La operación vuelo de ángel como punto de partida para la modernización de las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia (1998 - 2006)

El presente trabajo de investigación busca responder al siguiente interrogante ¿Cuál fue la influencia de la operación “Vuelo del Ángel” en la modernización de las fuerzas Militares de Colombia (1998 – 2006)? Para dar respuesta a la pregunta anterior, se sustenta que la Operación Vuelo del Ángel significó para las Fuerzas Militares pasar a una posición ofensiva y lograr identificar las diferentes falencias que tenían para enfrentar el conflicto armado y así iniciar un proceso de modernización que le permitirá al ejército optimizar su forma de operar. Para comprobar la hipótesis de este trabajo de investigación se llevará a cabo; un análisis documental, analizarán y realizarán entrevistas que ayudarán a describir la operación Vuelo del Ángel.

Annual report of the United States Council of National Defense.

Each report issued in two editions, a "Bureau edition" and a numbered document edition (Congressional series)

The political state of Europe for the year MDCCXCII : containing, an authentic and impartial narrative of every military operation of the present belligerent powers, and a correct copy of every state paper, declaration, manifesto, &c. that has been, and may be issued during the present war upon the continent ..., a correct translation of the debates and proceedings of the National assembly of France ..., together with a complete and accurate survey of the politics and conduct of the neutral powers at this very critical and interesting period

Mode of access: Internet.

The political state of Europe for the year MDCCXCIII : containing, an authentic and impartial narrative of every military operation of the present belligerent powers, and a correct copy of every state paper, declaration, manifesto, &c. &c., together with a correct translation of the debates and proceedings of the National Convention of France and an accurate survey of the politics and condut of the neutral powers ; vol. III.

Mode of access: Internet.

The political state of Europe for the year MDCCXCIII : containing, an authentic and impartial narrative of every military operation of the present belligerent powers, and a correct copy of every state paper, declaration, manifesto, &c. &c., together with a correct translation of the debates and proceedings of the National Convention of France and an accurate survey of the politics and condut of the neutral powers ; vol. IV.

Mode of access: Internet.

The political state of Europe for the year MDCCXCIII : containing, an authentic and impartial narrative of every military operation of the present belligerent powers, and a correct copy of every state paper, declaration, manifesto, &c. &c., together with a correct translation of the debates and proceedings of the National Convention of France and an accurate survey of the politics and condut of the neutral powers ; vol. V.

Mode of access: Internet.

An Axiom of Military Law : Applicability of National Criminal Law to Military Personnel and Associated Civilians Abroad

States regularly deploy elements of their armed forces abroad. When that happens, the military personnel concerned largely remain governed by the penal law of the State that they serve. This extraterritorial extension of national criminal law, which has been treated as axiomatic in domestic law and ignored by international law scholarship, is the subject of this dissertation. The first part of the study considers the ambit of national criminal law without any special regard to the armed forces. It explores the historical development of the currently prevailing system of territorial law and looks at the ambit that national legal systems claim today. Turning then to international law, the study debunks the oddly persistent belief that States enjoy a freedom to extend their laws to extraterritorial conduct as they please, and that they are in this respect constrained only by some specific prohibitions in international law. Six arguments historical, empirical, ideological, functional, doctrinal and systemic are advanced to support a contrary view: that States are prohibited from extending the reach of their legal systems abroad, unless they can rely on a permissive principle of international law for doing so. The second part of the study deals specifically with State jurisdiction in a military context, that is to say, as applied to military personnel in the strict sense (service members) and various civilians serving with or accompanying the forces (associated civilians). While the status of armed forces on foreign soil has transformed from one encapsulated in the customary concept of extraterritoriality to a modern regulation of immunities granted by treaties, elements of armed forces located abroad usually do enjoy some degree of insulation from the legal system of the host State. As a corollary, they should generally remain covered by the law of their own State. The extent of this extraterritorial extension of national law is revealed in a comparative review of national legislation, paying particular attention to recent legal reforms in the United States and the United Kingdom two states that have sought to extend the scope of their national law to cover the conduct of military contractor personnel. The principal argument of the dissertation is that applying national criminal law to service members and associated civilians abroad is distinct from other extraterritorial claims of jurisdiction (in particular, the nationality principle or the protective principle of jurisdiction). The service jurisdiction over the armed forces has a distinct aim: ensuring the coherence and indivisibility of the forces and maintaining discipline. Furthermore, the exercise of service jurisdiction seeks to reduce the chances of the State itself becoming internationally liable for the conduct of its service members and associated civilians. Critically, the legal system of the troop-deploying State, by extending its reach abroad, seeks to avoid accountability gaps that might result from immunities from host State law.

Transactions of the ... Annual Meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States.

Description based on: 2nd (19th, 20th, and 21st of Apr. 1892).

The last military operation of General Riego : also, the manner in which he was betrayed and treated until imprisoned at Madrid : to which is added, a narrative of the sufferings of the author in prison /

"Printed by A.J. Valpy, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street."--T.p. verso.

The Evolution of a Responsibility to Protect in Africa : The African Unions Emerging Peace and Security Regime

The thesis focuses on, and tries to evaluate, the role that the African Union (AU) plays in protecting the peace and security on the African continent. The thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach to the topic by both utilizing international relations and international law theories. The two disciplines are combined in an attempt to understand the evolution of the AU’s commitment to the pragmatist doctrine: responsibility to protect (R2P). The AU charter is considered to be the first international law document to cover R2P as it allows the AU to interfere in the internal affairs of its member states. The R2P doctrine was evolved around the notion of a need to arrive at a consensus in regard to the right to intervene in the face of humanitarian emergencies. A part of the post-Cold War shift in UN behaviour has been to support local solutions to local problems. Hereby the UN acts in collaboration with regional organizations, such as the AU, to achieve the shared aspirations to maintain international peace and security without getting directly involved on the ground. The R2P takes a more holistic and long-term approach to interventions by including an awareness of the need to address the root causes of the crisis in order to prevent future resurrections of conflicts. The doctrine also acknowledges the responsibility of the international community and the intervening parties to actively participate in the rebuilding of the post-conflict state. This requires sustained and well planned support to ensure the development of a stable society.While the AU is committed to implementing R2P, many of the AU’s members are struggling, both ideologically and practically, to uphold the foundations on which legitimate intervention rests, such as the protection of human rights and good governance. The fact that many members are also among the poorest countries in the world adds to the challenges facing the AU. A lack of human and material resources leads to a situation where few countries are willing, or able, to support a long-term commitment to humanitarian interventions. Bad planning and unclear mandates also limit the effectiveness of the interventions. This leaves the AU strongly dependent on regional powerbrokers such as Nigeria and South Africa, which in itself creates new problems in regard to the motivations behind interventions. The current AU charter does not provide sufficient checks and balances to ensure that national interests are not furthered through humanitarian interventions. The lack of resources within the AU also generates worries over what pressure foreign nations and other international actors apply through donor funding. It is impossible for the principle of “local solutions for local problems? to gain ground while this donor conditionality exists.The future of the AU peace and security regime is not established since it still is a work in progress. The direction that these developments will take depends on a wide verity of factors, many of which are beyond the immediate control of the AU.

Bundeswehr 3.0: The political, military and social dimensions of the reform of the German armed forces. OSW Point of View Number 28, May 2012

This reform of the Bundeswehr, launched in 2011, is the latest of the three decisive stages in the post-war transformation of the German armed forces. The reform aims at “constructing” the armed forces anew in the political, military and social dimensions.The present paper presents the evolution of the role of the armed forces in German foreign and security policy and the ongoing process of “constructing” a new Bundeswehr. It analyses the process of redefining the objectives and principles of: the Bundeswehr’s participation in international operations, its current military transformation, and changes in its image and social identity. It also presents the implications of this broader transformation for political and military.

Operation X: Soviet Russia and the Spanish Civil War

This article offers a critical reassessment of the Soviet role in the Spanish Civil War, based on recent scholarship and declassified official documents. The author interrogates the broad historiographical consensus that reduces Soviet intervention in Spain to a sinister and nefarious force. Stalin's ignominious reputation vis-à-vis the Loyalist side is present in nearly all Western scholarship on the war, whether specialized studies by Nationalist sympathizers or Republicans in exile, or general treatments of European history written in England or America. It would be difficult to locate even a brief overview of the Civil War published outside of Russia that does not in some fashion demonize the Soviet dictator and the Soviet military assistance, code-named ‘Operation X’. The author argues that the basic error in the wide-ranging literature of this topic has always been to approach Stalin's position in Spain as one based on strength rather than weakness. If framed within the context of failure, Stalin's long-standing reputation as the villain of the Civil War may appear in a strikingly different light, and Soviets’ overall contribution to the Loyalist struggle therefore deserving a nuanced revision. The author also explores the multiple strands of the Soviet-Spanish relationship, which included not only military aid but also diplomatic, cultural and humanitarian facets.

Guía nacional de procedimientos y operaciones de comercio: Cuba = Trade operation and procedure national guide: Cuba

Guia de procedimientos y operaciones comerciales de Cuba sobre el regimen de importaciones y exportaciones, tratados multilaterales y acuerdos de integracion, ferias nacionales e internacionales. Incluye lista de organismos que intervienen directamente en el comercio exterior.