Using DEA to estimate potential savings at GP units at medical specialty level

The aim of this paper is to identify benchmark cost-efficient General Practitioner (GP) units at delivering health care in the Geriatric and General Medicine (GMG) specialty and estimate potential cost savings. The use of a single medical specialty makes it possible to reflect more accurately the medical condition of the List population of the Practice so as to contextualize its expenditure on care for patients. We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to estimate the potential for cost savings at GP units and to decompose these savings into those attributable to the reduction of resource use, to altering the mix of resources used and to those attributable to securing better resource 'prices'. The results reveal a considerable potential for savings of varying composition across GP units. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Experience of the Flexible Internship in University of Rosario-Medical School

Objective: To evaluate the flexible program implemented for the medical internship at School of Medicine, Universidad del Rosario during the period 1997-2002. Methodology: A descriptive study was performed to summarize the choices of medical clerkships made by the interns during the whole studied period. The coincidence with the further choice of a determined medical specialty was assessed. Conclusions: Most of the last year’s students remain preferring a conservative approach to their career, by choosing clerkships in a basic area, such as internal medicine, pediatrics, gynecology and obstetrics or general surgery. The coincidence between the type of internship or clerkships a student performs and the future election of a specialty is high.

A study to determine the association between medical decision-making and the performance of an institutional ethics committee

This study developed proxy measures to test the independent effects of medical specialty, institutional ethics committee (IEC) and the interaction between the two, upon a proxy for the dependent variable of the medical decision to withhold/withdraw care for the dying--the resuscitation index (R-index). Five clinical vignettes were constructed and validated to convey the realism and contextual factors implicit in the decision to withhold/withdraw care. A scale was developed to determine the range of contact by an IEC in terms of physician knowledge and use of IEC policy.^ This study was composed of a sample of 215 physicians in a teaching hospital in the Southwest where proxy measures were tested for two competing influences, medical specialty and IEC, which alternately oppose and support the decision to withhold/withdraw care for the dying. A sub-sample of surgeons supported the hypothesis that an IEC is influential in opposing the medical training imperative to prolong life.^ Those surgeons with a low IEC score were 326 percent more likely to continue care than were surgeons with a high IEC score when compared to all other specialties. IEC alone was also found to significantly predict the decision to withhold/withdraw care. Interaction of IEC with the specialty of surgery was found to be the best predictor for a decision to withhold/withdraw care for the dying. ^

Malnutrition and pressure ulcer risk in adults in Australian health care facilities

Aims To determine the effect of nutritional status on the presence and severity of pressure ulcers in statewide? public healthcare facilities, in Queensland, Australia. Research Methods A multicentre, cross sectional audit of nutritional status of a convenience sample of subjects was carried out as part of a large audit of pressure ulcers in a sample of state based public healthcare facilities in 2002 and 2003. Dietitians in 20 hospitals and six residential aged care facilities conducted single day nutritional status audits of 2208 acute and 839 aged care subjects using the Subjective Global Assessment. The effect of nutritional status on the presence, highest stage and number of pressure ulcers was determined by logistic regression in a model controlling for age, gender, medical specialty and facility location. The potential clustering effect of facility was accounted for in the model using an analysis of correlated data approach. Results Subjects with malnutrition had an adjusted odds risk of 2.6 (95% CI 1.8-3.5, p<0.001) of having a pressure ulcer in acute facilities and 2.0 (95% CI 1.5-2.7, p<0.001) for residential aged care facilities. There was also increased odds risk of having a pressure ulcer, having a higher stage pressure ulcer and a higher number of pressure ulcers with increased severity of malnutrition. Conclusion Malnutrition was associated with at least twice the odds risk of having a pressure ulcer of in public healthcare facilities in Queensland. Action must be taken to identify, prevent and treat malnutrition, especially in patients at risk of pressure ulcer.

O laboratório da Doutrina dos Nervos: autoria e autoridade em Thomas Willis

A presente pesquisa trata da análise da fundação da Neurologia. A maioria das obras que abordam o assunto a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, sobretudo, aquelas que privilegiam uma visão positivista, para a qual a investigação caminharia em direção a um ponto estático, tendem a alcançar o médico inglês seiscentista, Thomas Willis, como o inconteste precursor dessa já estabelecida especialidade médica. Nossa proposta é a de desconstruir essa ideia. A nosso ver, a historicidade do discurso científico estaria sempre em constante expansão e também em uma contínua transformação, pois diferentemente do ideal positivista, o instaurador do que Foucault designava como cientificidade não seria o descobridor de um objeto dado desde sempre, na medida em que seria enganoso supor uma história natural de um objeto cultural o objeto da história das ciências. Resta-nos, portanto, tentar compreender o sentido em que Willis funda o que ele mesmo denominava Doutrina dos Nervos. Entendemos que Willis instituiu um novo arquivo audiovisual, ou seja, uma nova articulação entre o visível e o enunciável, no que tange aos nervos. Propomos, enfim, que no horizonte da fundação a nova imbricação entre forma de representação e forma de vida emerge no mesmo processo em que Willis se consagra como um autor médico e cientista dos nervos.

A comunicação na prática homeopática: como a racionalidade homeopática se expressa na comunicação entre médico e paciente?

No atual contexto da prática médica no Brasil, observa-se o predomínio de uma comunicação de caráter informativo, normativo e com pouca ênfase na promoção da autonomia dos pacientes, secundarizando o diálogo e a compreensão do paciente sobre o processo saúde-doença-cuidado. Esse tipo de prática baseia-se fortemente no Modelo Biomédico, que enfoca prioritariamente a doença e as lesões orgânicas, o que em muitas situações colabora para a medicalização, a (super)especialização e fragmentação do cuidado, comprometendo a qualidade da relação médico-paciente e a resolutividade das ações de saúde. Em contrapartida, uma prática médica centrada no paciente e que valorize a compreensão de sua interpretação da saúde-doença favorece a construção da integralidade do cuidado e a maior efetividade das ações. A presente pesquisa exploratória, predominantemente qualitativa com componente quantitativo investiga as práticas comunicacionais na relação médico-paciente na consulta homeopática, pautada pelo paradigma Vitalista. Nessa especialidade médica oferecida desde 1988 pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, e desde 2006, integrante da Polícia Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares do Ministério da Saúde, compreender múltiplas dimensões da existência e adoecer humanos demanda competência narrativa para a prática de sua semiologia, baseada na escuta atenta e implicada dos contextos biopatográficos, valorizadora dos sentidos atribuídos às vivências pelos sujeitos. Foram gravadas oito consultas de primeira vez realizadas num ambulatório-escola por médicos experientes, transcritas e submetidas à Análise de Conteúdo, que permitiram analisar como os fundamentos da racionalidade homeopática podem contribuir para a produção compartilhada de sentidos. Os resultados estão organizados nas categorias: Tomada de Turnos e Controle de Tópicos, Concepção de Saúde-Doença-Cuidado, Itinerários Terapêuticos, Ethos científico e Ethos do Mundo da Vida, Capacidade empática (atitudes de apoio, legitimação e polidez) e O Papel do Médico. Observa-se que a comunicação que estabelecida nesse tipo de prática em saúde avança na construção da integralidade da atenção e pode contribuir para a maior resolutividade do cuidado em saúde na medida em que minimiza a dicotomia entre mental e somático, individual e social.

The professionalism disconnect: do entering residents identify yet participate in unprofessional behaviors?

BACKGROUND: Professionalism has been an important tenet of medical education, yet defining it is a challenge. Perceptions of professional behavior may vary by individual, medical specialty, demographic group and institution. Understanding these differences should help institutions better clarify professionalism expectations and provide standards with which to evaluate resident behavior. METHODS: Duke University Hospital and Vidant Medical Center/East Carolina University surveyed entering PGY1 residents. Residents were queried on two issues: their perception of the professionalism of 46 specific behaviors related to training and patient care; and their own participation in those specified behaviors. The study reports data analyses for gender and institution based upon survey results in 2009 and 2010. The study received approval by the Institutional Review Boards of both institutions. RESULTS: 76% (375) of 495 PGY1 residents surveyed in 2009 and 2010 responded. A majority of responders rated all 46 specified behaviors as unprofessional, and a majority had either observed or participated in each behavior. For all 46 behaviors, a greater percentage of women rated the behaviors as unprofessional. Men were more likely than women to have participated in behaviors. There were several significant differences in both the perceptions of specified behaviors and in self-reported observation of and/or involvement in those behaviors between institutions.Respondents indicated the most important professionalism issues relevant to medical practice include: respect for colleagues/patients, relationships with pharmaceutical companies, balancing home/work life, and admitting mistakes. They reported that professionalism can best be assessed by peers, patients, observation of non-medical work and timeliness/detail of paperwork. CONCLUSION: Defining professionalism in measurable terms is a challenge yet critical in order for it to be taught and assessed. Recognition of the differences by gender and institution should allow for tailored teaching and assessment of professionalism so that it is most meaningful. A shared understanding of what constitutes professional behavior is an important first step.

Wide Variation in Adenoma Detection Rates at Screening Flexible Sigmoidoscopy

Background & Aims: Wide between-center variation in adenoma detection rates (ADRs) was observed in the U.K. Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening Trial (overall, 12.1%; range, 8.6%-15.9%; P <0.0001). The aim of this study was to determine whether the observed differences could be attributed to varying performance by endoscopists, to examine the effect of experience on performance, and to identify an attainable, standard ADR to which endoscopists could aspire. 

Methods: Thirteen medical endoscopists, one per trial center, each performed about 3000 examinations (200 per month) using the same equipment and protocol. Overall and monthly ADRs were compared using multivariable logistic regression. 

Results: Differences in ADRs were not explained by patient characteristics, incidence of colorectal cancer in the local population, or the endoscopists' medical specialty or previous experience. Average ADRs increased significantly with screening experience (up to 400 examinations). Endoscopists were classified as higher, intermediate, or lower adenoma detectors, and performance levels were maintained over time. Higher detectors had ADRs of 15% overall (men, 20%; women, 10%) and also detected more adenomas per case (higher/lower detectors, 21.7/10.4 adenomas per :100 examinations). 

Conclusions: The differences in ADRs were due to variation in performance of the endoscopists. Long-term follow-up will determine whether this variation is clinically important. We suggest that the standards in higher detecting centers should be achievable by all endoscopists screening unscreened populations aged older than 55 years. Endoscopists should aim to stay above the lower 95% confidence interval band for 200 examinations (10% overall; 5% in women, 15% in men).

Neurophobia among general practice trainees: The evidence, perceived causes and solutions

Introduction

As general practice (GP) is the main source of referrals to neurologists, neurology education for GP trainees is important. We investigated the existence of neurophobia, contributing factors and potential prevention strategies among GP trainees.

In a questionnaire survey interest, knowledge, confidence and perceived difficulty in neurology were compared with different medical specialties. Reasons for difficulty with neurology, postgraduate neurology education experience, learning methods and suggested teaching improvements were examined.

Of 205 GP trainees, 118 (58%) completed the questionnaire. Threshold analyses justified categorical intervals for the Likert responses. Trainees recorded poorer knowledge (p < 0.001), less confidence (p < 0.001) and more perceived difficulty (p < 0.001) with neurology than with any other medical specialty. GP trainees had less interest in neurology than any other medical specialty (Duncan test, p < 0.001). There was a similar gradation in difficulty and confidence perception across medical specialties. Hospital and community-based neurology teaching was graded as “poor” or “very poor” by over 60% of GP trainees. There were multiple perceived causes of neurophobia, including neuroanatomy and poor quality teaching. More organised clinical teaching and referral guidance were suggested to address GP neurophobia.

Neurophobia is common among GP trainees in Northern Ireland. GP trainees have clear and largely uniform ideas on improving their neurology education. GP training posts should reflect the importance of neurology within the GP curriculum.

Mesure de la mortalité des médecins au Québec à partir de données administratives

Ce mémoire de recherche a pour objectif d’obtenir une mesure approximative de la mortalité des hommes médecins au Québec retenus dans l’étude. En plus d’analyser l’évolution de la mortalité de ces médecins pendant les périodes 1993-1998, 1999-2004 et 2005-2010, leur mortalité est comparée à celle de l’ensemble de la population masculine québécoise. Nous comparons également la mortalité des médecins omnipraticiens à celle des médecins spécialistes. Les données utilisées dans le cadre de ce mémoire proviennent d’un fichier administratif du Collège des médecins du Québec, qui contient des informations concernant un certain nombre de médecins qui ont obtenu un permis pour pratiquer la médecine au Québec, sans égard à leur statut au sein du Collège à la date de l’émission du fichier. Ces données n’ont pas été collectées à des fins statistiques et ainsi le fichier présente certaines limitations qui ont restreint nos analyses de mortalité, notamment le fait qu’elles ne nous fournissent pas la population à risque de décéder durant chacune des périodes étudiées. Cependant, même étant consciente que des biais se produiraient, nous avons calculé deux estimations de l’exposition au risque de mourir chez les médecins, en essayant de pallier le plus possible les limites du fichier. À partir de la première méthode de calcul, nous avons estimé les taux de mortalité par groupes quinquennaux d’âge entre 40 et 75 ans pour les médecins inscrits au tableau des membres. En contrepartie, à partir de la deuxième méthode de calcul, nous avons obtenu des taux de mortalité pour les mêmes groupes d’âge pour les médecins de tous statuts confondus et enregistrés dans le fichier de données. Nous croyons à des mesures acceptables de la mortalité des hommes médecins en autant qu’elle soit analysée en tenant compte de toutes les limites des données. Les résultats obtenus démontrent une diminution de la mortalité des hommes médecins d’une période à l’autre, mais les différences ne sont significatives que pour les groupes d’âge à partir d’environ 60 ans, surtout lorsque les taux des périodes 1993-1998 et 2005-2010 sont comparés. De plus, pour toutes les périodes analysées, la mortalité de l’ensemble de la population masculine québécoise s’avère plus élevée que celle des hommes médecins enregistrés dans le fichier de données et cela pour les deux méthodes de calcul de l’exposition au risque de décéder considérées. Finalement, cette étude ne montre pas de différence significative entre la mortalité des hommes médecins omnipraticiens et celle des hommes médecins spécialistes.

Women clinical nurses' constructions of collegiality : an ethnomethodological study

This research is about a shared journey of being together. It involved thirteen women nurses (including myself) in a process approach to working with data collected through audio transcriptions of conversations during group get-togethers, field notes and journalling over twelve months. The project was conducted in a large acute care metropolitan hospital where the ward staff interests lie in a practice history of the medical specialty of gynaecology and women's health. Prior to commencement ethical approval was gained from both the University and hospital ethics committees. Accessing the group was complicated by the political climate of the hospital, possibly exaggerated further by the health politics across the state of Victoria, at a time of major upheaval characterised by regionalism, rationalisation and debt servicing. In order to ascertain women clinical nurses' constructions of collegiality I adopted an ethnomethodological approach informed by a critical feminist lens to enable the participants to engage in a process of openly ideological inquiry, in critiquing and transforming practice. I felt the choice of methodology had to be consistent with my own ideological position to enable me to be myself (as much as I could) during the project. I wanted to work with women to illuminate the ways in which dominant ideologies had come to be apprehended, inscribed, embodied and/or resisted in the everyday intersubjective realities of participants. The research itself became a site of resistance as the group became aware of how and in what ways their lives had become distorted, while at the same time it collaboratively transformed their individual and collective practice understandings, enabling them to see the self and other anew. Set against the background of dominant discourses on collegiality, women's understandings of collegiality have remained a submerged discourse. Revealed in this work are complex inter-relationships that might be described by some as collegial!, but for others relations amongst these women depict alternative meanings in a rich picture of the fabric of ward life. The participants understand these relations through a connectedness that has empathy as its starting point. In keeping with my commitment to engage with these women I endeavoured to remain faithful to the dialogical approach to this inquiry. Moreover I have brought the voices of the women to the foreground, peeling away the rhizomatic interconnections in and between understandings. What this has meant in terms of the thesis is that the work has become artificially distanced for the purposes of academic requirements. Nevertheless it speaks to the understandings the participants have of their relationships; of the various locations of the visible and invisible voices; of the many landscapes and images, genealogies, subjectivities and multiple selves that inform the selves with(in) others and being-in-relation. Throughout the journey meanings are revealed, revisited and reconstructed. Many nuances comprise the subtexts illuminating the depths of various moral locations underpinning the ways these women engage with one another in practice. The process of the research weaves through multiple positions, conveying the centrality of shared goals, multiple identities, resistances and differences which contribute to a holding environment, a location in which women value one another in their being-in-relation and in which they stand separately yet together.

Quantificação da resoluçao do sistema SPECT-CZT através do uso da função de transferência modulada (MTF)

Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

Avaliação do conhecimento farmacoterápico de médicos e graduandos em medicina humana

Pós-graduação em Pediatria - FMB

Uso de escores prognósticos em crianças politraumatizadas na UTI Pediátrica da UNESP

Pós-graduação em Pediatria - FMB

Intraoperative and Anesthesia-Related Cardiac Arrest and Its Mortality in Older Patients: A 15-Year Survey in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)