Potential of non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum isolates for control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

O trabalho avaliou a eficiência dos isolados (141/3, 233, 233/1, 245, 245/1, 251, 251/2, 251/5 e 257) de Fusarium oxysporum não patogênico ao tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum), no controle da murcha vascular causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, raça 2 em plântulas de tomateiro cv. Viradoro. Para verificar o efeito dos isolados de F. oxysporum não patogênicos, o sistema radicular de plântulas de tomateiro, com 30 dias de idade, foi imerso na suspensão de conídios (10(6) ml-1) e as mudas transplantadas para substrato de cultivo. Após 35 dias do transplante foi verificado que esses isolados não foram patogênicos às plantas de tomateiro, nem afetaram o desenvolvimento das mudas. A eficiência dos isolados de Fusarium oxysporum não patogênicos no controle da murcha foi determinada imergindo-se as raízes de mudas de tomateiro em suspensão de conídios (10(6) conídios ml-1) e transplantando-as em substratos previamente infestados com os isolados de F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, raça 2 (10(5) conídios ml-1 de substrato). Transcorridos 35 dias do transplante, foram realizadas as avaliações da severidade na escala de 1=planta sadia a 6=planta morta ou com vasos coloridos e folhas murchas até o ponteiro e altura das mudas. Os isolados de F. oxysporum não patogênicos foram eficientes em reduzir a severidade da doença e em manter normal o seu desenvolvimento. Esses resultados evidenciam a atividade antagônica dos isolados de F. oxysporum não patogênico no controle da murcha vascular do tomateiro, causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici raça 2.

Efeito de isolados de Fusarium oxysporum não patogênicos na redução da severidade da Murcha-de-Fusário do tomateiro

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

Biochemical Analysis of Plant Protection Afforded by a Nonpathogenic Endophytic Mutant of Colletotrichum magna1

A nonpathogenic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) was previously shown to protect watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings from anthracnose disease elicited by wild-type C. magna. Disease protection was observed in stems of path-1-colonized cucurbits but not in cotyledons, indicating that path-1 conferred tissue-specific and/or localized protection. Plant biochemical indicators of a localized and systemic (peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, lignin, and salicylic acid) “plant-defense” response were investigated in anthracnose-resistant and -susceptible cultivars of cucurbit seedlings exposed to four treatments: (1) water (control), (2) path-1 conidia, (3) wild-type conidia, and (4) challenge conditions (inoculation into path-1 conidia for 48 h and then exposure to wild-type conidia). Collectively, these analyses indicated that disease protection in path-1-colonized plants was correlated with the ability of these plants to mount a defense response more rapidly and to equal or greater levels than plants exposed to wild-type C. magna alone. Watermelon plants colonized with path-1 were also protected against disease caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare and Fusarium oxysporum. A model based on the kinetics of plant-defense activation is presented to explain the mechanism of path-1-conferred disease protection.

Identification and characterization of non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum capable of increasing and decreasing Fusarium wilt severity

Fusarium wilt of banana is a potentially devastating disease throughout the world. Options for control of the causal organism, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) are limited. Suppressive soil sites have previously been identified where, despite the presence of Foc, Fusarium wilt does not develop. In order to understand some aspects of this disease suppression, endophytic Fusarium oxysporum isolates were obtained from banana roots. These isolates were genetically characterized and compared with an isolate of Fusarium oxysporum previously identified as being capable of suppressing Fusarium wilt of banana in glasshouse trials. Three additional isolates were selected for glasshouse trials to assess suppression of Fusarium wilt in two different cultivars of banana, Cavendish and Lady Finger. One isolate (BRIP 29089) was identified as a potential biocontrol organism, reducing the disease severity of Fusarium wilt in Lady Finger and Cavendish cultivars. Interestingly, one isolate (BRIP 45952) increased Fusarium wilt disease severity on Cavendish. The implications of an isolate of Fusarium oxysporum, non-pathogenic on banana, increasing disease severity and the potential role of non-pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum in disease complexes are discussed.

Development of a small-plant bioassay to assess banana grown from tissue culture for consistent infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Two reliable small-plant bioassays were developed using tissue-cultured banana, resulting in consistent symptom expression and infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). One bioassay was based on providing a constant watertable within a closed pot and the second used free-draining pots. Culture medium for spore generation influenced infectivity of Foc. Inoculation of potted banana by drenching potting mix with a conidial suspension, consisting mostly of microconidia, few macroconidia and no chlamydospores, generated from one-quarter-strength potato dextrose agar + streptomycin sulfate, resulted in inconsistent infection. When a conidial suspension that consisted of all three spore types, microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores, prepared from spores generated on carnation leaf agar was used, all plants became infected, indicating that the spore type present in conidial suspensions may contribute to inconsistency of infection. Inconsistency of infection was not due to loss of virulence of the pathogen in culture. Millet grain precolonised by Foc as a source of inoculum resulted in consistent infection between replicate plants. Sorghum was not a suitable grain for preparation of inoculum as it was observed to discolour roots and has the potential to stunt root growth, possibly due to the release of phytotoxins. For the modified closed-pot system, a pasteurised potting mix consisting of equal parts of bedding sand, perlite and vermiculite plus 1 g/L Triabon slow release fertiliser was suitable for plant growth and promoted capillary movement of water through the potting mix profile. A suitable potting mix for the free-draining pot system was also developed.

Characterization of disease resistance gene candidates of the nucleotide binding site (NBS) type from banana and correlation of a transcriptional polymorphism with resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 4

Most plant disease resistance (R) genes encode proteins with a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat structure (NBS-LRR). In this study, degenerate primers were used to amplify genomic NBS-type sequences from wild banana (Musa acuminata ssp. malaccensis) plants resistant to the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum formae specialis (f. sp.) cubense (FOC) race 4. Five different classes of NBS-type sequences were identified and designated as resistance gene candidates (RGCs). The deduced amino acid sequences of the RGCs revealed the presence of motifs characteristic of the majority of known plant NBS-LRR resistance genes. Structural and phylogenetic analyses grouped the banana RGCs within the non-TIR (homology to Toll/interleukin-1 receptors) subclass of NBS sequences. Southern hybridization showed that each banana RGC is present in low copy number. The expression of the RGCs was assessed by RT-PCR in leaf and root tissues of plants resistant or susceptible to FOC race 4. RGC1, 3 and 5 showed a constitutive expression profile in both resistant and susceptible plants whereas no expression was detected for RGC4. Interestingly, RGC2 expression was found to be associated only to FOC race 4 resistant lines. This finding could assist in the identification of a FOC race 4 resistance gene.

DNA amplification fingerprinting analysis of genetic variation within Fusarium oxysporum f.sp zingiberi

Genetic variation among 29 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi (Foz) collected from diseased ginger rhizome in production regions throughout Queensland was analysed using DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF). Eight isolates of other Fusarium species and/or formae speciales were included for comparative analysis. Within the Foz isolates, three haplotypes were identified based on 17 polymorphic bands generated with five primers. Two groups showed very little genetic variation (98.6% similarity), whereas the third single isolate was quite distinct in terms of its molecular profile (77.2% similarity). Genetic similarity among the Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici and F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense races 1, 3 and 4 isolates compared well with the published literature.

Sequence variation in the putative effector gene SIX8 facilitates molecular differentiation of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), causal agent of fusarium wilt of banana, is among the most destructive pathogens of banana and plantain. The development of a molecular diagnostic capable of reliably distinguishing between the various races of the pathogen is of key importance to disease management. However, attempts to distinguish isolates using the standard molecular loci typically used for fungal phylogenetics have been complicated by a poor correlation between phylogeny and pathogenicity. Among the available alternative loci are several putative effector genes, known as SIX genes, which have been successfully used to differentiate the three races of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In this study, an international collection of Foc isolates was screened for the presence of the putative effector SIX8. Using a PCR and sequencing approach, variation in Foc-SIX8 was identified which allowed race 4 to be differentiated from race 1 and 2 isolates, and tropical and subtropical race 4 isolates to be distinguished from one another.

Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp fragariae and Predicted Breeding Values in Strawberry

Fusarium wilt of strawberry, incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof), is a major disease of the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria xananassa) worldwide. An increase in disease outbreaks of the pathogen in Western Australia and Queensland plus the search for alternative disease management strategies place emphasis on the development of resistant cultivars. In response, a partial incomplete diallel cross involving four parents was performed for use in glasshouse resistance screenings. The resulting progeny were evaluated for their susceptibility to Fof. Best-performing progeny and suitability of progenies as parents were determined using data from disease severity ratings and analyzed using a linear mixed model incorporating a pedigree to produce best linear unbiased predictions of breeding values. Variation in disease response, ranging from highly susceptible to resistant, indicates a quantitative effect. The estimate of the narrow-sense heritability was 0.49 +/- 0.04 (SE), suggesting the population should be responsive to phenotypic recurrent selection. Several progeny genotypes have predicted breeding values higher than any of the parents. Knowledge of Fof resistance derived from this study can help select best parents for future crosses for the development of new strawberry cultivars with Fof resistance.

Patogenicidad de Fusarium oxysporum fs. y su interacción con meloidogyne sp. en el complejo de la marchitez lenta de cafe

El presente estudio se llevó a cabo de Julio de 1994 a Julio de 1996. Con los objetivos de: (1) Evaluar la Patogenicidad Fusarium oxysporum, sobre el cultivo del caf�� empleando dos métodos de inoculación, un método con navaja, y un método de poda de raíces con inmersión (2) Evaluación de la Interacción Meloidogyne -Fusarium en plantas de caf�� injertadas y no injertadas y, (3) Evaluar el efecto de la interacción Meloidogyne -Fusarium sobre el desarrollo de la marchitez lenta en el comportamiento de la variedad Catrenic. El estudio se dividio en dos fases una fase de campo y una fase de laboratorio. La fase de campo concistió de tres ensayos: Ensayo 1 Evaluación de la patogenicidad de Fusarium oxysporum fs. Cuyos resultados indicaron diferencias significativas en el método de Inmersión concluyendo, que es el método de inoculación más efectivo, para comprobar que Fusarium puede penetrar con mayor rápidez dentro de la planta y causar infección en estas. Ensayo 2 Interacción Meloidogyne sp. - Fusarium oxysporum en plantas de caf�� con injerto y sin injertó,como resultado de este ensayo, las plantas más afectadas en su altura, diámetro del tallo, peso fresco de raíz, e indica de agallas fueron las plantas sin injer.to presentando una menor tolerancia al ataque de nematodos y por ende reflejaron una mayor evidencias de síntomas de la enfermedad marchitez lenta. Ensayo 3 Evaluación de la interacción Meloidogyne sp. - Fusarium oxysporum en la marchitez lenta con la variedad Catrenic. Los resultados de este ensayo demostrarán que Meloidogyne y Fusarium actúan sinergisticamente causando un cuadro claro de deterioro de las plantas de caf�� de la variedad Catrenic.

Uso de aislamientos endof��ticos de Trichoderma spp., para el biocontrol del Mal de Panamá (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) Raza 1 en vitroplantas de banano) del cultivar Gros Michel (AAA) en condiciones de invernadero

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue seleccionar aislamientos endof��ticos de Trichoderma spp., para el biocontrol de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense raza 1. Se evaluaron los tres aislamientos más patogénicos FOC2, FOC4, FOC8 obtenidos del criobanco del Laboratorio de Fitopatología del CATIE, en una prueba de antibiosis y posteriormente se procedió a realizar la prueba de biocontrol con veinte aislamientos endof��ticos de Trichoderma spp. y dos aislamientos FOC2 y FOC4 en vitroplantas de Gros Michel (AAA)en condiciones de invernadero. Por medio de la técnica de cocultivo veinte aislados de Trichoderma spp., inhibieron el crecimiento radial de FOC hasta en un 53,46%. En el bioensayo de biocontrol,los aislamientos endof��ticos de Trichoderma spp., presentaron un mínimo porcentaje de incidencia con 37,5% del tratamiento TJ5, en comparación al testigo absoluto que no presentó incidencia. Así mismo los tratamientos TC9, TP3 y TCL1 redujeron desde un 92% hasta 90% los síntomas externos en comparación a los testigos referenciales. Los síntomas internos del cormo se redujeron hasta un 74% por el tratamiento TC9. Adicionalmente se detectó que plantas protegidas con los aislamientos endof��ticos de Trichoderma spp., promovieron el crecimiento vegetativo de la planta en peso de la raiz y follaje.

生防菌BJ1离子辐照突变高效菌株筛选及对黄瓜枯萎病的生防效果；Screening of Mutation High-Yielding Biocontrol Bacterium BJ1 by Ion Beam Irradiation and Effect of Controlling Fusarium oxysporum cucunerinum Disease

枯草芽孢杆菌BJ1是一种在真菌病害防治中发挥重要作用的生防因子,为进一步提高它的抑菌能力,获得生防效果更好的高效菌种,利用不同能量和剂量的12C6+对生防菌BJ1进行了离子辐照处理。研究结果表明:离子辐照生防菌BJ1的最适宜剂量为200~400 Gy,传能线密度(LET)为60 keV/μm;突变菌株的抑菌能力比BJ1提高了2%~21%;不仅防病效果比BJ1提高了17.48%,而且对植物具有更好的促生长作用。

Protocolo de tecnologia: selecao para resistencia a doencas em hortalicas. 3. Tomateiro - Murcha-de-fusario (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici).

1999

Ocorrência de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici raça 3 em tomate no Brasil e seleção de novas fontes de resistência ao patógeno.

A murcha-de-fusário, causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), é uma importante doença do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) no mundo. Existem três raças identificadas do patógeno, sendo que a raça 3 ainda não havia sido registrada no Brasil. Este trabalho teve dois objetivos: comunicar a presença da raça 3 de FOL no Brasil e selecionar fontes de resistência às três raças do patógeno. Nove isolados de FOL foram obtidos de dois híbridos de tomate (Carmen e Alambra) com sintomas de mrucha, provenientes de três lavouras localizadas nos municípios de Venda Nova do Imigrante - Espírito Santo e Domingos Martins 9ES). Estes dois híbridos comerciais de tomate são considerados resistentes ás raças 1 e 2 de FOL. O teste de virulência foi feito com as cultivares: Ponderosa (suscetível a todasa as raças), IPA-5 (resistente à raça 1), Floradade (resistente às raças 1 e 2) e BHRS-2,3 (resistente às raças 1, 2 e 3). Todos os isolados foram virulentos às cultivares Ponderosa, IPA-R e Floradade e ainda infectaram algumas plantas de BHRS-2,3. O teste de virulência foi repetido com as mesmas cultivares mas também incluindo o acesso 'LA 716' da espécie selvagem L. pennellii. Foram obtidos resultados semelhantes para as cultivares, enquanto L. pennellii apresentou uma reação de imunidade ao patógeno. Estes resultadaos comprovam que os novos isolados de ES pertencem à raça 3 de FOL. Uma coleção de germoplasma de acessos de Lycopersicon spp. da Embrapa Hortaliças foi inicialmente avaliada quanto à reação de um dos isolados da raça 3 e uma parte deles às raças 1 e 2. Novas fontes de resistência múltipla foram identificadas em acessos de L. chilense, l. hirsutum e L. peruvianum, sendo dez genótipos imunes às raças 2 e 3 e cinco às três raças. A identificação destas fontes de resistência peermite que os programas de melhoramento de tomate antecipem potenciais problemas, inclusive a emergência de novas raças de FOL, além das raças 1, 2 e 3.

Estabelecimento e caracterização a nível de raça de uma coleção de isolados Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

2006