1000 resultados para natural attenuation


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O monitoramento da atenuação natural em áreas contaminadas tem se mostrado uma técnica alternativa e de baixo custo para a remediação de áreas contaminadas. A degradação por microorganismos é um dos processos mais importantes na atenuação natural de contaminantes, especialmente compostos de fase líquida não aquosa (NAPL). em muitos casos, a ação efetiva deste processo resulta na geração de ácidos orgânicos, que sob elevadas concentrações ocasionam a dissolução de minerais presentes em subsuperfície onde se encontra a contaminação, com conseqüente liberação de íons. O aumento na quantidade de íons colabora para o aumento da condutividade elétrica do meio. O princípio físico da técnica de Radar de Penetração no Solo (GPR) é a emissão de ondas eletromagnéticas de alta freqüência. A propagação da onda eletromagnética é condicionada à freqüência de sinal emitido e as propriedades elétricas do meio. O aumento da condutividade elétrica do meio resulta na atenuação do sinal e, por conseqüência, na diminuição da profundidade de penetração da onda eletromagnética. Este fator permite o monitoramento de áreas contaminadas sob atenuação natural a partir de análises temporais com o GPR. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo entre perfis de GPR adquiridos em 1998 e 2003 em uma área contaminada por compostos de fase líquida leve não aquosa (LNAPL), sob atenuação natural. Os resultados indicam um aumento da condutividade elétrica do meio, a partir da atenuação acentuada do sinal GPR observada nas seções de 2003. Este aumento pode estar associado à liberação de íons por dissolução de minerais, pelo ataque de ácidos orgânicos resultantes do processo de biodegradação.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

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The technique of in situ leach (ISL) uranium mining is well established in the USA, as well as being used extensively in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The method is being proposed and tested on uranium deposits in Australia, with sulfuric acid chemistry and no restoration of groundwater following mining. Test sites in the USA were required to restore groundwater to ascertain the extent of impacts and compare costs to alkaline ISL mines. The problems encountered include expensive and difficult restoration, gypsum precipitation, higher salinity and some heavy metals and radionuclides after restoration. One of the most critical issues is whether natural attenuation is capable of restoring groundwater quality and geochemical conditions in an acid leached aquifer zone. The history of acid ISL sites in the USA and Australia are presented in this study, with a particular focus on the demonstration of restoration of groundwater impacts.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Geociências (área de especialização em Valorização de Recursos Geológicos)

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In Catalonia, according to the nitrate directive (91/676/EU), nine areas have been declared as vulnerable to nitrate pollution from agricultural sources (Decret 283/1998 and Decret 479/2004). Five of these areas have been studied coupling hydro chemical data with a multi-isotopic approach (Vitòria et al. 2005, Otero et al. 2007, Puig et al. 2007), in an ongoing research project looking for an integrated application of classical hydrochemistry data, with a comprehensive isotopic characterisation (δ15N and δ18O of dissolved nitrate, δ34S and δ18O of dissolved sulphate, δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon, and δD and δ18O of water). Within this general frame, the contribution presented explores compositional ways of: (i) distinguish agrochemicals and manure N pollution, (ii) quantify natural attenuation of nitrate (denitrification), and identify possible controlling factors.To achieve this two-fold goal, the following techniques have been used. Separate biplots of each suite of data show that each studied region has a distinct δ34S and pH signatures, but they are homogeneous with regard to NO3- related variables. Also, the geochemical variables were projected onto the compositional directions associated with the possible denitrification reactions in each region. The resulting balances can be plot together with some isotopes, to assess their likelihood of occurrence

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Acid mine drainage generated from coal mine showed a pH of 3.2, high concentrations of SO4(2-), Al, Fe, Mn, Zn and minor As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb. The major reduction in the concentration occurred for Al, As, Cr, Fe and Pb after the treatment with CaO. The evolution of these acid waters within the tributary stream showed decreasing concentration for all soluble constituents, except Al. This natural attenuation was controlled by pH (6.4 to 10.8) as a result of concurrent mixing with tributary stream and reaction with local bedrock that contains limestone. Aluminum increasing concentration during this evolution seems to be related to an input of Al-enriched waters due to the leaching of silicate minerals in alkaline conditions.

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In Catalonia, according to the nitrate directive (91/676/EU), nine areas have been declared as vulnerable to nitrate pollution from agricultural sources (Decret 283/1998 and Decret 479/2004). Five of these areas have been studied coupling hydro chemical data with a multi-isotopic approach (Vitòria et al. 2005, Otero et al. 2007, Puig et al. 2007), in an ongoing research project looking for an integrated application of classical hydrochemistry data, with a comprehensive isotopic characterisation (δ15N and δ18O of dissolved nitrate, δ34S and δ18O of dissolved sulphate, δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon, and δD and δ18O of water). Within this general frame, the contribution presented explores compositional ways of: (i) distinguish agrochemicals and manure N pollution, (ii) quantify natural attenuation of nitrate (denitrification), and identify possible controlling factors. To achieve this two-fold goal, the following techniques have been used. Separate biplots of each suite of data show that each studied region has a distinct δ34S and pH signatures, but they are homogeneous with regard to NO3- related variables. Also, the geochemical variables were projected onto the compositional directions associated with the possible denitrification reactions in each region. The resulting balances can be plot together with some isotopes, to assess their likelihood of occurrence

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Stable isotopic characterization of chlorine in chlorinated aliphatic pollution is potentially very valuable for risk assessment and monitoring remediation or natural attenuation. The approach has been underused because of the complexity of analysis and the time it takes. We have developed a new method that eliminates sample preparation. Gas chromatography produces individually eluted sample peaks for analysis. The He carrier gas is mixed with Ar and introduced directly into the torch of a multicollector ICPMS. The MC-ICPMS is run at a high mass resolution of >= 10 000 to eliminate interference of mass 37 ArH with Cl. The standardization approach is similar to that for continuous flow stable isotope analysis in which sample and reference materials are measured successively. We have measured PCE relative to a laboratory TCE standard mixed with the sample. Solvent samples of 200 nmol to 1.3 mu mol ( 24- 165 mu g of Cl) were measured. The PCE gave the same value relative to the TCE as measured by the conventional method with a precision of 0.12% ( 2 x standard error) but poorer precision for the smaller samples.

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The effectiveness of remediation of the highly acidic and transition metal polluted mine water discharge from the Wheal Jane Mine by the Wheal Jane Passive Treatment Plant is described. The success of the remediation required that all the system components work as predicted. The study shows considerable success in the removal of key toxic metals and clearly demonstrates the potential for natural attenuation of acid mine drainage, particularly iron oxidation, by microbial populations. The Wheal Jane Passive Treatment Plant provides the only experimental facility of its kind. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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O uso combinado de poços de amostragem e técnicas geofísicas constitui a maneira mais adequada para identificação e o monitoramento de áreas contaminadas. Este procedimento permite a locação de poços de amostragem e de monitoramento em pontos estratégicos, otimizando resultados e minimizando gastos. O método geofísico Eletromagnético Indutivo (EM) apresenta amplas possibilidades de aplicação em estudos ambientais devido à facilidade na aquisição de dados, versatilidade do equipamento em campo e a possibilidade de varredura de grandes áreas num curto espaço de tempo. Este trabalho realiza uma análise comparativa de dados em obtidos no ano de 1992 e em 2003. O local estudado é uma área industrial que apresenta contaminação do solo e água subterrânea por Benzeno, Tolueno, Xileno, 1,2 dicloroetano, Sódio e Cloreto, produto da infiltração de efluentes químicos diretamente do solo. Os resultados indicam uma acentuada atenuação da pluma contaminante, com provável redução no grau de contaminação. Os compostos de fase leve (LNAPLs) apresentaram maior tendência de migração horizontal, concomitante ao movimento da água subterrânea. Os compostos de fase densa (DNAPLs) apresentaram uma tendência mais acentuada de migração no sentido vertical, possivelmente devido à ausência de superfícies impermeáveis. Os compostos inorgânicos acompanharam o fluxo dos compostos de fase líquida não aquosa (NAPLs), o que por sua vez permitiu a caracterização da pluma de contaminação como um corpo condutivo em relação às áreas adjacentes.

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The definition of models and base parameters for application of investigation tools in environment with high complexity are a basic premise to any sciences. The geophysics is a science with solid theoretical base and applications in diversified areas of the sciences geological, astronomical, meteorological, among many others. Its application in environmental studies is relatively recent and needs further research. To understand the behavior of resident contaminants in a dynamic and complex environment as the geological, it requests studies in scale laboratorial, under control of factors seasonality variable. This work simulates a leak of gasoline in soil, under conditions and in laboratory scale, with the objective of monitoring the temporary behavior of the hydrocarbon under the optics of variation of the parameter physical electric resistivity. The results indicate increase of the resistivity in recent periods the contamination, followed for stability in the values and finally fall and return tendency to the natural conditions.