Surgically-treated Hip Fracture in older People. With Special Emphasis on Mortality Analysis

Hip fractures are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Cervical and trochanteric fractures have a different morphometry, surgical treatment, and outcome. Polypharmacy, common in older people, is associated with increased mortality. The risk factors for mortality can be identified based on cause-of-death analysis. In this population-based study, 461 older, surgically in 1999-2000 treated hip fracture patients were enrolled. Incidence, morphometry, medication, mortality, and cause-of-death were analysed. Hip fractures were most commonly sustained by women, occurred mostly indoors, and often in institutions. One in four patients had sustained a previous fracture. Routine clinical radiographs revealed no differences in the hip geometry between hip fracture types. Age-adjusted mortality was higher in men than in women during the follow-up. Chronic lung disease and male sex were predictors of mortality after cervical fracture. In men, potent anticholinergics were associated with excess age-adjusted mortality. Men were more likely to die from circulatory disease and dementia after hip fracture than women. Mortality after hip fracture was 3-fold higher than that of the general population, including every cause-of-death class. Fracture prevention in institutions and homes, indoor safety measures, and treatment of chronic lung diseases should be encouraged. Hip morphometry analyses require more accurate measures than that provided by routine radiographs. Careful use of potent anticholinergics may reduce mortality. Compared to the general population, excess mortality after hip fracture was evident up to 9 years after hip fracture. Cause-of-death analysis indicates that all major comorbidities require optimal treatment after hip fracture surgery.

“A long-term mortality analysis of subsidized firms in rural areas: an empirical study in the Portuguese Alentejo region”

Studies have demonstrated that public policies to support private firms’ investment have the ability to promote entrepreneurship, but the sustainability of subsidized firms has not often been analysed. This paper aims to examine this dimension specifically through evaluating the mortality of subsidized firms in the long-term. The analysis focuses on a case study of the LEADER+ Programme in the Alentejo region of Portugal. With this purpose, the paper examines the activity status (active or not active) of 154 private, rural, for-profit firms in Alentejo that had received a subsidy to support investment between 2002 and 2008 under the LEADER+ Programme. The methodology is based on binary choice models in order to study the probability of these firms still being active. The explanatory variables used are the following: (1) the characteristics of entrepreneurs and managers’ strategic decisions, (2) firm profile and characteristics, (3) regional economic environment. Data assessment showed that the cumulative mortality rate of firms on 31st December 2013 is over 20 %. Interpretation of the regression model revealed that he probability of firms’ survival increases with higher investment, firm age and regional business concentration, whereas the number of applications made by firms has a negative impact on their survival. So it seems that for subsidized firms the amount of investment is as important as its frequency.

Analysis of Mortality in Africanized Honey Bee Colonies with High Levels of Infestation by Varroa destructor

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Mortality due to systemic mycoses as a primary cause of death or in association with AIDS in Brazil: a review from 1996 to 2006

Deaths caused by systemic mycoses such as paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis and zygomycosis amounted to 3,583 between 1996-2006 in Brazil. When analysed as the underlying cause of death, paracoccidioidomycosis represented the most important cause of deaths among systemic mycoses (~ 51.2%). When considering AIDS as the underlying cause of death and the systemic mycoses as associated conditions, cryptococcosis (50.9%) appeared at the top of the list, followed by candidiasis (30.2%), histoplasmosis (10.1%) and others. This mortality analysis is useful in understanding the real situation of systemic mycoses in Brazil, since there is no mandatory notification of patients diagnosed with systemic mycoses in the official health system.

Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000

Background Smoking is a risk factor for several diseases and has been increasing in many developing countries. Our aim was to estimate global and regional mortality in 2000 caused by smoking, including an analysis of uncertainty. Methods Following the methods of Peto and colleagues, we used lung-cancer mortality as an indirect marker for accumulated smoking risk. Never-smoker lung-cancer mortality was estimated based on the household use of coal with poor ventilation. Relative risks were taken from the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study, phase II, and the retrospective proportional mortality analysis of Liu and colleagues in China. Relative risks were corrected for confounding and extrapolation to other regions. Results We estimated that in 2000, 4.83 (uncertainty range 3.94-5.93) million premature deaths in the world were attributable to smoking; 2.41 (1.80-3.15) million in developing countries and 2.43 (2.13-2.78) million in industrialised countries. 3.84 million of these deaths were in men. The leading causes of death from smoking were cardiovascular diseases (1.69 million deaths), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (0.97 million deaths), and lung cancer (0.85 million deaths). Interpretation Smoking was an important cause of global mortality in 2000. In view of the expected demographic and epidemiological transitions and current smoking patterns in the developing world, the health loss due to smoking will grow even larger unless effective interventions and policies that reduce smoking among men and prevent increases among women in developing countries are implemented.

Mortality due to systemic mycoses as a primary cause of death or in association with AIDS in Brazil: a review from 1996 to 2006

Deaths caused by systemic mycoses such as paracoccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis, coccidioidomycosis and zygomycosis amounted to 3,583 between 1996-2006 in Brazil. When analysed as the underlying cause of death, paracoccidioidomycosis represented the most important cause of deaths among systemic mycoses (~ 51.2%). When considering AIDS as the underlying cause of death and the systemic mycoses as associated conditions, cryptococcosis (50.9%) appeared at the top of the list, followed by candidiasis (30.2%), histoplasmosis (10.1%) and others. This mortality analysis is useful in understanding the real situation of systemic mycoses in Brazil, since there is no mandatory notification of patients diagnosed with systemic mycoses in the official health system.

Informação em mortalidade: o uso das regras internacionais para a seleção da causa básica

A análise da mortalidade tem sido muito usada em saúde pública, e a causa básica da morte é uma variável bastante estudada. Na maioria dos países, há obrigatoriedade de o médico preencher a declaração de óbito (DO), informando às autoridades a ocorrência do evento, características do falecido e causas da morte. Quando há dois ou mais diagnósticos na declaração das causas da morte, surge a questão da seleção da causa básica. As normas para o preenchimento das causas de morte pelos médicos nas DO e as regras para a seleção da causa básica, quando mais de uma causa é declarada, estão definidas pela OMS, visando à comparabilidade internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar se a aplicação das Regras Internacionais de Classificação da causa básica permite a seleção da real causa básica, mesmo se declarada incorretamente pelo médico. O material pertence ao "Estudo sobre a mortalidade de mulheres em idade fértil", sendo que 1.315 casos satisfizeram os requisitos de inclusão. Para cada morte foi realizada uma investigação através de entrevistas domiciliárias, consultas aos prontuários hospitalares e assemelhados. Médicos treinados e calibrados preenchiam uma DO nova, após a leitura de toda a informação, e selecionavam a "verdadeira" causa básica da morte. Esta era comparada com a causa básica da DO original, obtida por meio das Regras Internacionais. Entre as DO, em 1.192 (90,6%) houve concordância com a verdadeira causa básica obtida após a investigação. Concluiu-se que as Regras Internacionais permitem selecionar a real causa básica, mesmo quando o médico preenche inadequadamente a DO

Survival and Predictive Factors of Lethality in Hemodyalisis: D/I Polymorphism of The Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme and of the Angiotensinogen M235T Genes

Background: End-stage kidney disease patients continue to have markedly increased cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Analysis of genetic factors connected with the renin-angiotensin system that influences the survival of the patients with end-stage kidney disease supports the ongoing search for improved outcomes. Objective: To assess survival and its association with the polymorphism of renin-angiotensin system genes: angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion/deletion and angiotensinogen M235T in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: Our study was designed to examine the role of renin-angiotensin system genes. It was an observational study. We analyzed 473 chronic hemodialysis patients in four dialysis units in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the differences between the curves were evaluated by Tarone-Ware, Peto-Prentice, and log rank tests. We also used logistic regression analysis and the multinomial model. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The local medical ethics committee gave their approval to this study. Results: The mean age of patients was 45.8 years old. The overall survival rate was 48% at 11 years. The major causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (34%) and infections (15%). Logistic regression analysis found statistical significance for the following variables: age (p = 0.000038), TT angiotensinogen (p = 0.08261), and family income greater than five times the minimum wage (p = 0.03089), the latter being a protective factor. Conclusions: The survival of hemodialysis patients is likely to be influenced by the TT of the angiotensinogen M235T gene.

Causes multiples de décès chez les personnes âgées au Québec, 2000-2004

Afin d'effectuer les classements et les analyses portant sur la mortalité selon la cause médicale de décès, il est d'usage d'utiliser uniquement la cause initiale de décès, qui représente la maladie ou le traumatisme ayant initié la séquence d'événements menant au décès. Cette méthode comporte plusieurs limites. L'analyse de causes multiples, qui a la qualité d'utiliser toutes les causes citées sur le certificat de décès, serait particulièrement indiquée pour mieux expliquer la mortalité puisque les décès sont souvent attribuables à plusieurs processus morbides concurrents. L'analyse des causes multiples de décès chez les personnes âgées au Québec pour les années 2000-2004 permet d'identifier plusieurs conditions ayant contribué au décès, mais n'ayant toutefois pas été sélectionnées comme cause ayant initié le processus morbide. C'est particulièrement le cas de l'hypertension, de l'athérosclérose, de la septicémie, de la grippe et pneumonie, du diabète sucré et de la néphrite, syndrome néphrotique et néphropathie. Cette recherche démontre donc l'importance de la prise en compte des causes multiples afin de dresser un portrait plus juste de la mortalité québécoise aux âges où se concentrent principalement les décès que le permet l'analyse de la cause initiale seule.

Mesure de la mortalité des médecins au Québec à partir de données administratives

Ce mémoire de recherche a pour objectif d’obtenir une mesure approximative de la mortalité des hommes médecins au Québec retenus dans l’étude. En plus d’analyser l’évolution de la mortalité de ces médecins pendant les périodes 1993-1998, 1999-2004 et 2005-2010, leur mortalité est comparée à celle de l’ensemble de la population masculine québécoise. Nous comparons également la mortalité des médecins omnipraticiens à celle des médecins spécialistes. Les données utilisées dans le cadre de ce mémoire proviennent d’un fichier administratif du Collège des médecins du Québec, qui contient des informations concernant un certain nombre de médecins qui ont obtenu un permis pour pratiquer la médecine au Québec, sans égard à leur statut au sein du Collège à la date de l’émission du fichier. Ces données n’ont pas été collectées à des fins statistiques et ainsi le fichier présente certaines limitations qui ont restreint nos analyses de mortalité, notamment le fait qu’elles ne nous fournissent pas la population à risque de décéder durant chacune des périodes étudiées. Cependant, même étant consciente que des biais se produiraient, nous avons calculé deux estimations de l’exposition au risque de mourir chez les médecins, en essayant de pallier le plus possible les limites du fichier. À partir de la première méthode de calcul, nous avons estimé les taux de mortalité par groupes quinquennaux d’âge entre 40 et 75 ans pour les médecins inscrits au tableau des membres. En contrepartie, à partir de la deuxième méthode de calcul, nous avons obtenu des taux de mortalité pour les mêmes groupes d’âge pour les médecins de tous statuts confondus et enregistrés dans le fichier de données. Nous croyons à des mesures acceptables de la mortalité des hommes médecins en autant qu’elle soit analysée en tenant compte de toutes les limites des données. Les résultats obtenus démontrent une diminution de la mortalité des hommes médecins d’une période à l’autre, mais les différences ne sont significatives que pour les groupes d’âge à partir d’environ 60 ans, surtout lorsque les taux des périodes 1993-1998 et 2005-2010 sont comparés. De plus, pour toutes les périodes analysées, la mortalité de l’ensemble de la population masculine québécoise s’avère plus élevée que celle des hommes médecins enregistrés dans le fichier de données et cela pour les deux méthodes de calcul de l’exposition au risque de décéder considérées. Finalement, cette étude ne montre pas de différence significative entre la mortalité des hommes médecins omnipraticiens et celle des hommes médecins spécialistes.

Effects of Natural Infestations of the Mite Varroa destructor on the Development of Africanized Honeybee Workers (Apis mellifera)

The mite Varroa destructor (Anderson & Treuman 2000) has caused extensive damage to beekeeping worldwide. In Brazil, weather conditions and the strains of bees do not provide ideal conditions for mite parasitism, which is reflected in the low number of deaths of colonies caused by varroatosis well as the stability of infestation levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the damage caused by the mite infestation in hives maintained in natural conditions. For this purpose the number of mites per bee was calculated and used to quantify the level of infestation in each colony. To record the mortality rates of parasitized bees during development daily checks were performed. The data were analyzed by G test of independence and a Test of Proportions. The results indicate that the rate of mortality of pupae and larvae was proportional to the degree of infestation in each colony, and all colonies showed mortality rates significantly higher than the control rate. A significant interaction among death rates recorded between the third and fourth days of larval life and the total death of larvae was found (G Test = 50.22; P < 0.0001). So, it can be concluded that bee inbreeding contributed significantly to the increase of the larval rate of mortality. In Africanized honeybee colonies infested by the mite Varroa destructor mortality rates in conditions of natural infestation varied from 6.65 to 9.89% in pupae (<(x)over bar>= 8.78%) and from 6.13 to 13.48% in larvae ((x) over bar = 9.91%), against 3.85% and 3.74% in the control colony, respectively. Therefore, in the infested colonies the average rates of mortality caused by the harmful effects of the mite were, respectively, 2.28 times and 2.65 times greater in those two developmental stages.

Controle químico de Monomorium floricola (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) por meio de produtos microencapsulados

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Monthly vital statistics bulletin.

Mode of access: Internet.

Monthly vital statistics report : provisional statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics.

Mode of access: Internet.

Étude de mortalité de cinq cancers : mélanome cutané, cancer broncho-pulmonaire, leucémie myéloïde chronique, maladie de Hodgkin et cancer de l’endomètre.

Pour chacun des cinq cancers, nous avons fait un rappel de l’épidémiologie en Amérique du Nord, des classifications et des facteurs pronostics, la description des études, l’étude commentée de la mortalité, et enfin la conclusion. L’étude du mélanome cutané a montré que les mélanomes sont assurables dès les premières années aux stades IA, IB, IIA et IIIA, aux stades IIB, IIC et IIIB après cinq ans et au stade IIIC après 15ans. L’étude du cancer broncho-pulmonaire a montré que le cancer à petites cellules n’est pas assurable et que les cancers broncho-pulmonaires non à petites cellules pourraient être assurables chez les moins de 65 ans aux stades IA à IIIA après dix ans, et chez les 65 ans et plus au stade IA dès les premières années, aux stades IB et IIA après cinq ans et aux stades IIB et IIIA après dix ans L’étude de la leucémie myéloïde chronique a montré l’assurabilité seulement des sujets de plus de 65 ans dès les premières années et des sujets de 60 à 65 ans après 5 ans. L’étude du lymphome de Hodgkin a montré que chez les sujets de moins de 45 ans le stade IA est assurable dès les premières années, les stades IB et IIA le sont après 5 ans et les stades IIB à IVA le sont après 10 ans. Les sujets de 45 à 64 ans aux stades IA et IIA sont assurables dès les premières années et autres stades après 5 ans. Les sujets de 65 ans et plus sont assurables dès les premières années aux stades IA à IIIA et après 5 ans aux autres stades. L’étude du cancer de l’endomètre montre qu’il n’est assurable les cinq premières années que pour le type I au stade I chez les femmes âgées de 45 ans et plus, au stade II chez les femmes de 55 ans et plus et au stade III chez les femmes de 65 ans et plus ; pour le type II au stade I chez les 65 ans et plus, et au stade II chez les 75 ans et plus ; et pour les tumeurs mullériennes malignes mixtes au stade I chez les 65 ans et plus.