Medication errors in a swiss cardiovascular surgery department: a cross-sectional study based on a novel medication error report method

The purpose of this study was (1) to determine frequency and type of medication errors (MEs), (2) to assess the number of MEs prevented by registered nurses, (3) to assess the consequences of ME for patients, and (4) to compare the number of MEs reported by a newly developed medication error self-reporting tool to the number reported by the traditional incident reporting system. We conducted a cross-sectional study on ME in the Cardiovascular Surgery Department of Bern University Hospital in Switzerland. Eligible registered nurses (n = 119) involving in the medication process were included. Data on ME were collected using an investigator-developed medication error self reporting tool (MESRT) that asked about the occurrence and characteristics of ME. Registered nurses were instructed to complete a MESRT at the end of each shift even if there was no ME. All MESRTs were completed anonymously. During the one-month study period, a total of 987 MESRTs were returned. Of the 987 completed MESRTs, 288 (29%) indicated that there had been an ME. Registered nurses reported preventing 49 (5%) MEs. Overall, eight (2.8%) MEs had patient consequences. The high response rate suggests that this new method may be a very effective approach to detect, report, and describe ME in hospitals.

Nurse likelihood to report a pediatric medication error: Examination of the "pre-reporting" period

Each year, hospitalized patients experience 1.5 million preventable injuries from medication errors and hospitals incur an additional $3.5 billion in cost (Aspden, Wolcott, Bootman, & Cronenwatt; (2007). It is believed that error reporting is one way to learn about factors contributing to medication errors. And yet, an estimated 50% of medication errors go unreported. This period of medication error pre-reporting, with few exceptions, is underexplored. The literature focuses on error prevention and management, but lacks a description of the period of introspection and inner struggle over whether to report an error and resulting likelihood to report. Reporting makes a nurse vulnerable to reprimand, legal liability, and even threat to licensure. For some nurses this state may invoke a disparity between a person‘s belief about him or herself as a healer and the undeniable fact of the error.^ This study explored the medication error reporting experience. Its purpose was to inform nurses, educators, organizational leaders, and policy-makers about the medication error pre-reporting period, and to contribute to a framework for further investigation. From a better understanding of factors that contribute to or detract from the likelihood of an individual to report an error, interventions can be identified to help the nurse come to a psychologically healthy resolution and help increase reporting of error in order to learn from error and reduce the possibility of future similar error.^ The research question was: "What factors contribute to a nurse's likelihood to report an error?" The specific aims of the study were to: (1) describe participant nurses' perceptions of medication error reporting; (2) describe participant explanations of the emotional, cognitive, and physical reactions to making a medication error; (3) identify pre-reporting conditions that make it less likely for a nurse to report a medication error; and (4) identify pre-reporting conditions that make it more likely for a nurse to report a medication error.^ A qualitative research study was conducted to explore the medication error experience and in particular the pre-reporting period from the perspective of the nurse. A total of 54 registered nurses from a large private free-standing not-for-profit children's hospital in the southwestern United States participated in group interviews. The results describe the experience of the nurse as well as the physical, emotional, and cognitive responses to the realization of the commission of a medication error. The results also reveal factors that make it more and less likely to report a medication error.^ It is clear from this study that upon realization that he or she has made a medication error, a nurse's foremost concern is for the safety of the patient. Fear was also described by each group of nurses. The nurses described a fear of several things including physician reaction, manager reaction, peer reaction, as well as family reaction and possible lack of trust as a result. Another universal response was the description of a struggle with guilt, shame, imperfection, blaming oneself, and questioning one's competence.^

Medication error in mental health:implications for primary care

Medication errors are associated with significant morbidity and people with mental health problems may be particularly susceptible to medication errors due to various factors. Primary care has a key role in improving medication safety in this vulnerable population. The complexity of services, involving primary and secondary care and social services, and potential training issues may increase error rates, with physical medicines representing a particular risk. Service users may be cognitively impaired and fail to identify an error placing additional responsibilities on clinicians. The potential role of carers in error prevention and medication safety requires further elaboration. A potential lack of trust between service users and clinicians may impair honest communication about medication issues leading to errors. There is a need for detailed research within this field.

Nursing-related medication errors: A review of factors that facilitate and hinder error reporting, and recommendations for improvement

Medication errors, one of the most frequent types of medical errors, are a common cause of patient harm in hospital systems today. Nurses at the bedside are in a position to encounter many of these errors since they are there at the start of the process (ordering/prescribing) and the end of the process (administration). One of the recommendations from the IOM (Institute of Medicine) report, "To Err is Human," was for organizations to identify and learn from medical errors through event reporting systems. While many organizations have reporting systems in place, research studies report a significant amount of underreporting by nurses. A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify contributing factors related to the reporting and not reporting of medication errors by nurses at the bedside.^ Articles included in the literature review were primary or secondary studies, dated January 1, 2000 – July 2009, related to nursing medication error reporting. All 634 articles were reviewed with an algorithm developed to standardize the review process and help filter out those that did not meet the study criteria. In addition, 142 article bibliographies were reviewed to find additional studies that were not found in the original literature search.^ After reviewing the 634 articles and the additional 108 articles discovered in the bibliography review, 41 articles met the study criteria and were used in the systematic literature review results.^ Fear of punitive reactions to medication errors was a frequent barrier to error reporting. Nurses fear reactions from their leadership, peers, patients and their families, nursing boards, and the media. Anonymous reporting systems and departments/organizations with a strong safety culture in place helped to encourage the reporting of medication errors by nursing staff.^ Many of the studies included in this literature review do not allow results that can be generalized. The majority of them took place in single institutions/organizations with limited sample sizes. Stronger studies with larger sample sizes need to be performed, utilizing data collection methods that have been validated, to determine stronger correlations between safety cultures and nurse error reporting.^

Description of a multifaceted strategy for recruiting general practitioners and community pharmacists to talk about medication errors

Objective: To describe the use of a multifaceted strategy for recruiting general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists to talk about medication errors which have resulted in preventable drug-related admissions to hospital. This is a potentially sensitive subject with medicolegal implications. Setting: Four primary care trusts and one teaching hospital in the UK. Method: Letters were mailed to community pharmacists and general practitioners asking for provisional consent to be interviewed and permission to contact them again should a patient be admitted to hospital as a result of a medication error. In addition, GPs were asked for permission to approach their patients should they be admitted to hospital. A multifaceted approach to recruitment was used including gaining support for the study from professional defence agencies and local champions. Key findings: Eighty-five percent (310/385) of GPs and 62% (93/149) of community pharmacists responded to the letters. Eighty-five percent (266/310) of GPs who responded and 81% (75/93) of community pharmacists who responded gave provisional consent to participate in interviews. All GPs (14 out of 14) and community pharmacists (10 out of 10) who were subsequently asked to participate, when patients were admitted to hospital, agreed to be interviewed. Conclusion: The multifaceted approach to recruitment was associated with an impressive response when asking healthcare professionals to be interviewed about medication errors which have resulted in preventable drug-related morbidity.

Evaluating a medical error taxonomy

Healthcare has been slow in using human factors principles to reduce medical errors. The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) recognizes that a lack of attention to human factors during product development may lead to errors that have the potential for patient injury, or even death. In response to the need for reducing medication errors, the National Coordinating Council for Medication Errors Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) released the NCC MERP taxonomy that provides a standard language for reporting medication errors. This project maps the NCC MERP taxonomy of medication error to MedWatch medical errors involving infusion pumps. Of particular interest are human factors associated with medical device errors. The NCC MERP taxonomy of medication errors is limited in mapping information from MEDWATCH because of the focus on the medical device and the format of reporting.

Error recovery in a hospital pharmacy

A field study was performed in a hospital pharmacy aimed at identifying positive and negative influences on the process of detection of and further recovery from initial errors or other failures, thus avoiding negative consequences. Confidential reports and follow-up interviews provided data on 31 near-miss incidents involving such recovery processes. Analysis revealed that organizational culture with regard to following procedures needed reinforcement, that some procedures could be improved, that building in extra checks was worthwhile and that supporting unplanned recovery was essential for problems not covered by procedures. Guidance is given on how performance in recovery could be measured. A case is made for supporting recovery as an addition to prevention-based safety methods.

Medication errors in mental healthcare:a systematic review

Methods: It has been estimated that medication error harms 1-2% of patients admitted to general hospitals. There has been no previous systematic review of the incidence, cause or type of medication error in mental healthcare services. Methods: A systematic literature search for studies that examined the incidence or cause of medication error in one or more stage(s) of the medication-management process in the setting of a community or hospital-based mental healthcare service was undertaken. The results in the context of the design of the study and the denominator used were examined. Results: All studies examined medication management processes, as opposed to outcomes. The reported rate of error was highest in studies that retrospectively examined drug charts, intermediate in those that relied on reporting by pharmacists to identify error and lowest in those that relied on organisational incident reporting systems. Only a few of the errors identified by the studies caused actual harm, mostly because they were detected and remedial action was taken before the patient received the drug. The focus of the research was on inpatients and prescriptions dispensed by mental health pharmacists. Conclusion: Research about medication error in mental healthcare is limited. In particular, very little is known about the incidence of error in non-hospital settings or about the harm caused by it. Evidence is available from other sources that a substantial number of adverse drug events are caused by psychotropic drugs. Some of these are preventable and might probably, therefore, be due to medication error. On the basis of this and features of the organisation of mental healthcare that might predispose to medication error, priorities for future research are suggested.

Nurse staffing levels and the incidence of mortality and morbidity in the adult intensive care unit : a literature review

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that nurse staffing levels, among many other factors in the hospital setting, contribute to adverse patient outcomes. Concerns about patient safety and quality of care have resulted in numerous studies being conducted to examine the relationship between nurse staffing levels and the incidence of adverse patient events in both general wards and intensive care units. AIM: The aim of this paper is to review literature published in the previous 10 years which examines the relationship between nurse staffing levels and the incidence of mortality and morbidity in adult intensive care unit patients. METHODS: A literature search from 2002 to 2011 using the MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, and Australian digital thesis databases was undertaken. The keywords used were: intensive care; critical care; staffing; nurse staffing; understaffing; nurse-patient ratios; adverse outcomes; mortality; ventilator-associated pneumonia; ventilator-acquired pneumonia; infection; length of stay; pressure ulcer/injury; unplanned extubation; medication error; readmission; myocardial infarction; and renal failure. A total of 19 articles were included in the review. Outcomes of interest are patient mortality and morbidity, particularly infection and pressure ulcers. RESULTS: Most of the studies were observational in nature with variables obtained retrospectively from large hospital databases. Nurse staffing measures and patient outcomes varied widely across the studies. While an overall statistical association between increased nurse staffing levels and decreased adverse patient outcomes was not found in this review, most studies concluded that a trend exists between increased nurse staffing levels and decreased adverse events. CONCLUSION: While an overall statistical association between increased nurse staffing levels and decreased adverse patient outcomes was not found in this review, most studies demonstrated a trend between increased nurse staffing levels and decreased adverse patient outcomes in the intensive care unit which is consistent with previous literature. While further more robust research methodologies need to be tested in order to more confidently demonstrate this association and decrease the influence of the many other confounders to patient outcomes; this would be difficult to achieve in this field of research.

Iniciativas internacionais de segurança do paciente: contribuições para o refinamento dos sistemas de proteção

Trata-se da temática Segurança do Paciente, que teve como objeto as iniciativas sobre segurança do paciente estabelecidas por organizações internacionais de segurança. O objetivo proposto pelo estudo foi analisar tais iniciativas estabelecidas por organizações internacionais de segurança. Para compor este estudo identificaram-se as principais organizações de segurança, atarvés de uma revisão bibliográfica de literatura realizada com base em fontes eletrônicas primárias, considerando-se as organizações pioneiras na abordagem do tema Segurança do Paciente que fomentam prioritariamente a segurança do paciente e que divulgaram amplamente esta temática no período de 2002 a 2012. Foram encontradas na plataforma Google referências a mais de 100 instituições no mundo que abordam este tema. No entanto somente sete atenderam a todos os critérios de seleção, havendo predomínio de organizações americanas (seis). A organização mais antiga é o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1946), e a mais recente é a World Alliance for Patient Safety (2004). Quanto à natureza jurídica, duas são governamentais (CDC e AHRQ), quatro são não governamentais (The Joint Commission, IHI, WHO Alliance e ISMP) e uma organização independente (NCCMERP). Totalizaram-se 103 iniciativas de segurança do paciente no contexto hospitalar. A organização que mais publicou iniciativas para a segurança do paciente no contexto hospitalar foi o ISMP com 20 iniciativas, totalizando 19% das iniciativas exploradas. As iniciativas relacionadas à terapia medicamentosa, higienização das mãos, controle de infecções e cirurgias seguras foram as mais abordadas. Conclui-se que ao atentar para as iniciativas internacionais de Segurança do Paciente o profissional de saúde poderá contextualizar-se, aprimorando seu conhecimento técnico científico, além de pôr em prática o que as principais organizações mundiais voltadas para a Segurança do Paciente preconizam para a realização de um cuidado mais seguro.

Erro de medicação: a visão do enfermeiro neonatologista

O manejo da terapia medicamentosa em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal é complexo e agrega inúmeras drogas. Nesse sentido, manter a atenção ao preparar e administrar corretamente os medicamentos é fundamental em todo o período de assistência ao recém-nascido. Portanto, faz-se necessário que os enfermeiros tenham o entendimento acerca do conceito do erro com medicação, para que possa identificá-lo, bem como os fatores contribuintes para sua ocorrência. Diante do exposto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivos: analisar o entendimento dos enfermeiros neonatologistas sobre o conceito do erro de medicação em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal; conhecer na visão destes enfermeiros quais os fatores contribuintes para a ocorrência desse erro e discutir a partir desta visão como estes fatores podem afetar a segurança do neonato. Metodologia: trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo descritiva. O cenário do estudo foi uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal de um hospital universitário, situado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Os sujeitos foram 14 enfermeiros entre plantonistas e residentes que atuavam no manejo da terapia medicamentosa. Para a coleta dos dados utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada, que foram analisadas através da análise de conteúdo de Bardin, emergindo 04 categorias: Diversos conceitos sobre erros de medicação; Fatores humanos contribuintes ao erro de medicação; Fatores ambientais contribuintes ao erro de medicação e Conhecendo como os fatores contribuintes ao erro podem afetar a segurança do paciente. Para as enfermeiras o erro de medicação significa errar um dos cinco certos na administração de medicamentos (paciente, dose, via, horário e medicamento certo), e este pode acontecer em alguma parte do sistema de medicação. Neste sentido, elas entendem que uma pessoa não pode ser considerada a única responsável pela ocorrência de um erro medicamentoso. Quanto aos fatores contribuintes ao erro de medicação elencaram aqueles relacionados à prescrição medicamentosa (letra ilegível, prescrição da dose e via incorretas), ao próprio profissional de enfermagem (como sobrecarga de trabalho, número reduzido de profissionais e os múltiplos vínculos empregatícios) e ao ambiente de trabalho (ambiente inadequado e estressante; conversas paralelas com os colegas e os ruídos no setor). Na visão das enfermeiras, os fatores contribuintes ao erro podem afetar a segurança do recém-nascido, levando às situações de danos a sua saúde, podendo trazer consequências clínicas e risco de óbito. O estudo aponta a necessidade de se buscar sistemas de medicação mais confiáveis e seguros. Neste sentido, é imprescindível desenvolver e implementar programas de educação centrados nos princípios gerais da segurança do paciente. Além disso, é de suma importância que as políticas públicas de saúde, direcionem ações para o aprimoramento de medidas na segurança do RN, do sistema de medicação e da cultura de segurança.

Caracterização dos incidentes na administração de medicamentos num serviço de Medicina Interna

RESUMO - O problema do erro de medicação tem vindo a adquirir uma importância e um interesse crescentes nos últimos anos. As consequências directas no doente que condicionam frequentemente o prolongamento do internamento, a necessidade de utilização adicional de recursos e a diminuição de satisfação por parte dos doentes, são alguns dos aspectos que importa analisar no sentido de se aumentar a segurança do doente. No circuito do medicamento em meio hospitalar estão envolvidos diversos profissionais, estando o enfermeiro no final da cadeia quando administra a medicação ao doente. Na bibliografia internacional, são referidas incidências elevadas de eventos adversos relacionados com o medicamento. Em Portugal, não existem estudos disponíveis que nos permitam conhecer, nem o tipo de incidentes, nem a dimensão do problema do erro de medicação. Efectuamos um estudo descritivo, prospectivo, exploratório, utilizando a técnica de observação não participante, da administração de medicamentos. Os objectivos são, por um lado, determinar a frequência de incidentes na administração de medicação num Serviço de Medicina Interna e, por outro, caracterizar o tipo de incidentes na administração da medicação e identificar as suas possíveis causas. A população em estudo foi constituída pelos enfermeiros que administraram medicamentos aos doentes internados no Serviço de Medicina Interna seleccionado, durante os meses de junho a agosto de 2012, sendo observadas 1521 administrações. Foi utilizada uma grelha de observação, que incluiu os seguintes elementos: doente certo; medicamento certo; dose certa; hora certa; via certa; técnica de administração correcta (assépsia); tempo de infusão; monitorização correcta. Constatou-se que em 43% das doses administradas apresentavam pelo menos um erro, num total de 764 erros. Não foi observado nenhum erro de doente, de medicamento, de dose extra, de via, de forma farmacêutica, nem a administração de medicamento não prescrito. Detectaram-se 0,19% de erros na preparação, 0,72% de erros de dose, 1,7% erros de omissão, 1,97% de erros de administração, 13,52% de erros de monitorização, 28,73% de erros de v horário. O tempo de infusão da terapêutica parentérica não foi cumprida em 27,69% das oportunidades, tendo sido sempre administrado em tempo inferior ao preconizado. Não encontramos relação entre as interrupções durante a administração de terapêutica e os erros. Pelo contrário constatou-se haver relação entre o número de doses com erro e o turno em que ocorreram, sendo mais frequentes no turno da noite. Constatamos também que aos fins de semana os erros eram mais frequentes e o risco da ocorrência de um erro na administração de medicação aumenta 1,5 vezes quando o número de enfermeiros é insuficiente.