Hierarchical modeling of perceived collision risks in port fairways

Navigational collisions are one of the major safety concerns in many seaports. Despite the extent of recent works done on port navigational safety research, little is known about harbor pilot’s perception of collision risks in port fairways. This paper uses a hierarchical ordered probit model to investigate associations between perceived risks and the geometric and traffic characteristics of fairways and the pilot attributes. Perceived risk data, collected through a risk perception survey conducted among the Singapore port pilots, are used to calibrate the model. Intra-class correlation coefficient justifies use of the hierarchical model in comparison with an ordinary model. Results show higher perceived risks in fairways attached to anchorages, and in those featuring sharper bends and higher traffic operating speeds. Lesser risks are perceived in fairways attached to shoreline and confined waters, and in those with one-way traffic, traffic separation scheme, cardinal marks and isolated danger marks. Risk is also found to be perceived higher in night.

Hotspot Identification: A Full Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling Approach

This study proposes a full Bayes (FB) hierarchical modeling approach in traffic crash hotspot identification. The FB approach is able to account for all uncertainties associated with crash risk and various risk factors by estimating a posterior distribution of the site safety on which various ranking criteria could be based. Moreover, by use of hierarchical model specification, FB approach is able to flexibly take into account various heterogeneities of crash occurrence due to spatiotemporal effects on traffic safety. Using Singapore intersection crash data(1997-2006), an empirical evaluate was conducted to compare the proposed FB approach to the state-of-the-art approaches. Results show that the Bayesian hierarchical models with accommodation for site specific effect and serial correlation have better goodness-of-fit than non hierarchical models. Furthermore, all model-based approaches perform significantly better in safety ranking than the naive approach using raw crash count. The FB hierarchical models were found to significantly outperform the standard EB approach in correctly identifying hotspots.

Formal Multilevel Hierarchical Verification of Synchronous MOS Circuits

I have designed and implemented a system for the multilevel verification of synchronous MOS VLSI circuits. The system, called Silica Pithecus, accepts the schematic of an MOS circuit and a specification of the circuit's intended digital behavior. Silica Pithecus determines if the circuit meets its specification. If the circuit fails to meet its specification Silica Pithecus returns to the designer the reason for the failure. Unlike earlier verifiers which modelled primitives (e.g., transistors) as unidirectional digital devices, Silica Pithecus models primitives more realistically. Transistors are modelled as bidirectional devices of varying resistances, and nodes are modelled as capacitors. Silica Pithecus operates hierarchically, interactively, and incrementally. Major contributions of this research include a formal understanding of the relationship between different behavioral descriptions (e.g., signal, boolean, and arithmetic descriptions) of the same device, and a formalization of the relationship between the structure, behavior, and context of device. Given these formal structures my methods find sufficient conditions on the inputs of circuits which guarantee the correct operation of the circuit in the desired descriptive domain. These methods are algorithmic and complete. They also handle complex phenomena such as races and charge sharing. Informal notions such as races and hazards are shown to be derivable from the correctness conditions used by my methods.

Hierarchical modeling of entangled polymers

We demonstrate that it is possible to link multi-chain molecular dynamics simulations with the tube model using a single chain slip-links model as a bridge. This hierarchical approach allows significant speed up of simulations, permitting us to span the time scales relevant for a comparison with the tube theory. Fitting the mean-square displacement of individual monomers in molecular dynamics simulations with the slip-spring model, we show that it is possible to predict the stress relaxation. Then, we analyze the stress relaxation from slip-spring simulations in the framework of the tube theory. In the absence of constraint release, we establish that the relaxation modulus can be decomposed as the sum of contributions from fast and longitudinal Rouse modes, and tube survival. Finally, we discuss some open questions regarding possible future directions that could be profitable in rendering the tube model quantitative, even for mildly entangled polymers

Hierarchical modeling gave plausible estimates of associations between metabolic syndrome and components of antiretroviral therapy

OBJECTIVE: Hierarchical modeling has been proposed as a solution to the multiple exposure problem. We estimate associations between metabolic syndrome and different components of antiretroviral therapy using both conventional and hierarchical models. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We use discrete time survival analysis to estimate the association between metabolic syndrome and cumulative exposure to 16 antiretrovirals from four drug classes. We fit a hierarchical model where the drug class provides a prior model of the association between metabolic syndrome and exposure to each antiretroviral. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred and eighteen patients were followed for a median of 27 months, with 242 cases of metabolic syndrome (20%) at a rate of 7.5 cases per 100 patient years. Metabolic syndrome was more likely to develop in patients exposed to stavudine, but was less likely to develop in those exposed to atazanavir. The estimate for exposure to atazanavir increased from hazard ratio of 0.06 per 6 months' use in the conventional model to 0.37 in the hierarchical model (or from 0.57 to 0.81 when using spline-based covariate adjustment). CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with trials that show the disadvantage of stavudine and advantage of atazanavir relative to other drugs in their respective classes. The hierarchical model gave more plausible results than the equivalent conventional model.

Relation entre le traitement maternel en bas âge et la régulation de la tristesse à huit ans : une étude de jumeaux

La présente étude porte sur les aspects Nature-Culture relatifs à l’émergence de variations interindividuelles quant à la capacité universelle de régulation d’une émotion primaire, la tristesse. Cette problématique représente un exemple du lien entre la conception évolutionniste d’une nature humaine universelle, innée et génétiquement prescrite, mais susceptible de variation dans son expression en fonction d’expériences individuelles liées aux processus de socialisation et d’enculturation. À l’aide du devis génétiquement informatif des jumeaux, nous nous sommes d’abord penchés sur l’étiologie gènes-environnement de la dépression à l’enfance, une dysfonction du système de régulation émotionnelle de la tristesse. Puis, nous nous sommes interrogés quant à l’influence du traitement et de l’état psychique maternels sur cet aspect du développement émotionnel de l’enfant. Nos analyses de la symptomatologie dépressive indiquent une absence d’influence génétique dans le développement de ce trouble de l’humeur. Les variations individuelles de la régulation de la tristesse reposent ainsi uniquement sur les effets de l’environnement. Nos résultats révèlent également l’existence d’une relation importante entre l’état psychique de la mère, évalué lorsque les jumeaux avaient cinq mois, et la présence de symptômes dépressifs chez ces derniers mesurés huit ans plus tard. L’état psychique de la mère est considéré comme l’un des meilleurs indicateurs de la qualité du traitement maternel en bas âge. Nos mesures directes des comportements maternels envers le nourrisson et le développement ultérieur du trouble de dépression indiquent également l’existence de tendances statistiques allant dans le sens de notre hypothèse d’un traitement maternel sous-optimal contribuant au développement de dysfonctions émotionnelles ultérieures.

Perceived collision risks in anchorages : a hierarchical ordered probit analysis

Navigational collisions are a major safety concern in many seaports. Despite the recent advances in port navigational safety research, little is known about harbor pilot’s perception of collision risks in anchorages. This study attempts to model such risks by employing a hierarchical ordered probit model, which is calibrated by using data collected through a risk perception survey conducted on Singapore port pilots. The hierarchical model is found to be useful to account for correlations in risks perceived by individual pilots. Results show higher perceived risks in anchorages attached to intersection, local and international fairway; becoming more critical at night. Lesser risks are perceived in anchorages featuring shoreline in boundary, higher water depth, lower density of stationary ships, cardinal marks and isolated danger marks. Pilotage experience shows a negative effect on perceived risks. This study indicates that hierarchical modeling would be useful for treating correlations in navigational safety data.

Incidência de tuberculose por município, Brasil 2001-2003: uma abordagem sobre o programa de controle e fatores determinantes da doença

Esta pesquisa avaliou a situação da tuberculose no Brasil, no período de 2001 a 2003, segundo indicadores do processo de operacionalização do Programa Nacional de Controle de Tuberculose (PNCT), e estimou os efeitos de fatores determinantes da taxa de incidência da doença. Para a avaliação utilizou-se a análise de cluster não-hierárquica, visando agrupar os municípios brasileiros de acordo com a morbidade por tuberculose (TB) e AIDS, e pelo desempenho do PNCT. Estes clusters foram mapeados, comparando-se a distribuição nos municípios, em regiões metropolitanas, municípios prioritários, e segundo o tamanho da população. O qui-quadrado de Pearson foi utilizado para testar associação nas categorias. A modelagem longitudinal multinível foi usada para identificar e estimar os efeitos dos determinantes da doença. Os agregados foram: anos, municípios e regiões metropolitanas. O modelo foi de intercepto e inclinação aleatória. Foram retidas as variáveis capazes de diminuir a variância dos níveis, pois, desta forma, explicam a variabilidade hierárquica da doença. Incluiu-se renda, densidade populacional, proporção de cura, taxa de incidência de AIDS e as grandes regiões brasileiras. A avaliação mostrou que a situação epidemiológica preocupante ocorreu nos municípios com Baixa TB e Alta AIDS, e Alta TB e AIDS. O cluster de Muito baixa TB e AIDS concentrou 50% dos municípios, o que pode configurar problemas de notificação. São 6 clusters de desempenho do programa. Bom e Bom com baixo DOTS predominando nos municípios pequenos, não prioritários e fora das regiões metropolitanas. No desempenho Moderado houve maior proporção de municípios prioritários. Clusters Regular e Fraco concentraram 10% dos municípios, com abandono de tratamento elevado e cura muito baixa. O cluster Muito Fraco caracterizou-se pela falta de dados nos indicadores de desempenho. O modelo multinível identificou a AIDS como fator impactante na tuberculose, anteriormente não encontrado em outros estudos; a interação entre renda e AIDS, e importante contribuição das regiões metropolitanas na distribuição da tuberculose, que se manifesta heterogeneamente nas grandes regiões do país. A análise discriminou municípios, e mostrou não haver associação entre maior morbidade e melhor desempenho do PNCT, retratando inadequação da vigilância à realidade epidemiológica do Brasil. O programa necessita ser reforçado, no sentido de considerar a AIDS ao estabelecer suas estratégias de controle. Ademais, os aspectos de baixa renda da população e densidade populacional, já analisados em diversas pesquisas, também se manifestaram de forma importante nestes resultados.

Global trends and factors associated with the illegal killing of elephants: a hierarchical bayesian analysis of carcass encounter data

Elephant poaching and the ivory trade remain high on the agenda at meetings of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Well-informed debates require robust estimates of trends, the spatial distribution of poaching, and drivers of poaching. We present an analysis of trends and drivers of an indicator of elephant poaching of all elephant species. The site-based monitoring system known as Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE), set up by the 10th Conference of the Parties of CITES in 1997, produces carcass encounter data reported mainly by anti-poaching patrols. Data analyzed were site by year totals of 6,337 carcasses from 66 sites in Africa and Asia from 2002–2009. Analysis of these observational data is a serious challenge to traditional statistical methods because of the opportunistic and non-random nature of patrols, and the heterogeneity across sites. Adopting a Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach, we used the proportion of carcasses that were illegally killed (PIKE) as a poaching index, to estimate the trend and the effects of site- and country-level factors associated with poaching. Important drivers of illegal killing that emerged at country level were poor governance and low levels of human development, and at site level, forest cover and area of the site in regions where human population density is low. After a drop from 2002, PIKE remained fairly constant from 2003 until 2006, after which it increased until 2008. The results for 2009 indicate a decline. Sites with PIKE ranging from the lowest to the highest were identified. The results of the analysis provide a sound information base for scientific evidence-based decision making in the CITES process.

Alternative harvest strategies to alleviate predation bottlenecks: a bioeconomic modeling approach to inform adaptive management

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Endotoxins in indoor air and settled dust in primary schools in a subtropical climate

Endotoxins can significantly affect the air quality in school environments. However, there is currently no reliable method for the measurement of endotoxins and there is a lack of reference values for endotoxin concentrations to aid in the interpretation of measurement results in school settings. We benchmarked the “baseline” range of endotoxin concentration in indoor air, together with endotoxin load in floor dust, and evaluated the correlation between endotoxin levels in indoor air and settled dust, as well as the effects of temperature and humidity on these levels in subtropical school settings. Bayesian hierarchical modeling indicated that the concentration in indoor air and the load in floor dust were generally (<95th percentile) < 13 EU/m3 and < 24,570 EU/m2, respectively. Exceeding these levels would indicate abnormal sources of endotoxins in the school environment, and the need for further investigation. Metaregression indicated no relationship between endotoxin concentration and load, which points to the necessity for measuring endotoxin levels in both the air and settled dust. Temperature increases were associated with lower concentrations in indoor air and higher loads in floor dust. Higher levels of humidity may be associated with lower airborne endotoxin concentrations.

Interactive management control via analytic hierarchy process (AHP). An empirical study in a public university hospital

Management control in public university hospitals is a challenging task because of continuous changes due to external pressures (e.g. economic pressures, stakeholder focuses and scientific progress) and internal complexities (top management turnover, shared leadership, technological evolution, and researcher oriented mission). Interactive budgeting contributed to improving vertical and horizontal communication between hospital and stakeholders and between different organizational levels. This paper describes an application of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to enhance interactive budgeting in one of the biggest public university hospital in Italy. AHP improved budget allocation facilitating elicitation and formalization of units' needs. Furthermore, AHP facilitated vertical communication among manager and stakeholders, as it allowed multilevel hierarchical representation of hospital needs, and horizontal communication among staff of the same hospital, as it allowed units' need prioritization and standardization, with a scientific multi-criteria approach, without using complex mathematics. Finally, AHP allowed traceability of a complex decision making processes (as budget allocation), this aspect being of paramount importance in public sectors, where managers are called to respond to many different stakeholders about their choices.

Promoting self-regulated learning in technology enhanced learning environments : keeping a digital track of the learning process

Tese de doutoramento (co-tutela), Psicologia (Psicologia da Educação), Faculdade de Psicologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra, Technial University of Darmstadt, 2014

L’influence du climat scolaire sur les résultats des élèves: effet-établissement ou perception individuelle?

La littérature montre que les résultats scolaires ne sont pas seulement imputables aux caractéristiques individuelles et familiales des élèves, mais qu’ils sont également influencés par l’établissement scolaire fréquenté. Utilisant une analyse multiniveaux comprenant deux niveaux hiérarchiques, soit l’élève et l’école, la présente recherche vise à démontrer l’impact du climat scolaire sur les résultats des élèves du secondaire. Dans ce contexte, le climat scolaire perçu est mesuré à partir de six indicateurs de perception mesurés à l’aide du Questionnaire sur l’Environnement Socioéducatif (QES) (Janosz, 2000). Les indicateurs utilisés pour rendre compte de l’effet-établissement sont ces indicateurs de climat scolaire agrégés par école. Les analyses ont été effectuées sur un échantillon transversal de 54 écoles publiques, parmi lesquelles 30 685 élèves âgés de 13 à 17 ans ont complété le questionnaire. Les résultats de l’analyse permettent de constater d’une part, que le climat scolaire influence bel et bien la réussite des élèves et d’autre part, qu’il est possible de différencier l’effet du climat perçu selon qu’il se situe au niveau de l’élève ou qu’il soit plutôt agrégé au niveau de l’école. À cet effet, seul le climat agrégé, plus particulièrement les climats éducatif et d’appartenance, permet d’expliquer les différences entre les écoles sur la base des résultats scolaires en français et en mathématiques.

Problèmes de comportement à long terme chez les patients pédiatriques atteints de leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë

Les améliorations dans les protocoles de traitement pour la majorité des cancers pédiatriques ont augmenté de façon marquée les taux de survie. Cependant, des risques élevés de multiples problèmes de santé chez les survivants sont bien documentés. En ce qui concerne spécifiquement les problèmes neuropsychologiques, les principaux facteurs de risque individuels connus à ce jour (l’âge au diagnostic, le genre du patient, l’exposition aux radiations) demeurent insuffisants pour cibler efficacement et prévenir les séquelles à long terme. Les objectifs généraux de cette thèse étaient : 1) la caractérisation des trajectoires individuelles de problèmes de comportement chez une population de patients pédiatriques atteints de leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë; 2) l’identification des principaux déterminants génétiques, médicaux et psychosociaux associés aux problèmes de comportements. Les hypothèses étaient : 1) Il existe une association entre les trajectoires individuelles de problèmes de comportement et a - des facteurs psychosociaux liés au fonctionnement familial, b - des polymorphismes dans les gènes modérateurs des effets thérapeutiques du méthotrexate et des glucocorticoïdes, c - des variables liées aux traitements oncologiques. 2) L'utilisation de modèles statistiques multi-niveaux peut permettre d’effectuer cette caractérisation des trajectoires individuelles et l’identification des facteurs de risque associés. 138 patients pédiatriques (0-18 ans) ayant reçu un diagnostic de leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë entre 1993 et 1999 au CHU Ste-Justine ont participé à une étude longitudinale d’une durée de 4 ans. Un instrument validé et standardisés, le Child Behavior Checklist, a été utilisé pour obtenir un indice de problèmes de comportement, tel que rapporté par la mère, au moment du diagnostic, puis 1, 2, 3 et 4 ans post-diagnostic. Des données génétiques, psychosociales et médicales ont aussi été collectées au cours de cette même étude longitudinale, puis ont été exploitées dans les modélisations statistiques effectuées. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les problèmes de comportement de type internalisés et externalisés possèdent des trajectoires et des facteurs de risque distincts. Les problèmes internalisés sont des manifestations de troubles affectifs chez le patient, tels que des symptômes dépressifs ou anxieux, par exemple. Ceux-ci sont très prévalents tôt après le diagnostic et se normalisent par la suite, indiquant des difficultés significatives, mais temporaires. Des facteurs médicaux exacerbant l'expérience de stress, soit le risque de rechute associé au diagnostic et les complications médicales affectant la durée de l'hospitalisation, ralentissent cette normalisation. Les problèmes externalisés se manifestent dans le contact avec autrui; des démonstrations d’agression ou de violence font partie des symptômes. Les problèmes externalisés sont plus stables dans le temps relativement aux problèmes internalisés. Des variables pharmacologiques et génétiques contribuent aux différences individuelles : l'administration d’un glucocorticoïde plus puissant du point de vue des effets pharmacologiques et toxicologiques, ainsi que l’homozygotie pour l’haplotype -786C844T du gène NOS3 sont liés à la modulation des scores de problèmes externalisés au fil du temps. Finalement, le niveau de stress familial perçu au diagnostic est positivement corrélé avec le niveau initial de problèmes externalisés chez le patient, tandis que peu après la fin de la période d’induction, le niveau de stress familial est en lien avec le niveau initial de problèmes internalisés. Ces résultats supportent l'idée qu'une approche holistique est essentielle pour espérer mettre en place des interventions préventives efficaces dans cette population. À long terme, ces connaissances pourraient contribuer significativement à l'amélioration de la qualité de vie des patients. Ces travaux enrichissent les connaissances actuelles en soulignant les bénéfices des suivis longitudinaux et multidisciplinaires pour comprendre la dynamique de changement opérant chez les patients. Le décloisonnement des savoirs semble devenir incontournable pour aspirer dépasser le cadre descriptif et atteindre un certain niveau de compréhension des phénomènes observés. Malgré des défis méthodologiques et logistiques évidents, ce type d’approche est non seulement souhaitable pour étudier des processus dynamiques, mais les travaux présentés dans cette thèse indiquent que cela est possible avec les moyens analytiques actuels.