Nutritional analysis of gastric contents and body condition score at a single time point in feral horses in Australia

Objective: To determine the impact of a free-choice diet on nutritional intake and body condition of feral horses. Animals: Cadavers of 41 feral horses from 5 Australian locations. Procedures: Body condition score (BCS) was determined (scale of 1 to 9), and the stomach was removed from horses during postmortem examination. Stomach contents were analyzed for nutritional variables and macroelement and microelement concentrations. Data were compared among the locations and also compared with recommended daily intakes for horses. Results: Mean BCS varied by location; all horses were judged to be moderately thin. The BCS for males was 1 to 3 points higher than that of females. Amount of protein in the stomach contents varied from 4.3% to 14.9% and was significantly associated with BCS. Amounts of water-soluble carbohydrate and ethanol-soluble carbohydrate in stomach contents of feral horses from all 5 locations were higher than those expected for horses eating high-quality forage. Some macroelement and microelement concentrations were grossly excessive, whereas others were grossly deficient. There was no evidence of ill health among the horses. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results suggested that the diet for several populations of feral horses in Australia appeared less than optimal. However, neither low BCS nor trace mineral deficiency appeared to affect survival of the horses. Additional studies on food sources in these regions, including analysis of water-soluble carbohydrate, ethanol-soluble carbohydrate, and mineral concentrations, are warranted to determine the provenance of such rich sources of nutrients. Determination of the optimal diet for horses may need revision.

Estudo das alterações biológicas causadas pela aderência de cepas de Escherichia coli enteroagregativa (EAEC) com macrófagos humanos ativados da linhagem U-937

Escherichia coli enteroagregativa (EAEC) é um patógeno relacionado ao desenvolvimento de quadros de diarréia aguda ou persistente. A resposta inflamatória induzida por EAEC está relacionada à liberação de interleucina 8, que atua estimulando a transmigração de neutrófilos através do epitélio. Os macrófagos, de forma similar aos neutrófilos, são células fagocíticas que produzem espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), como o peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). Neste trabalho, avaliamos as consequências da interação de diferentes cepas clínicas com macrófagos humanos ativados da linhagem U-937. Todas as cepas testadas apresentaram filamentos nos testes de aderência aos macrófagos, diferentemente do que ocorre na interação com outras linhagens celulares como HEp-2, T84 e Caco-2. O ferro é um microelemento essencial para bactérias, sendo utilizado como cofator de enzimas e que também pode participar da geração de ERO através da reação de Fenton. Considerando-se a possibilidade de que o H2O2 produzido pelos macrófagos possa gerar radical hidroxil através da reação de Fenton, testes de aderência foram realizados com as amostras cultivadas na presença do captador de ferro 2,2-dipiridil. Tal fato não suprimiu a formação de filamentos, entretanto diminuiu a aderência das cepas EAEC 042 e 17-2. Com o objetivo de produzir uma resposta adaptativa ao H2O2, as culturas bacterianas foram pré-tratadas com uma dose sub-letal de H2O2 por 60 minutos antes de aderirem aos macrófagos. Nossos resultados mostraram que o pré-tratamento também não inibiu o aparecimento de filamentos em relação às culturas não tratadas. Além disto, foi observado que o pré-tratamento com o H2O2 reduziu a aderência das amostras de EAEC ao tapete celular. A filamentação é uma das respostas SOS, induzida pela presença de danos e/ou bloqueio na síntese da molécula de DNA. Com o objetivo de verificar se o H2O2 produzido pelos macrófagos estaria causando danos induzindo o sistema SOS e a filamentação bacteriana, foram realizados testes de viabilidade com mutantes derivados de E. coli K12 deficientes em enzimas do reparo por excisão de bases (BW535) e na resposta SOS (DM49). Nossos resultados mostram que os mutantes apresentaram os níveis de sobrevivência semelhantes ao observado para cepa selvagem isogênica (AB1157). Todos estes resultados em conjunto indicam que o H2O2 não é o indutor da filamentação nos testes de aderência. Macrófagos ativados apresentam ação microbicida através da ação da enzima indolamina dioxigenase (IDO), associada à redução do aminoácido L-triptofano. Desta forma, realizamos testes qualitativos de aderência de EAEC aos macrófagos suplementando o meio de interação com este aminoácido. Nossos resultados mostram que a adição de triptofano ao meio de interação reduz o número de filamentos por campo. Desta forma, aventamos a hipótese de que a depleção do triptofano seja responsável pela indução de resposta SOS, tendo como conseqüência a filamentação das bactérias.

Microelements in Potato and Lily Samples Studied by Laser-Induced Breakdown spectroscopy Technology

A LIBS setup was built in the Institute of Modern Physics. In our experiments, LIBS spectra produced by infrared radiation of Nd : YAG nanosecond laser with 100 and 150 mJ pulse energy, respectively, were measured by fiber optic spectrometer in the ranges of 230-430 run and 430-1080 nm with a delay time of 1.7 and gate width of 2 ms for potato and lily samples prepared by vacuum freeze-dried technique. The lines from different metal elements such as K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn and Ti, and nonmetal elements such as C, N, O and H, and some molecular spectra from C-2, CaO, and CN were identified according to their wavelengths. The relative content of the six microelements, Ca, Na, K, Fe, Al, and Mg in the samples were analyzed according to their representative line intensities. By comparison we found that there are higher relative content of Ca and Na in lily samples and higher relative content of Mg in potato samples. The experimental results showed that LIBS technique is a fast and effective means for measuring and comparing the contents of microelements in plant samples.

沈阳地区水灾后“被淤”农田土壤肥力状况及改良途径

<正> 1 引言沈阳地区位于辽宁省中北部,属中温带受季风影响的半湿润大陆性气候。该地区地貌类型多样,东北和西南紧靠长白山余脉千山山脉,属低山丘陵,中西部是辽阔平原地貌由东北向西南倾斜。全地区有大小河流15余条,大部向西南的辽中、新民等地汇集再出境入海,上游是旱坡地,而且林地的森林覆盖率较低。1995年7～8月,沈阳地区连降大雨,达658.3mm,相当于27a的全年平均降雨量的总和,造成百年不遇的特大洪水,致使平原地区大片农田被淹达20d左右,面积达6.67×10~5hm~2。这次洪水源于天然降雨并汇集上游地区地表径流而形成的,水体混浊,悬浮物

Determinação de boro, enxofre e fósforo em plantas medicinais por espectrometria de absorção atômica de alta resolução com fonte contínua

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Deficiência de Cobalto em Ruminantes no Brasil

Cobalt is a essential microelement for the metabolismo of ruminants. Its deficiency leads to decreased levels of vitamin B12 and, consequently, non propionic acid metabolism. Thus, there will be no gliconeogenes and animals have defict glucose, and other tramadol dosing as apathy, alitriofagia, and decrease in production. It is a disease that affects catthe, of economic importance in Brazil, wich is related to the of the soilcomposition

Vegetables biofortified with iodine: chemical, agronomic and qualitative aspects of raw and fried potatoes

Iodine is an essential microelement for human health because it is a constituent of the thyroid hormones that regulate growth and development of the organism. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs) are believed to be one of the commonest preventable human health problems in the world today, according to the World Health Organization: that diseases include endemic goiter, cretinism and fetal abnormalities, among others, and they are caused by lack of iodine in the diet, that is the main source of iodine. Since iodine intake from food is not enough respect to human needs, this can be remedied through dietary diversification, mineral supplementation, food fortification, or increasing the concentration and/or bioavailability of mineral elements in the edible portions of crops through agricultural intervention or genetic selection (biofortification). The introduction of iodized salt is a strategy widely used and accepted to eradicate iodine deficiency, because it is an inexpensive source of stable iodine. Since the intake of salt, though iodized, must still be limited according to the risk of cardiovascular disease, so the increase of iodine content in plants for the production of functional foods is representing a field of study of particular interest and a potential market. In Italy potatoes enriched with iodine are produced by a patented procedure of agronomic biofortification for the fresh market since several years, furthermore they are recently accepted and recommended by Italian Thyroid Association, as an alternative source of iodine. Researches performed during the PhD course intended to characterize this innovative vegetables products, focusing the attention on different aspects, such as chemistry, agriculture, and quality of fresh and fried potatoes. For this purpose, lipid fraction of raw material was firstly investigated, in order to assess whether the presence of iodine in plant metabolism can affect fatty acid or sterol biosynthesis, according to the hypothesis that iodine can be bounded to polyunsaturated fatty acids of cell membranes, protecting them from peroxydation; phytosterols of plant sterol are also studied because their importance in reducing serum cholesterol, especially in potato plant sterols are also involved in synthesis of glycoalkaloid, a family of steroidal toxic secondary metabolites present in plants of the Solanaceae family. To achieve this goal chromatographic analytical techniques were employed to identify and quantify fatty acids and sterols profile of common and iodine enriched row potatoes. Another aim of the project was to evaluate the effects of frying on the quality of iodine-enriched and common potatoes. Since iodine-enriched potatoes are nowadays produced only for the fresh market, preliminary trials of cultivation under controlled environment were carried out to verify if potato varieties suitable for processing were able to absorb and accumulate iodine in the tuber. In a successive phase, these varieties were grown in the field, to evaluate their potential productivity and quality at harvest and after storage. The best potato variety to be destined for processing purposes, was finally subjected to repeated frying cycles; the effects of lipid oxidation on the composition and quality of both potatoes and frying oil bath were evaluated by chromatographic and spectrophotometric analytical techniques. Special attention were paid on volatile compounds of fried potatoes.

The use of wild fruits of Fragaria vesca L. in preparations with bioactive properties: chemical characterization, antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities

Wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca L., belongs to Rosaceae family and is commonly found in roadsides and slopes [1]. The most consumed parts of this plant are its sweet small fruits, which constitute a source of vitamins and phenolic compounds, being also used in infusions due to their organoleptic properties and for the treatment of some intestinal disorders [2, 3]. In the present work, F. vesca fruits were evaluated for their nutritional value and further used in the preparation of infusions. The chemical composition of the fruits and corresponding infusions was determined in terms of soluble sugars, organic acids, tocopherols, folates (by HPLC coupled to different detectors), phenolic compounds (by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS) and mineral elements (atomic absorption spectroscopy). Some of these bioactive compounds were correlated with antioxidant and antibacterial properties evaluated either in infusions as also in hydromethanolic extracts. Carbohydrates were the main macronutrients in the fruits, followed by fat and proteins. Regarding the fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids showed higher prevalence, mainly due to the presence of D-linolenic (Cl8:3n3) and y-linolenic (Cl8:3n6) acids. Sucrose and citric acid were, respectively, the main sugar and organic acid found in the fruits and in its infusions. The microelement found in higher amounts in both samples was manganese, while potassium and calcium were the macroelements present in higher levels in the fruits and infusions, respectively. Both samples presented folates and tocopherols, being ytocopherol the main isoform detected in the fruits, while a-tocopherol was the only isoform quantified in the infusion. The hydromethanolic extract prepared from the fruits gave higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities, namely against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, than the infusion; it also showed capacity to inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilm. Both bioactivities are highly correlated with the presence of phenolic compounds, in which the major are ellagic acid derivatives (sanguiin hlO) followed by tlavan 3-ols ((+)catechin) and anthocyanin compounds (pelargonidin-3-glucoside). Although fruits of wild F. vesca are mainly consumed in fresh, this study also proves the potentiality of their infusions as a source of bioactive molecules and properties.