Mult-class differentiation of cannabis seedlings in a forensic context

This article presents an experimental study about the classification ability of several classifiers for multi-classclassification of cannabis seedlings. As the cultivation of drug type cannabis is forbidden in Switzerland lawenforcement authorities regularly ask forensic laboratories to determinate the chemotype of a seized cannabisplant and then to conclude if the plantation is legal or not. This classification is mainly performed when theplant is mature as required by the EU official protocol and then the classification of cannabis seedlings is a timeconsuming and costly procedure. A previous study made by the authors has investigated this problematic [1]and showed that it is possible to differentiate between drug type (illegal) and fibre type (legal) cannabis at anearly stage of growth using gas chromatography interfaced with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based on therelative proportions of eight major leaf compounds. The aims of the present work are on one hand to continueformer work and to optimize the methodology for the discrimination of drug- and fibre type cannabisdeveloped in the previous study and on the other hand to investigate the possibility to predict illegal cannabisvarieties. Seven classifiers for differentiating between cannabis seedlings are evaluated in this paper, namelyLinear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Nearest NeighbourClassification (NNC), Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), Radial Basis Function Support Vector Machines(RBF SVMs), Random Forest (RF) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The performance of each method wasassessed using the same analytical dataset that consists of 861 samples split into drug- and fibre type cannabiswith drug type cannabis being made up of 12 varieties (i.e. 12 classes). The results show that linear classifiersare not able to manage the distribution of classes in which some overlap areas exist for both classificationproblems. Unlike linear classifiers, NNC and RBF SVMs best differentiate cannabis samples both for 2-class and12-class classifications with average classification results up to 99% and 98%, respectively. Furthermore, RBFSVMs correctly classified into drug type cannabis the independent validation set, which consists of cannabisplants coming from police seizures. In forensic case work this study shows that the discrimination betweencannabis samples at an early stage of growth is possible with fairly high classification performance fordiscriminating between cannabis chemotypes or between drug type cannabis varieties.

En tibi lector Robertum Valturium ... De re militari libris XII multò emaculatius ac picturis ... elegantioribus expressum ...

CCBE s. XVI, V, 154

Diuini Platonis Operum omnium quae extant, ex Latina Marsilii Ficini versione : nunc multò accuratius quàm antea cum Graeco contextu collata, & quàm plurimis locis emendata : tomus tertius cum argumentis, notis et indice.

Mode of access: Internet.

Isychii Presbyteri Hierosolymorum In Leuiticum commentaria : in quibus ceremoniae sacrificiorum veteris Testamenti ..., multò quàm antea diligentius emendata ... : cum duplici indice, locorum scilicet Sacrae Scripturae explicatorum ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Aimoini Monachi, qui antea Annonij nomine editus est, Historiae Francorum lib. V : ex veterib. exemplaribus multò eme[n]datiores : cum indice copiosissimo, qui etiam locorum communium ac epitomes vicem supplet.

Mode of access: Internet.

D. Francisci Toleti Societatis Iesu Commentaria, vnà cum quaestionibus, in vniuersam Aristotelis logicam : multò accuratius diligentiusq[ue] nunc denuò excussa ...

Texto a dos col. con apostillas marginales.

Ioannis Cassiani eremitae, De institutis renuntiantium libri XII. Collationes Sanctorum Patrum XXIV : adiectae sunt quarumdam obscurarum dictionum interpretationes ordine alphabeti ... ; praeterea indices duo testimoniorum sacrae scripturae ... ; accessit Regula S. Pachomij, que à S. Hieronynio ... omnia multò quàm antehac ...

Mode of access: Internet.

D. Francisci Toleti ... Commentaria vnà cum quaestionibus in octo libros Aristo. de Physica auscultatione : multò accuratius diligentiusq[ue] nunc denuò excussa.

CCBE S. XVI,

D. Francisci Toleti ... Commentaria vnà cum quaestionibus. In vniuersam Aristotelis Logicam : multò accuratius diligentiusq[ue] nunc denuò excussa : Adiecto indice quaestionum.

CCBE S. XVI,

Tractatus de significatione adverbiorum in jure tàm civili quàm canonico usitatorum, : in quo non solum eorum natura, proprieta[s,] vis & effectus ostenditur, sed etiam multæ con[tro]versiæ ex jure publico & privato, cum ampliationibus & [...]mitationibus, resolvuntur, & variis præjudiciis atque responsis confirmantur, adjecto indice verborum atque rerum duplici, /

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Didaci Couarruuias a Leyua toletani Episcopi Segobiensis ... Omnia opera : multò quàm priùs emendatiora, ac multis in locis auctiora in duos diuisa tomos ... : tomus primus.

Index seu Repertorium materiarum ac vtriusque Iuris decisionum, quae in hoc secundo [sic] tomo continentur ... concinnatum per Alfonsum Gonçalez à Turre ..., con port. propia (con fecha 1583), [99] p.;en el recto de h. a2 consta "... quae in hoc priori tomo ..."

Construção e validação de uma escala multi-factorial de motivação no trabalho (mult-moti)

Esta investigação tem como objectivo a construção e validação de uma Escala MultiFactorial de Motivação no Trabalho para a população portuguesa. A ausência de instrumentos para medir várias dimensões da motivação levou ao desenvolvimento e elaboração desta escala de motivação. A escala integra 28 itens decorrentes de uma pesquisa teórica que contempla algumas teorias da motivação. Participaram nos estudos de validação da escala 444 colaboradores de empresas de novas tecnologias de ambos os sexos, com idades compreendidas entre os 19 e os 34 anos. A escala apresenta bons índices de consistência interna (valores entre 0.72 e 0.84) e uma análise factorial que revelou a existência de uma estrutura tetrafactorial com 49% de variância explicada: motivação com a organização do trabalho, motivação com realização e poder, motivação de desempenho e motivação associada ao envolvimento. Esperase ainda que novos estudos possam ser desenvolvidos a partir desta mesma escala.

The Effect Of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Alone Or In Combination With Electrostimulation In The Treatment Of Sexual Dysfunction In Women With Multiple Sclerosis.

Sexual dysfunction (SD) affects up to 80% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) play an important role in the sexual function of these patients. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of a rehabilitation program to treat lower urinary tract symptoms on SD of women with MS. Thirty MS women were randomly allocated to one of three groups: pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback and sham neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) (Group I), PFMT with EMG biofeedback and intravaginal NMES (Group II), and PFMT with EMG biofeedback and transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (TTNS) (Group III). Assessments, before and after the treatment, included: PFM function, PFM tone, flexibility of the vaginal opening and ability to relax the PFMs, and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire. After treatment, all groups showed improvements in all domains of the PERFECT scheme. PFM tone and flexibility of the vaginal opening was lower after the intervention only for Group II. All groups improved in arousal, lubrication, satisfaction and total score domains of the FSFI questionnaire. This study indicates that PFMT alone or in combination with intravaginal NMES or TTNS contributes to the improvement of SD.

Serum Bdnf Levels Are Not Reliable Correlates Of Neurodegeneration In Ms Patients.

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