OSIA: Out-of-order scheduling for in-order arriving in concurrent multi-path transfer.

One major problem of concurrent multi-path transfer (CMT) scheme in multi-homed mobile networks is that the utilization of different paths with diverse delays may cause packet reordering among packets of the same ?ow. In the case of TCP-like, the reordering exacerbates the problem by bringing more timeouts and unnecessary retransmissions, which eventually degrades the throughput of connections considerably. To address this issue, we ?rst propose an Out-of-order Scheduling for In-order Arriving (OSIA), which exploits the sending time discrepancy to preserve the in-order packet arrival. Then, we formulate the optimal traf?c scheduling as a constrained optimization problem and derive its closedform solution by our proposed progressive water-?lling solution. We also present an implementation to enforce the optimal scheduling scheme using cascaded leaky buckets with multiple faucets, which provides simple guidelines on maximizing the utilization of aggregate bandwidth while decreasing the probability of triggering 3 dupACKs. Compared with previous work, the proposed scheme has lower computation complexity and can also provide the possibility for dynamic network adaptability and ?ner-grain load balancing. Simulation results show that our scheme signi?cantly alleviates reordering and enhances transmission performance.

Energy-efficient diversity combining for different access schemes in a multi-path dispersive channel

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Electrotécnica e Computadores

High precision range estimation techniques for multi-path wireless environments

Range estimation is the core of many positioning systems such as radar, and Wireless Local Positioning Systems (WLPS). The estimation of range is achieved by estimating Time-of-Arrival (TOA). TOA represents the signal propagation delay between a transmitter and a receiver. Thus, error in TOA estimation causes degradation in range estimation performance. In wireless environments, noise, multipath, and limited bandwidth reduce TOA estimation performance. TOA estimation algorithms that are designed for wireless environments aim to improve the TOA estimation performance by mitigating the effect of closely spaced paths in practical (positive) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regions. Limited bandwidth avoids the discrimination of closely spaced paths. This reduces TOA estimation performance. TOA estimation methods are evaluated as a function of SNR, bandwidth, and the number of reflections in multipath wireless environments, as well as their complexity. In this research, a TOA estimation technique based on Blind signal Separation (BSS) is proposed. This frequency domain method estimates TOA in wireless multipath environments for a given signal bandwidth. The structure of the proposed technique is presented and its complexity and performance are theoretically evaluated. It is depicted that the proposed method is not sensitive to SNR, number of reflections, and bandwidth. In general, as bandwidth increases, TOA estimation performance improves. However, spectrum is the most valuable resource in wireless systems and usually a large portion of spectrum to support high performance TOA estimation is not available. In addition, the radio frequency (RF) components of wideband systems suffer from high cost and complexity. Thus, a novel, multiband positioning structure is proposed. The proposed technique uses the available (non-contiguous) bands to support high performance TOA estimation. This system incorporates the capabilities of cognitive radio (CR) systems to sense the available spectrum (also called white spaces) and to incorporate white spaces for high-performance localization. First, contiguous bands that are divided into several non-equal, narrow sub-bands that possess the same SNR are concatenated to attain an accuracy corresponding to the equivalent full band. Two radio architectures are proposed and investigated: the signal is transmitted over available spectrum either simultaneously (parallel concatenation) or sequentially (serial concatenation). Low complexity radio designs that handle the concatenation process sequentially and in parallel are introduced. Different TOA estimation algorithms that are applicable to multiband scenarios are studied and their performance is theoretically evaluated and compared to simulations. Next, the results are extended to non-contiguous, non-equal sub-bands with the same SNR. These are more realistic assumptions in practical systems. The performance and complexity of the proposed technique is investigated as well. This study’s results show that selecting bandwidth, center frequency, and SNR levels for each sub-band can adapt positioning accuracy.

Demonstrating the effects of multi-path propagation and advantages of diversity antenna techniques

In this paper, experimental investigations are performed into assessing the quality of communication link between Bluetooth devices in an indoor environment, as an initial step of demonstrating benefits of diversity and smart antenna techniques in mobile computing.

Injeção assistida por água de componentes tubulares mono e multi-ramificados

Atualmente na produção de peças poliméricas com geometrias complexas e ocas é utilizada a tecnologia de injeção assistida por água, gás e com ou sem projétil. O processo consiste na injeção de água a pressões elevadas, isto ocorre após o fecho do molde e injeção de polímero até ao preenchimento total da zona moldante. A injeção de água a pressões elevadas vai forçar o polímero, do núcleo da peça, a ser expulso para um reservatório. Esta expulsão de material é possível não só graças às elevadas pressões da água, mas também por causa do polímero ainda se encontrar em estado viscoso, facilitando o seu escoamento. A tecnologia de injeção assistida por fluido pode ser implementada por, injeção direta de água, gás ou com auxilio de um projétil. Dentro destas vertentes existe uma limitação em comum, a impossibilidade de produzir peças vazadas com canais bifurcados. No entanto existe a possibilidade de criar estas ramificações, mas com o entrave de não poderem ser geometricamente complexas e/ou serem extensas. Nestes casos as ramificações são criadas com postiços dentro do molde, significando que estará sempre limitado pelo postiço moldante e não controlado pelo jato de água. Para os casos onde é desejado a adição de ramificações complexas e/ou extensas têm de ser submetido a etapas subsequentes de preparação e montagem, influenciando o tempo global da produção. Com o projeto Multi-Path.H2O pretende-se criar um novo processo de produção para peças vazadas, mas com canais ramificados de geometrias complexas e extensas, num só ciclo de injeção e assim eliminando os processos subsequentes que atualmente são necessários. A abordagem primordial consiste na aplicação de vários injetores para jato de água, canalisados para as respetivas ramificações por vazar. Esta inovação terá impacto na produção em série de peças complexas de tipologia tubular, reduzindo o tempo de produção com a eliminação dos processos subsequentes; também a poupança de matéria-prima pela desnecessidade de criar moldes adicionais. Nesta dissertação foi elaborado um detalhado estudo experimental do processo de injeção assistida por água, para servir de base de conhecimento ao conceito do novo processo, Multi-Path.H2O. De referir que em Portugal o projeto e fabrico de moldes com a implementação do sistema injeção por água, está resumido a um número limitado de empresas.

Intrusion tolerant routing with data consensus in wireless sensor networks

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

High ffficiency transmission techniques for broadband wireless systems

Future broadband wireless systems are expected to cope with severely time dispersive channels, due to multi-path signal propagation between the transmitter and the receiver while having high power and spectral efficiency. Thus, advanced Frequency Domain Equalization techniques are required. The implementation complexity in mobile terminals should be as low as possible to achieve highest possible efficiency. Therefore, most of the signal processing requirements will be shifted to the base station and we will employ signals compatible with an efficient, grossly nonlinear power amplification. For this reason, we will consider offset modulation signals with quasi-constant envelope and develop receivers that will obtain good BER performance. However, these signals require a bandwidth significantly above the Nyquist rate, which can be reduced by an overlap of different frequency channels.

Planning and verification of multipath routing protocols

Conventionally the problem of the best path in a network refers to the shortest path problem. However, for the vast majority of networks present nowadays this solution has some limitations which directly affect their proper functioning, as well as an inefficient use of their potentialities. Problems at the level of large networks where graphs of high complexity are commonly present as well as the appearing of new services and their respective requirements, are intrinsically related to the inability of this solution. In order to overcome the needs present in these networks, a new approach to the problem of the best path must be explored. One solution that has aroused more interest in the scientific community considers the use of multiple paths between two network nodes, where they can all now be considered as the best path between those nodes. Therefore, the routing will be discontinued only by minimizing one metric, where only one path between nodes is chosen, and shall be made by the selection of one of many paths, thereby allowing the use of a greater diversity of the present paths (obviously, if the network consents). The establishment of multi-path routing in a given network has several advantages for its operation. Its use may well improve the distribution of network traffic, improve recovery time to failure, or it can still offer a greater control of the network by its administrator. These factors still have greater relevance when networks have large dimensions, as well as when their constitution is of high complexity, such as the Internet, where multiple networks managed by different entities are interconnected. A large part of the growing need to use multipath protocols is associated to the routing made based on policies. Therefore, paths with different characteristics can be considered with equal level of preference, and thus be part of the solution for the best way problem. To perform multi-path routing using protocols based only on the destination address has some limitations but it is possible. Concepts of graph theory of algebraic structures can be used to describe how the routes are calculated and classified, enabling to model the routing problem. This thesis studies and analyzes multi-path routing protocols from the known literature and derives a new algebraic condition which allows the correct operation of these protocols without any network restriction. It also develops a range of software tools that allows the planning and the respective verification/validation of new protocols models according to the study made.

Routage adaptatif et qualité de service dans les réseaux optiques à commutation de rafales

Les réseaux optiques à commutation de rafales (OBS) sont des candidats pour jouer un rôle important dans le cadre des réseaux optiques de nouvelle génération. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au routage adaptatif et au provisionnement de la qualité de service dans ce type de réseaux. Dans une première partie de la thèse, nous nous intéressons à la capacité du routage multi-chemins et du routage alternatif (par déflection) à améliorer les performances des réseaux OBS, pro-activement pour le premier et ré-activement pour le second. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons une approche basée sur l’apprentissage par renforcement où des agents placés dans tous les nœuds du réseau coopèrent pour apprendre, continuellement, les chemins du routage et les chemins alternatifs optimaux selon l’état actuel du réseau. Les résultats numériques montrent que cette approche améliore les performances des réseaux OBS comparativement aux solutions proposées dans la littérature. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au provisionnement absolu de la qualité de service où les performances pire-cas des classes de trafic de priorité élevée sont garanties quantitativement. Plus spécifiquement, notre objectif est de garantir la transmission sans pertes des rafales de priorité élevée à l’intérieur du réseau OBS tout en préservant le multiplexage statistique et l’utilisation efficace des ressources qui caractérisent les réseaux OBS. Aussi, nous considérons l’amélioration des performances du trafic best effort. Ainsi, nous proposons deux approches : une approche basée sur les nœuds et une approche basée sur les chemins. Dans l’approche basée sur les nœuds, un ensemble de longueurs d’onde est assigné à chaque nœud du bord du réseau OBS pour qu’il puisse envoyer son trafic garanti. Cette assignation prend en considération les distances physiques entre les nœuds du bord. En outre, nous proposons un algorithme de sélection des longueurs d’onde pour améliorer les performances des rafales best effort. Dans l’approche basée sur les chemins, le provisionnement absolu de la qualité de service est fourni au niveau des chemins entre les nœuds du bord du réseau OBS. À cette fin, nous proposons une approche de routage et d’assignation des longueurs d’onde qui a pour but la réduction du nombre requis de longueurs d’onde pour établir des chemins sans contentions. Néanmoins, si cet objectif ne peut pas être atteint à cause du nombre limité de longueurs d’onde, nous proposons de synchroniser les chemins en conflit sans le besoin pour des équipements additionnels. Là aussi, nous proposons un algorithme de sélection des longueurs d’onde pour les rafales best effort. Les résultats numériques montrent que l’approche basée sur les nœuds et l’approche basée sur les chemins fournissent le provisionnement absolu de la qualité de service pour le trafic garanti et améliorent les performances du trafic best effort. En outre, quand le nombre de longueurs d’ondes est suffisant, l’approche basée sur les chemins peut accommoder plus de trafic garanti et améliorer les performances du trafic best effort par rapport à l’approche basée sur les nœuds.

Fixed point dual carrier modulation performance for wireless USB

Dual Carrier Modulation (DCM) is currently used as the higher data rate modulation scheme for Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) in the ECMA-368 defined Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radio platform. ECMA-368 has been chosen as the physical radio platform for many systems including Wireless USB (W-USB), Bluetooth 3.0 and Wireless HDMI; hence ECMA-368 is an important issue to consumer electronics and the user’s experience of these products. In this paper, Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR) demapping method is used for the DCM demaper implemented in fixed point model. Channel State Information (CSI) aided scheme coupled with the band hopping information is used as the further technique to improve the DCM demapping performance. The receiver performance for the fixed point DCM is simulated in realistic multi-path environments.

State-space model identification of a wireless THz network

We model the large scale fading of wireless THz communications links deployed in a metropolitan area taking into account reception through direct line of sight, ground or wall reflection and diffraction. The movement of the receiver in the three dimensions is modelled by an autonomous dynamic linear system in state-space whereas the geometric relations involved in the attenuation and multi-path propagation of the electric field are described by a static non-linear mapping. A subspace algorithm in conjunction with polynomial regression is used to identify a Wiener model from time-domain measurements of the field intensity.