Influence of distillation time and sample mass on sulfur dioxide analysis in passion fruit juice through Monier-Williams method

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of the distillation time and the sample mass on the total SO2 content in integral passion fruit juice (Passiflora sp). For the SO2 analysis, a modified version of the Monier-Williams method was used. In this experiment, the distillation time and the sample mass were reduced to half of the values proposed in the original method. The analyses were performed in triplicate for each distilling time x sample mass binomial, making a total of 12 tests, which were performed on the same day. The significance of the effects of the different distillation times and sample mass were evaluated by applying one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). For a 95% confidence limit, it was found that the proposed amendments to the distillation time, sample mass, and the interaction between distilling time x sample mass were not significant (p > 0.05) in determining the SO2 content in passion fruit juice. In view of the results that were obtained it was concluded that for integral passion fruit juice it was possible to reduce the distillation time and the sample mass in determining the SO2 content by the Monier-Williams method without affecting the result.

Effects of Sevelamer Hydrochloride and Calcium Carbonate on Renal Osteodystrophy in Hemodialysis Patients

Disturbances in mineral metabolism play a central role in the development of renal bone disease. In a 54-wk, randomized, open-label study, 119 hemodialysis patients were enrolled to compare the effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate on bone. Biopsy-proven adynamic bone disease was the most frequent bone abnormality at baseline (59%). Serum phosphorus, calcium, and intact parathyroid hormone were well controlled in both groups, although calcium was consistently lower and intact parathyroid hormone higher among patients who were randomly assigned to sevelamer. Compared with baseline values, there were no changes in mineralization lag time or measures of bone turnover (e.g., activation frequency) after 1 yr in either group. Osteoid thickness significantly increased in both groups, but there was no significant difference between them. Bone formation rate per bone surface, however, significantly increased from baseline only in the sevelamer group (P = 0.019). In addition, of those with abnormal microarchitecture at baseline (i.e., trabecular separation), seven of 10 in the sevelamer group normalized after 1 yr compared with zero of three in the calcium group. In summary, sevelamer resulted in no statistically significant changes in bone turnover or mineralization compared with calcium carbonate, but bone formation increased and trabecular architecture improved with sevelamer. Further studies are required to assess whether these changes affect clinical outcomes, such as rates of fracture.

Transformación de terpenos (a-pineno) por procesos de catálisis heterogénea tendientes a la obtención de derivados con posible actividad biológica

La situación de la pequeña industria química nacional (...) a pesar de contar con una importante capacidad en cuanto a instalaciones y mano de obra especializada, le resulta extremadamente difícil encontrar nichos de producción. Una reactivación del sector podría encontrarse en la producción de Productos Químicos Finos de alto valor agregado y cuyo volumen de producción puede lograrse con pequeñas plantas multifuncionales que no resultan de interés para las grandes industrias químicas. Entre estos productos químicos finos incluyen los derivados de productos naturales, entre ellos los Terpenos obtenibles de especies vegetales muy difundidas en nuestro país. Entre los derivados de terpenos pueden mencionarse productos utilizados por las industrias farmacéutica, de cosméticos y alimenticias. (...) Objetivos generales y específicos El substrato a utilizar es el a-pineno, muy abundante en especies de pinos y citrus. El a-pineno será sometido a transformaciones químicas en las cuales se hará una amplia aplicación de la catálisis heterogénea en reemplazo de los procesos clásicos de síntesis orgánica. (...) Atendiendo a las ventajas que desde el punto de vista operativo reporta el uso de catalizadores heterogéneos, en la medida de lo posible, se intentará un amplio uso de este tipo de catálisis. El doble enlace cíclico del a-pineno puede ser oxidado catalíticamente al epóxido correspondiente y luego isomerizado a canforeno aldehido. La oxidación también puede conducirse de manera tal de producir verbenol y verbenona cuyas estructuras contienen restos de alcohol crotílico y crotonaldehido, que por sus reactividades permiten realizar un numeroso conjunto de reacciones a partir de las cuales se derivan productos de aplicación en las industrias farmacéuticas y de perfumería. También sobre el doble enlace endocíclico es posible realizar una reacción de ciclopropanación que conduce a la producción de derivados con estructura similar a las piretrinas, con probable actividad insecticida.

La escuela antes de los seis años : guía del maestro.

Libro que tiene como objetivo ofrecer una visión global sobre la educación infantil cuyas características principales son: satisfacer las necesidades de cada niño con el fin de favorecer su capacidad de aprendizaje y llevar a cabo un procedimiento pedagógico basado en la actividad del niño. Por otro lado se propone a los especialistas ideas y sugerencias de trabajo para el aprovechamiento de sus clases y para organizar programas variados y actividades diversas. Se pone especial énfasis en puntos como: organización del espacio y del tiempo, aprovechamiento del material, así como reparto y coordinación de tareas y responsabilidades, utilización de recursos y sistemas para la motivación del alumnado.

Historical and idealized climate model experiments: an intercomparison of Earth system models of intermediate complexity

Both historical and idealized climate model experiments are performed with a variety of Earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs) as part of a community contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report. Historical simulations start at 850 CE and continue through to 2005. The standard simulations include changes in forcing from solar luminosity, Earth's orbital configuration, CO2, additional greenhouse gases, land use, and sulphate and volcanic aerosols. In spite of very different modelled pre-industrial global surface air temperatures, overall 20th century trends in surface air temperature and carbon uptake are reasonably well simulated when compared to observed trends. Land carbon fluxes show much more variation between models than ocean carbon fluxes, and recent land fluxes appear to be slightly underestimated. It is possible that recent modelled climate trends or climate–carbon feedbacks are overestimated resulting in too much land carbon loss or that carbon uptake due to CO2 and/or nitrogen fertilization is underestimated. Several one thousand year long, idealized, 2 × and 4 × CO2 experiments are used to quantify standard model characteristics, including transient and equilibrium climate sensitivities, and climate–carbon feedbacks. The values from EMICs generally fall within the range given by general circulation models. Seven additional historical simulations, each including a single specified forcing, are used to assess the contributions of different climate forcings to the overall climate and carbon cycle response. The response of surface air temperature is the linear sum of the individual forcings, while the carbon cycle response shows a non-linear interaction between land-use change and CO2 forcings for some models. Finally, the preindustrial portions of the last millennium simulations are used to assess historical model carbon-climate feedbacks. Given the specified forcing, there is a tendency for the EMICs to underestimate the drop in surface air temperature and CO2 between the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age estimated from palaeoclimate reconstructions. This in turn could be a result of unforced variability within the climate system, uncertainty in the reconstructions of temperature and CO2, errors in the reconstructions of forcing used to drive the models, or the incomplete representation of certain processes within the models. Given the forcing datasets used in this study, the models calculate significant land-use emissions over the pre-industrial period. This implies that land-use emissions might need to be taken into account, when making estimates of climate–carbon feedbacks from palaeoclimate reconstructions.