molecules expressed on intestinal epithelial cells such as CD1d and CEACAM5 and on CD8+ T cells. In normal condition this interaction has a role for the expansion of the suppressor CD8+ T cells. Here, we characterized this interaction, we defined which are the epitope involved in the binding and we attempted to develop synthetic peptides from the N domain of CEACAM5 in order to manipulate it.

Stabilization of APIs and nutraceuticals through cocrystallization and molecular confinement

Cocrystallization of the molecule of interest could be a smart and dainty way to tune solubility properties of solid phases leaving the molecule chemically unchanged, hence it is widely investigated by companies and by solid state scientists. Despite of this extremely high interest towards cocrystallization no particular emphasis has been paid to using it as a means to stabilize liquid molecules. In this work we define a benchmark of relevant molecules for human health that have been combined with suitable partners according to crystal engineering methods in order to obtain cocrystals. Solubility properties in different solvents of cocrystals new solid phases have been tested and compared to the properties of the drugs. A further approach to deal with volatile compounds is molecular confinement inside molecular scaffold. Nowadays metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are studied in many fields ranging from catalysis to trapping or storage of gases, such as hydrogen, methane, CO2 thanks to their extremely high porosity. Our goal is to confine liquid guests of biological relevance inside MOF pores, monitoring via X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy and thermal analysis the stabilization of the molecule of interest inside the cavities.

New trends in food science: the use of nutraceuticals as an antiinflammatory therapeutic tool in exercise

Prolonged high-intensity training seems to result in increased systemic inflammation, which might explain muscle injury, delayed onset muscle soreness, and overtraining syndrome in athletes. Furthermore, an impaired immune function caused by strenuous exercise leads to the development of upper respiratory tract infections in athletes. Nutraceuticals might help counteract these performance-lowering effects. The use of nanotechnology is an interesting alternative to supply athletes with nutraceuticals, as many of these substances are insoluble in water and are poorly absorbed in the digestive tract. The present chapter starts with a brief review of the effects of exercise on immunity, followed by an analysis on how nutraceuticals such as omega-3 fatty acids, glutamine, BCAAs, or phytochemicals can counteract negative effects of strenuous exercise in athletes. Finally, how nanostructured delivery systems can constitute a new trend in enhancing bioavailability and optimizing the action of nutraceuticals will be discussed, using the example of food beverages.

Mango fruit peel and flesh extracts affect adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells

Obesity is associated with many chronic disease states, such as diabetes mellitus, coronary disease and certain cancers, including those of the breast and colon. There is a growing body of evidence that links phytochemicals with the inhibition of adipogenesis and protection against obesity. Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are tropical fruits that are rich in a diverse array of bioactive phytochemicals. In this study, methanol extracts of peel and flesh from three archetypal mango cultivars; Irwin, Nam Doc Mai and Kensington Pride, were assessed for their effects on a 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cell line model of adipogenesis. High content imaging was used to assess: lipid droplets per cell, lipid droplet area per cell, lipid droplet integrated intensity, nuclei count and nuclear area per cell. Mango flesh extracts from the three cultivars did not inhibit adipogenesis; peel extracts from both Irwin and Nam Doc Mai, however, did so with the Nam Doc Mai extract most potent at inhibiting adipogenesis. Peel extract from Kensington Pride promoted adipogenesis. The inhibition of adipogenesis by Irwin (100 mu g mL(-1)) and Nam Doc Mai peel extracts (50 and 100 mu g mL(-1)) was associated with an increase in the average nuclear area per cell; similar effects were seen with resveratrol, suggesting that these extracts may act through pathways similar to resveratrol. These results suggest that differences in the phytochemical composition between mango cultivars may influence their effectiveness in inhibiting adipogenesis, and points to mango fruit peel as a potential source of nutraceuticals.

Extraction and purification of triterpenic acids from eucalypt bark

A indústria da pasta e do papel é um sector importante da economia mundial, particularmente a que assenta em espécies de Eucalyptus. No entanto, essas indústrias geram quantidades significativas de correntes secundárias de subprodutos e resíduos de biomassa que podem ser exploradas em aplicações de valor acrescentado em vez de serem queimadas para produção de energia. Um exemplo nobre pode ser a produção de ácidos triterpénicos com estruturas dos tipos lupano, oleanano e ursano, dada a sua abundância em alguns destes resíduos, em particular na casca, adotando o conceito de biorrefinaria integrada numa fábrica de pasta. Estes compostos são conhecidos pelas suas inúmeras actividades biológicas, por exemplo, antioxidante, anti-inflamatória e antitumoral, e podem encontrar aplicações em produtos de elevado valor, tais como cosméticos, nutracêuticos ou farmacêuticos. Neste sentido, o estudo das potencialidades das cascas das espécies de eucalipto mais exploradas enquanto fontes de compostos triterpénicos é um tópico relevante. Por conseguinte, foram analisados e comparados em pormenor os teores e composições em ácidos triterpénicos (TTAs) das cascas externas de várias espécies de eucalipto (E. globulus, E. grandis, E. urograndis, E. maidenii e E. nitens). Os teores dos principais TTAs identificados nestas espécies variaram entre 4.5 g/kg no E. urograndis e 21.6 g/kg no E. nitens. Observou-se que as cascas externas de Eucalyptus de zonas temperadas e Mediterrânicas, nomeadamente E. nitens e E. globulus, são mais ricas em TTAs que as espécies de regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Além disso, a casca externa do E. globulus é claramente a mais rica em ácidos com estruturas do tipo ursano enquanto a do E. nitens é a mais rica em ácidos do tipo oleanano e lupano. Estes resultados levaram-nos a estudar a extração dos TTAs da casca de Eucalyptus, bem como a sua posterior concentração e purificação, a qual foi efetuada por extração sólido-líquido convencional combinada com a precipitação de solutos, e por extração com fluidos supercríticos (SFE). No que diz respeito à primeira abordagem referida, foi desenvolvido neste trabalho um método patenteado que permite obter extratos enriquecidos em TTAs das cascas de eucalipto baseado em tecnologias disponíveis no imediato. Em relação à segunda abordagem, e de forma a apostar em processos de baixo impacto ambiental exigidos pelas biorrefinarias do futuro, a SFE surge como uma opção natural. Assim, foi efetuada a SFE da casca caduca do E. globulus com dióxido de carbono puro e modificado para recuperar a fração de TTAs, e os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos por extração em Soxhlet com diclorometano. Foram realizados estudos preliminares sobre a influência da pressão (100-200 bar), a adição de co-solvente (0, 5 e 8% m/m de etanol), e operação em múltiplos passos a fim de avaliar a aplicabilidade da alternativa supercrítica para a sua produção eficiente e selectiva. Os resultados destacaram a influência da pressão e o importante papel resumo (cont.) desempenhado pelo co-solvente neste processo, cujo efeito foi mais relevante do que o aumento da pressão em várias dezenas de bar. Este trabalho foi depois otimizado, usando o planeamento factorial de experiências e a metodologia de superfícies de resposta, para analisar a influência da temperatura (40-60 ºC), pressão (100-200 bar), e teor de etanol (0.0-5.0% m/m) na recuperação dos TTAs e respectiva concentração nos extractos. Nestes intervalos, as melhores condições de operação encontradas foram 200 bar, 40 °C e 5% de etanol, para as quais os modelos de regressão estatisticamente validados previram um rendimento de extração de 1.2% com 50% de concentração em TTAs, correspondendo ao rendimento em TTAs de 5.1 g/kg de casca e uma recuperação de 79.2% comparativamente ao valor do Soxhlet. Os TTAs livres e acetilados apresentaram tendências de extracção bastante distintas devido às suas diferentes afinidades para o CO2 causadas pelas diferentes polaridades: os derivados acetilados aproximam-se de um patamar máximo a cerca de 200 bar e 5% de etanol, enquanto a extração dos TTAs livres apresenta uma tendência sempre crescente no intervalo de condições estudado. Foram também medidas curvas cumulativas de SFE da casca do E. globulus de forma a analisar o comportamento cinético do processo em termos de rendimento total, rendimento em TTAs, rendimento em TTAs livres, rendimento em TTAs acetilados, e concentração dos TTAs nos extractos. Foi analisada a influência da pressão, temperatura, teor de co-solvente e caudal do dióxido de carbono sobre as respostas anteriores. Os dados experimentais foram modelados com os modelos Logístico, de Dessorção, de Placa Plana Simples, e de Difusão. Na globalidade, os resultados confirmaram que a pressão e o teor de etanol têm um efeito significativo sobre as curvas de extração, os rendimentos finais e as concentrações dos extratos, e mostraram a presença de limitações externas à transferência de massa em alguns ensaios. Mais uma vez, as famílias individuais de TTAs livres e acetilados apresentaram diferentes tendências de extracção. A modelação permitiu-nos confirmar não só o importante papel desempenhado pela difusão intraparticular na SFE, mas também a contribuição da resistência no filme em alguns ensaios. Após a análise de todos os resultados, foi efetuado um ensaio em duas etapas em série, possibilitando o enriquecimento do teor em TTAs no extracto devido às diferentes condições adotadas em cada etapa. Por último, um éster metílico de um ácido triterpénico do tipo oleanano - morolato de metilo - foi identificado pela primeira vez enquanto componente da casca de Eucalyptus na casca externa do Eucalyptus grandis x globulus, onde ocorre em teores elevados. A sua extração com CO2 supercrítico foi também realizada, visando a conceção de uma alternativa de extração ambientalmente benigna para este composto. A 200 bar e 60 ºC, a remoção do morolato de metilo atingiu um patamar às 6 h para 5.1 kg h-1 de CO2 / kg de casca. Em geral, e de forma semelhante à SFE da casca do E. globulus, os TTAs acetilados foram mais significativamente extraídos quando comparados com os seus ácidos livres, o que está diretamente relacionado com a natureza menos polar destas moléculas. O trabalho apresentado nesta tese é uma contribuição para a valorização de uma corrente de biomassa com baixo valor na indústria de pasta em duas vertentes complementares. Por um lado, aumentou o conhecimento da composição lipofílica das cascas de Eucalyptus spp. com interesse comercial para a produção de pasta, destacando o seu potencial enquanto fontes de ácidos triterpénicos. Por outro lado, foram desenvolvidos dois processos alternativos e facilmente integráveis numa fábrica de pasta para a sua exploração a partir da casca: um baseado em tecnologias convencionais bem estabelecidas a nível industrial, prevendo a sua aplicação a curto prazo, e um outro baseado na SFE, seguindo as tendências das futuras biorrefinarias.

Biochemical & Pharmacological evaluation of liver oils of selected deep sea sharks and chimaeras of the Indian EEZ

With a seacoast of 8,1 18 km, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2 million square km, and with an area of about 30,000 square km under aquaculture, lndia produces close to six million tonnes of fish, over 4 per cent of the world fish production. While the marine waters upto 50m depth have been fully exploited, those beyond, remain unexplored. There is an ever increasing demand for fishery resources as food. The coastal fishery resources of the country are dwindling at a rapid pace and it becomes highly imperative that we search for alternate fishery resources for food. The option we have is to hunt for marine fishery resources. Studies pertaining to proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition are essential to understand the nutraceutical values of these deep sea fishery resources. The present study was aimed to carry out proximate composition of deep sea fishery resources obtained during cruises onboard the FORV Sarise Sampada, to identify fishery resources which have appreciable lipid content and thereby analyse the bioactive potentials of marine lipids, to study the amino acid profile of these fishery resources, to understand the contents of SPA, MUFA and PUFA and to calculate the n3/n6 fatty acid contents. Though the presence of nutraceuticals was identified in the marine fishery resources their use as potential food resources deserve further investigation. So the study were carried out to calculate the hepatosomatic indices of sharks & chimaeras and conduct biochemical characterisation of liver oils of Apristurus indicus, Cenlrophorus scalprams, Centroselachus crepidater, Neoharriotta raleighana, and Harriotta pinnata obtained during cruises onboard the FORV Sugar Sampada.Therapeutic use of shark liver oil is evident from its use for centuries as a remedy to heal wounds and fight flu (Neil er al. 2006). Japanese seamen called it 'samedava' or "cure all". Shark liver oil is being promoted worldwide as a dietary supplement to boost the immune system, fight infections, to treat cancer and to lessen the side effects of conventional cancer treatment. These days more emphasis is laid on the nutritive benefits of shark liver oils especially on the omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs) (Anandan er al. 2007) and alkylglycerols (AKGs) (Pugliese er al. I998) contained in them due to the high rise of inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, asthma and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Schizophrenia. So the present study also evaluate the pharmacological properties with respect to analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti pyretic and anti-ulcer effects of four different liver oils of sharks belonging to the Indian EEZ and to identify the components of oil responsible for these activities.The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of liver oils from Neoharriotra raleighana (NR), Centrosymnus crepidater (CC), Apristurus indicus (AI), and Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) sharks caught from the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean were compared. The main objectives also include determination of the cholesterol lowering effects of liver oils of Neoharriotra raleighana (NR) and Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) on the high fat diet induced dyslipidemia and to compare the impact of four isolipidemic diets, on levels of serum diagnostic marker enzymes, on lipid profile of blood and liver and antioxidant status of heart in male Albino rats. And also to study the efficacy of Centrophorus sculpratus (CS) liver oil against Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced arthritis and to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of this oil with a traditionally used anti-inflammatory substance gingerol (oleoresin extracted from ginger.). The results of the present study indicated that both (Centrophorus sculpratus liver oils as well as gingerol extracts proved to be effective natural remedies against CFA-induced arthritis in Albino rats.

Probiotics and prebiotics in female health

Functional foods such as probiotics, prebiotics and nutraceuticals are of extreme interest to researchers. There is growing evidence that these food ingredients may improve and in some cases treat certain conditions that are implicated in women's health. The use of probiotics (live, beneficial bacteria) in improving gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal tract conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, candidiasis and other female urogenital tract conditions are reviewed. Emphasis is also given to the importance of prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients) in osteoporosis management and alleviation of menopausal symptoms and reducing the onset of cancer.

Characterization of protein-polyphenol interactions

Dietary polyphenols have received attention for their biologically significant functions as antioxidants, anticarcinogens or antimutagens, which have led to their recognition as potential nutraceuticals. Polyphenols also characteristically possess a significant binding affinity for proteins, which can lead to the formation of soluble and insoluble protein-polyphenol complexes. Questions remain concerning whether and to what extent the protein-polyphenol interaction influences functionality. For example, is the formation of protein-polyphenol complexes an obstacle to the nutritional bioavailability of either species? This article discusses the development of suitable methodologies to investigate the physicochemical basis of protein-polyphenol interactions and the influence of structure-activity relationships on binding affinities. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.