Parasites and Diseases of Mullets (Mugilidae)

The following treatment of parasites, diseases and conditions affecting mullet hopefully serves several functions. It acquaints someone involved in rearing mullets with problems he can face and topics he should investigate. We cannot go into extensive illustrative detail on every species or group, but do provide a listing of most parasites reported or known from mullet and some pertinent general information on them. Because of these enumerations, the paper should also act as a review for anyone interested in mullet parasites or the use of such parasites as indicators about a mullet's diet and migratory behavior. Unfortunately, limited space prohibits us from presenting all the references used. The paper also deals with the public health aspects of eating or selling mullet, whether the product is to be raw, cooked, salted or smoked.

Culturable fish seeds in Nigerian waters: A research survey (1978-1985)

The desired species identified in this survey include mullets, catfishes, fast growing fish predators, species for control of weeds and grass it, ponds, cichlids and shrimps. Five coastal states: Lagos, Ondo, Bendel, Rivers, and Cross River were covered in the studies. Investigations were also carried into the major rivers and their tributaries. A combination of the estimation methods of Le Cren, (1962) and Pitcher and Mac Donald (1973) was employed in the analysis of data. From the detailed data collected from (1978-1985), the survey indicated that about 100 million fish seeds can be collected annually from Nigerian waters using appropriate gear-seine nets, cast nets, and fish traps. Of this number, 60% is available along the coastal belt of the country while 40% is in the major rivers, their tributaries and swamps. At the present level of fish culture development in Nigeria, this is more than enough, even after allowing for 50% mortality due to handling and transportation stress

Aquaculture research: technology transfer for rural development in Nigeria

Conventional aquaculture has been promoted in Nigeria for the past five decades with minimal impact on rural communities: from the findings of Maclearen (1949) where he popularized the use of culturable fish predators Lutjanus sp; Pomades sp; Tarpon adanticus; Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus in earthen ponds near Onikan-Lagos, Nigeria; to the finding of Zwilling, 1963, who reported common carp, Cyprinus carpio propagation and culture in Panyan Fish Farm, near Jos; to the findings of FAO, 1965, when the potential culture of marine mullets culture in brackish water ponds in Buguma, Rivers State was presented. The work of other researchers Sivalingam, (1970; 1973), Ezenwa (1976), development officers and extension officers contributed to the development of aquaculture in few rural areas of the country and informed on public and private owned fish farm infrastructures. Despite a moderate long history of aquaculture research and development in Nigeria, an annual production level of 25,000 metric tons was recorded in 1999. This situation calls for a more sustainable approach for a stronger link between aquaculture research and technology transfer for the development of rural communities of Nigeria. This paper therefore examines some of the issues involved in the continuous flow of the new aquaculture technology in the improvement of fish protein output, standard of living of rural farmers and prevention of urban migration by the youth

Mugilid Fish Are Sentinels of Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Coastal and Estuarine Environments

Effects on fish reproduction can result from a variety of toxicity mechanisms first operating at the molecular level. Notably, the presence in the environment of some compounds termed endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can cause adverse effects on reproduction by interfering with the endocrine system. In some cases, exposure to EDCs leads to the animal feminization and male fish may develop oocytes in testis (intersex condition). Mugilid fish are well suited sentinel organisms to study the effects of reproductive EDCs in the monitoring of estuarine/marine environments. Up-regulation of aromatases and vitellogenins in males and juveniles and the presence of intersex individuals have been described in a wide array of mullet species worldwide. There is a need to develop new molecular markers to identify early feminization responses and intersex condition in fish populations, studying mechanisms that regulate gonad differentiation under exposure to xenoestrogens. Interestingly, an electrophoresis of gonad RNA, shows a strong expression of 5S rRNA in oocytes, indicating the potential of 5S rRNA and its regulating proteins to become useful molecular makers of oocyte presence in testis. Therefore, the use of these oocyte markers to sex and identify intersex mullets could constitute powerful molecular biomarkers to assess xenoestrogenicity in field conditions.

Padal fishing - a unique fishing method in the Ashtamudi Estuary of Kerala (south India)

Bush park fishing / padal fishing is an indigenous fishing method widely employed in the Ashtamudi estuary of Kerala (south India). An artificial reef made from twigs and leaves of trees is planted in the shallow areas of the estuary. The aim is to harvest fish that find shelter in these structures for the purpose of feeding and breeding. Though the State Department of Fisheries has banned this method of fishing in the inland waters of Kerala, 400 padals are operating in this estuary. About 300 of them are anchored in the western parts of the estuary (west Kayal). Fish are harvested in the padals at monthly intervals almost round the year and this results in the destruction of a sizeable quantity of juveniles and sub-adults of the commercially important fishes, such as Pearl spot and mullets, from the estuary. These padals pose a major threat to the sustainability of the fishery resources of this estuary and, therefore, need to be phased out by providing alternative occupations for the fishermen who are dependant on the padals.

Impactos negativos en las pesquerías de lisas (Pisces, Mugilidae) en Cuba de 1971 a 1995 y recomendaciones para incrementar su producción

Se presenta la situación actual de las lisas (Pisces, Mugilidae en Cuba, espacialmente respecto a los daños sufridos en sus pesquerías de 1971 a 1995. Se revisan las especies marinas presentes en aguas cubanas y sus características generales, así como las principales zonas, artes y épocas de pesca. Se presentan las capturas por regiones y se analizan los desembarques por categorías, de acuerdo con su composición por espec1e. Se revisa la Situación del grupo en los últimos años, cuyas capturas han disminuído a sólo un 5% del nivel más alto alcanzado, debido a los perjuicios ambientales de las lagunas y áreas costeras aledañas causadas por acciones antrópicas, que se describen, así como por disminuciones en el esfuerzo pesquero. Se presentan las relaciones entre las capturas y la capacidad de agua embalsada acumulada en el país, así como entre la talla media de las hembras de Mugil liza y el año en el periodo de 1981 a 1989 en la localidad históricamente más importante. Se analizan propuestas para incrementar la producción de los mugílidos en Cuba relacionadas con las pesquerías y la aplicación de técnicas de "Vallicultura integrada" como única vía para rehabilitar el medio ambiente lagunar con un balance adecuado de costo-rentabilidad. ABSTRACT The present status of the mullets (P1sces, Muglhdae),Cuba is rev1ewed, spec1ally in relation to their físhery between 1971 end 1995. The manne spec1es, Cuban waters, the1r general characterst1cs, as well as the main zonas, gears and flshmg Matons are shown. The captures by reg1ons and the landings by category and by specíes compositton are anatysed . The 11tuat10n ol the group in recent years is rev1ewed , in which the captures decreased to only 5% of the h1ghest leve! attamed due to envuonmental damages to coastal lagoons and nearby areas causad by human actions and by a lower flsh1ng effort. The retau onsh1ps are shown between captures and the country's cumulatíve capacitv of water dams, as well as that of the average s11e of Mugilliza tamales m the years between 1981 and 1989 ín the most historically important locat1on •. Proposals to mcrease mullet production in Cuba m relat1on to fisheries and establishment of "i ntegrated Vallicultura• as the only wav of restonng the tagoon environment with a good cost-benefi t balance are analysed.

Present status and future scope of fisheries in the Andaman group of islands

The coastal area of approximately 2000 km and the water-bodies in between the Andaman and Nicobar islands are rich in fishery potential which range from 0.012-0.47 million tonnes. The fishery is dominated by catches of sardines, perches, carangids, mackerels, Leiognathus elasmobranchs, seerfish, mullets and tunas. About 2050 fishermen, with 1150 country craft, 113 mechanised boats and 1367 different kinds of nets and lines are engaged in active fishing in the island. Numerous bays, lagoons and creeks are available among the group of islands for mariculture activities. The mangroves of these islands provide feeding and nursery grounds for juveniles of penaeid prawns, crabs and finfishes.

Ecology of Indian estuaries-XI. A preliminary survey of the fishery resources of the Ashtamudi estuarine system

The fish fauna of the Ashtamudi, the second largest estuarine system in Kerala (8°53'-9°02' N Lat. and 76°31'-76°41' E Long.) is listed. 97 species belonging to 39 families have been recorded, ofwhich69 are commercially important contributing to the fisheries of the Ashtamudi Estuary. Mullets, cichlids and the glassy perchlets are the most abundant groups and contribute appreciably to the landings. Results revealed that the estuarine system supports a good capture fishery which is seasonal. Majority of the fish fauna in the estuary are marine elements recruited from the adjoining Arabian Sea. An inventory of the craft and gear employed is presented and the sources of pollution in the estuarine system are described, aquacultural prospects of this area are discussed.

Socio-economic and marketing aspects of Laila and Bottom Long Line fisheries in the Kalpitiya peninsula of Sri Lanka

Surrounding Net Fishery (laila) and Bottom Long Line Fishery which operate in the coastal waters of Kalpitiya Peninsula, compete for the same fish resources, resulting in a fishery dispute between the respective fishermen. Both fisheries target demersal as well as mid pelagic fishes, such as travellys (parava), mullets (galmalu) and barracudas (ulava). As the dispute had an adverse impact on the social harmony in the fishing community of the area, a socio-economic survey was conducted to study the underlying factors and to suggest policy measures to resolve the issue. The laila fishermen were resident fishermen in the Kalpitiya Peninsula while bottom long line fishermen were migratory fishermen from Negombo and Chilaw areas in the west coast of Sri Lanka. The Kalpitiya peninsula is located in the North West coast, some 50 km away from the west coast. Although the educational level and literacy rate of the laila community was below that of the bottom long line community, the laila community was economically better off. The net economic returns from laila fishery were superior to that from bottom long line fishery. The boat owner's and crew's share per operation of laila fishery were Rs.3,736 and Rs.947 respectively. The same figures for bottom long line fishery were Rs.588 and Rs.327 respectively. The resource rent from laila fishery was Rs.5,860, however, and much higher than that for bottom long line fishery (Rs.275), showing that the laila fishery exploits the targeted fish resource at a much higher rate compared to bottom long line fishery. This situation badly affects the equitable distribution of resources between the two fishing communities and results in unequal economic gains. Based on the findings of this study, certain input/output controls are proposed to address this problem, among which is the need to increase license fee for laila fishery units to offset the higher exploitation rate of fish resources.

Recreational shore fishing in southern Portugal: biological and socio-economic aspects and perspectives for management

Although overfishing is a concern for many fish stocks, it was for a long time only associated with commercial fishing exploitation, with less or no attention being given to the recreational fisheries. Recent research has shown however that the impact of recreational fishing on particular species can be considerable, and that the recreational harvest needs to be taken into account if fisheries are to be accurately assessed and effectively managed. In Portugal, the first recreational fishing regulations were only recently implemented. However, mirroring other European countries, regulations lacked scientific support, and specific knowledge of the activity was limited to a few studies with limited coverage. This thesis aimed to characterize the biological and socioeconomic aspects of the recreational shore angling activity in southern Portugal, to investigate whether the regulations in place were adequate and effective, and to provide recommendations for improved management and conservation of the inshore fisheries resources. A combined aerial-roving survey was conducted to gather data on fishing effort, catch, fishing trips and socioeconomic aspects (including anglers’ perceptions of regulations) of the recreational angling activity. The analysis of anglers’ catches suggested that compliance with daily bag limits was high, with less than 0.5% of creels exceeding the 10 kg angler-1 day-1 bag limit. Overall, 11.5% of the retained fishes were undersized, but non-compliance with minimum size limits was found to be high for some species (e.g. seabass, 73% undersized). In terms of the impact of recreational shore angling, the total estimated catches corresponded to less than 1% of the commercial landings for the same period (shared species). However, shore angling catches for white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) were found to be considerable, corresponding to 65% of the commercial landings (39.4% of total catch). In terms of anglers’ perceptions about the recreational fishing regulations in Portugal, the present study has shown that the majority of anglers accepted the existence of some kind of SRF regulations, but in general there was a partial or total disagreement with the recreational fishing restrictions recently put in place. Most anglers perceived themselves as not being involved in the decision-making process and claimed that some restrictions lacked a meaningful rationale (e.g. prohibition of fishing from piers/jetties). Fishers’ awareness with regard to specific aspects of the restrictions (such as the rationale for minimum size limits) was found to be very limited. During the same period, catches from sport fishing competitions were examined to test for differences with the recreational activity in terms of catches, and evaluate long term trends in catch and mean size of fish. Catches of the sport fishing competitions were found to be different from those observed for recreational fishing, being dominated by different species (e.g. garfish, mullets), and suggesting different fishing strategies of the the two types of anglers. High percentages of undersized fish were observed to be captured (and retained) during the competitions (in particular seabass, with 100% undersized), probably as a result of a single allowable minimum size (AMS) of 15 cm for all species in use in competitions. Lastly, catch and release fishing experiments were carried out to assess post-release mortality of three recreationally important species: two banded sea bream Diplodus vulgaris; black sea bream Spondyliosoma cantharus; and gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Post-release mortalities were found to be low (0-12%). The main predictor of mortality for Sparus aurata was anatomical hooking location, with 63% of the fishes that died being deeply hooked. The results support the release of fish, either from mandatory (e.g. minimum landing sizes) or voluntary practices. In summary, this thesis has demonstrated that the impact of recreational fishing for particular species is significant and needs to be taken into account for more effective management and stock assessment purposes. It has also highlighted several management issues that should be addressed in order to promote more adequate regulations in the future and prevent noncompliance issues. A periodic monitoring of the recreational fishing activity including all fishing modes (i.e. spear fishing, boat, and shore angling) would also be beneficial to ensure a timely knowledge on the global recreational fishing activity and support future management actions.

Recueil de lettres originales et de copies de pièces indiquées comme telles dans le dépouillement qui suit.

Contient : 1 « Discours sur la mort du roy Henry [II] et succession du roy François » II. 22 juin à 19 juillet 1559. En italien. Minute ; 2 Sur la mort de François II et le commencement du règne de Charles IX. En italien. Minute ; 3 Première séance du conseil où fut résolue la convocation des États généraux d'Orléans. « Fontanablio, il 21 d'agosto 1560 ». En italien. Minute ; 4 « Interrogatoires de [Jean de Merei, dit] Poltrot, 21 fevrier 1562 ». Copie ; 5 Lettres d'«OTTAVIO FARNESE,... al cavalier Tiburtio Burty,... Da Parma, alli XII di febraro 1562 » ; 6 « Articoli mandati dal re CARLO IX al papa » Pie IV sur les réformes à introduire dans l'Église touchant les images, l'administration des sacrements, la messe. Janvier 1561 ; 7 Lettre de « CHARLES IX,... à mon cousin, le prince de Portian,... Escript au Mont de Marsan, le XXIe jour de may 1565 » ; 8 « Instruction à monseigneur le general d'Auvergne de l'ordre qu'il aura à tenir et observer et faire tenir et observer par ceulx qu'il commectera à la levée des douze cens mullets à batz que le roy a ordonné estre levez pour le service de son armée en païs d'Auvergne, et chargés de Lyon, Thoulouze, Montpelier et Provence... Faict à Fontainebleau, le XIIe jour de mars, l'an mil cinq cens cinquante sept ». Copie ; 9 « Roolle de la monstre et veue faicte en la ville de Riom en Auvergne, le treizeiesme may V.C. cinquante huict, du nombre et quantité de cinquante mulletz à batz, levez pour le service du roy aud. païs... presentez par devant Michel Veyny, seigneur d'Arbouze, general des finances en la generalité de Languedoc ». Copie ; 10 Ordonnance de payement desdits mulets. Copie ; 11 Reçu des vendeurs desdits mulets. Copie ; 12 « Reglement que le roi CHARLES [IX] voulut estre observé » pour « pourveoir à la garde et seureté de sa bonne ville de Paris... 18 nov. 1568 ». Minute ; 13 Lettre de « LOYS DE BOURBON, prince DE CONDE,... à monsieur le duc de Montpensier,... De ce camp, à La Fontayne, ce VIIIe decembre 1568 ». Copie ; 14 « Escrit difamatoire envoié de la part des huguenots ou de Mr le mareschal de Villevieille,... Melun, 1568, decembre », factum du prince DE CONDE contre « le cardinal de Lorraine et aultres pensionnaires du roy d'Espaigne, ses adherans » ; 15 « Copie d'un advis escrit de la main du Sr DE CARNAVALLET », sur les mesures à prendre pour empêcher les troupes du prince de Condé et de l'amiral de Coligni « de pouvoir joindre avec les Allemans » envoyés par le duc des Deux Ponts. « S. Mor, 5 janvier 1569 » ; 16 « Sur la Negotiation de la paix », préliminaires de la paix conclue à Saint Germain en Laye, le 8 août 1570, entre Charles IX et les protestants ; 17 « Copia d'una lettera di mons. CAPI LUPI, vescovo di Fano, al Sr duca d'Urbino. Di Roma, il 23 settembre 1571 ». En italien ; 18 « Discours de [LOUIS DE GONZAGUE, duc DE NEVERS], sur la maniere de bien governer les affaires du roy [Charles IX], qu'il a mis es mains de monseigneur le duc d'Anjou,... et de l'entreprise de la Floride pour luy... Chenonceau, ce 20 may 1572 ». Minute ; 19 Lettre de LOUIS DE GONZAGUE, duc DE NEVERS, gouverneur de Piémont, au roi Charles IX. « Estampes, dernier may 1572 » ; 20 « Trois Discours faits par [LOUIS DE GONZAGUE, duc DE NEVERS] et baillés à monsieur [le duc d'Anjou], sur les propositions que monseigneur l'admiral volloit faire pour induire le roy à faire la guere en Flandre... Paris, 19 juing 1572 ». Copie ; 21 Discours du duc DE NEVERS sur le même sujet. « 26 de juin 1572 ». Minute ; 22 Lettre de « LODOVICO GONZAGA », duc DE NEVERS, au roi Charles IX. « Ce 26 juign 1572 ». Minute ; 23 Avis motivé du duc DE NEVERS au roi Charles IX, pour le détourner d'entreprendre la guerre de Flandre. « 26 juin 1572 ». Minute ; 24 « Advis du mareschal DE TAVANES, par commandement du roy » Charles IX, avec même conclusion. « Paris, 26 juign 1572 ». Copie ; 25 « Discours comancé sur l'infidelité des Rochellois de la couronne de France, et come l'on s'y doit bien peu fier », commencement d'un mémoire rédigé par le duc DE NEVERS contre les protestants. « Paris, juillet 1572 ». Minute ; 26 « Copie d'un memoire de LODOVICO GONZAGA [duc DE NEVERS], doné à Monsieur [le duc d'Anjou] pour bailler au roy, par lequel est discouru bien amplement l'estat auquel se trovent les villes de [son] governement de Piemont... Paris, 8 aoust 1572 » ; 27 « Discours » du duc DE NEVERS « sur ce quy se pouroit faire à l'endroit dès huguenaulx reduis al la religion catolique et des autres opiniastres... Paris, 20 settembre 1572 ». Copie ; 28 « Discours et advis » du duc DE NEVERS, « comancé sur le reglement de la France et baillé au roy [Charles IX]... Paris, septembre 1572 ». Minute ; 29 « Instruction dressée » par le duc DE NEVERS, « pour supplier [le roi Charles IX] de faire haster les Suysses, et « l'argent » dont le duc d'Anjou avait « grandement affaire » pour le siége de La Rochelle. « La Guiche, 18 fevrier 1573 ». Copie ; 30 « Advis » du duc DE NEVERS, « doné à Monsieur [le duc d'Anjou], sur la depesche du capitaine Bourg », qui étant en contradiction avec celle donnée au « Sr de Crillon » pour le même objet, pouvait donner à l'amiral Honorat de Savoie lieu de penser qu'il y avait « peu de stabillité et de consideration aux depesches » dudit duc. « Chatelleraut, 23 febvrier 1573 ». Minute ; 31 Avis du duc DE NEVERS sur la conduite à tenir pour permettre au duc d'Anjou d'éviter et le blâmé des étrangers en accordant aux Rochellois une capitulation trop avantageuse et la colère du roi en refusant ladite capitulation. « 1 de fevrier 1573 ». Minute ; 32 Journal du siége de La Rochelle, du 11 février au 21 mars 1573 ; 33 « Responce du seigneur DE BIRON au memoire que monseigneur [le duc d'Aujou] luy a envoyé par le Sr de Beaulieu », relativement aux mesures prises pour faciliter les approches de La Rochelle. « Rochelle, 19 may 1573 » ; 34 « Coppie d'un memoire faict par monseigneur [le duc DE NEVERS] à Monsieur [le duc d'Anjou], frere du roy » Charles IX, relativement aux mesures à prendre pour préparer l'assaut d'un bastion de La Rochelle. « Au camp, 25 mars 1573 » ; 35 « Memoire pour interojer » relativement au même sujet. « Au camp, 26 mars 1573 ». Copie ; 36 Mémoire sur le même sujet. « Camp, 12 avril 1573 » ; 37 Mémoire du duc D'ANJOU, pour justifier les demandes de forces qu'il avait adressées au roi Charles IX et la lenteur des opérations du siége de La Rochelle. Fin de février 1573. Minute ; 38 Lettre de « HENRI [duc D'ANJOU]... à monsieur de Nevers,... May 1573 » ; 39 Lettre du duc DE NEVERS au duc d'Anjou. « De Lagor, 2 may 1573 ». Copie ; 40 Lettre du duc DE NEVERS « à monseigneur de Villeclerc,... De Lagor, 2 may 1573 ». Copie ; 41 Mesures à prendre pour le siége de La Rochelle. « May 1573 ». Copie ; 42 « Discours du duc DE NEVERS sur le traitté que Monsieur [le duc d'Anjou] veult faire aux Rochellois pour pacifier les chauses, lequel contient qu'il ne fault leur accorder la pais, ains les recevoir à mercy et à discretion... Du camp, ce XIe may 1573 ». Minute ; 43 Lettre de CATHERINE DE MEDICIS au duc de Nevers. « De Boullongne, ce sixme juillet 1573 ». Copie ; 44 Lettre de « HENRY [duc D'ANJOU]... à monsieur le duc de Nevers,... Juin 1573 » ; 45 « Discours » du duc DE NEVERS « sur l'entrée aux affaires du roy, baillé au roy de Poullogne [Henri, duc d'Anjou]... Tours, 21 julliet 1573 ». Minute ; 46 « Discours doné par monseigneur le conte DE RETZ au roy de Poullogne [Henri, duc d'Anjou], sur le voiage de La Rochelle et reglement du roiaulme de France, pour bailler au roy [Charles IX]... 30 de juillet 1573 ». Copie ; 47 « Aultre Discours ensuivant l'aultre de monseigneur le conte de Retz,... Fin juillet 1573 ». Copie ; 48 Procès-verbal de la lecture en conseil d'un mémoire de HENRI, duc D'ANJOU et roi de Pologne, sur le fait de La Rochelle et le rétablissement des affaires du royaume de France. Du 2 au 14 août 1573. Minute ; 49 « Article de la justice, fait par M. DE CHIVERNY sur [les] memoires » du duc de Nevers. Sujet traité par Henri, duc d'Anjou, roi de Pologne, dans son discours sur le rétablissement des affaires du royaume de France. « Madril, 6 aoust 1573 ». Copie ; 50 « Discours presenté au roy [Charles IX] par le roy de Pollongne, son frere, touchant sommairement son voiage faict à La Rochelle et aultres choses concernant le bien et repos de son royaulme ». Rédigé par le duc DE NEVERS. « Paris, 14 aoust 1573 ». Copie ; 51 « Discours en voyé à la royne mere du roy [Charles IX par monseigneur [le duc DE NEVERS]... Au bois de Vincennes, 20 aoust 1573 ». Pour rassurer Catherine de Médicis contre la crainte d'une éme???ute dans Paris. Copie ; 52 « Advis » du duc DE NEVERS, « doné à monseigneur [le duc d'Anjou], sur la descente des Anglois [envoyés au secours des Rochellois]... Niort, 3 febvrier 1573 ». Minute ; 53 « Coppie d'une lectre escripte par monseigneur [le duc DE NEVERS] à monsieur de Chiverny,... De Vuormes, ce XIIIIe decembre 1573 »

Studies on the effect of steriod hormones on the gronth and biochemical composition of the mullet liza.parsia (hamilton)

The present study has helped in finding out an efficient growth promoting substance for the fry of Liza garsia. 1Zfimethyltestosterone at the dosages of 2 mg/kg diet is the most effective anabolic agent for Liza parsia. The study also shows that by incorporating 8 mg MT/kg of diet the protein level in the diet could be reduced from 35 to 30%. thereby a significant saving in the cost of feed could be obtained. Further, the anabolic effect of MT helps to reduce the rearing period during the production of fingerlings from the fry stage.

Studies on the histological and biochemical changes during spermatogenesis in MUGIL CEPHALUS linnaeus and related species

Several studies on the biology and fisheries of mullets, particularly of M cephalus are now available. Different aspects of breeding, larval rearing, seed production, field culture and ecophysiology have also been investigated. However, information on the spermatogenesis in M cephalus as well as L parsia is scanty. Since an understanding of the reproductive strategies is an essential pre-requisite for evolving successful breeding programmes through artificial fertilization and gametic preservation, investigations on spermatogenesis in these species were taken up and the results are presented in this thesis. The thesis is presented in 9 chapters