Metodi di map-matching per l'identificazione degli itinerari dei ciclisti

Negli ultimi anni si è assistito al considerevole aumento della disponibilità di dati GPS e della loro precisione, dovuto alla diffusione e all’evoluzione tecnologica di smartphone e di applicazioni di localizzazione. Il processo di map-matching consiste nell’integrare tali dati - solitamente una lista ordinata di punti, identificati tramite coordinate geografiche ricavate mediante un sistema di localizzazione, come il GPS - con le reti disponibili; nell’ambito dell’ingegneria dei trasporti, l’obiettivo è di identificare il percorso realmente scelto dall’utente per lo spostamento. Il presente lavoro si propone l’obiettivo di studiare alcune metodologie di map-matching per l’identificazione degli itinerari degli utenti, in particolare della mobilità ciclabile. Nel primo capitolo è esposto il funzionamento dei sistemi di posizionamento e in particolare del sistema GPS: ne sono discusse le caratteristiche, la suddivisione nei vari segmenti, gli errori di misurazione e la cartografia di riferimento. Nel secondo capitolo sono presentati i vari aspetti del procedimento di map-matching, le sue principali applicazioni e alcune possibili classificazioni degli algoritmi di map-matching sviluppati in letteratura. Nel terzo capitolo è esposto lo studio eseguito su diversi algoritmi di map-matching, che sono stati testati su un database di spostamenti di ciclisti nell’area urbana di Bologna, registrati tramite i loro smartphone sotto forma di punti GPS, e sulla relativa rete. Si analizzano altresì i risultati ottenuti in un secondo ambiente di testing, predisposto nell’area urbana di Catania, dove sono state registrate in modo analogo alcune tracce di prova, e utilizzata la relativa rete. La comparazione degli algoritmi è eseguita graficamente e attraverso degli indicatori. Vengono inoltre proposti e valutati due algoritmi che forniscono un aggiornamento di quelli analizzati, al fine di migliorarne le prestazioni in termini di accuratezza dei risultati e di costo computazionale.

A novel map-matching procedure for low-sampling GPS data with applications to traffic flow analysis

An extensive sample (2%) of private vehicles in Italy are equipped with a GPS device that periodically measures their position and dynamical state for insurance purposes. Having access to this type of data allows to develop theoretical and practical applications of great interest: the real-time reconstruction of traffic state in a certain region, the development of accurate models of vehicle dynamics, the study of the cognitive dynamics of drivers. In order for these applications to be possible, we first need to develop the ability to reconstruct the paths taken by vehicles on the road network from the raw GPS data. In fact, these data are affected by positioning errors and they are often very distanced from each other (~2 Km). For these reasons, the task of path identification is not straightforward. This thesis describes the approach we followed to reliably identify vehicle paths from this kind of low-sampling data. The problem of matching data with roads is solved with a bayesian approach of maximum likelihood. While the identification of the path taken between two consecutive GPS measures is performed with a specifically developed optimal routing algorithm, based on A* algorithm. The procedure was applied on an off-line urban data sample and proved to be robust and accurate. Future developments will extend the procedure to real-time execution and nation-wide coverage.

Map matching by using inertial sensors: literature review

This literature review aims to clarify what is known about map matching by using inertial sensors and what are the requirements for map matching, inertial sensors, placement and possible complementary position technology. The target is to develop a wearable location system that can position itself within a complex construction environment automatically with the aid of an accurate building model. The wearable location system should work on a tablet computer which is running an augmented reality (AR) solution and is capable of track and visualize 3D-CAD models in real environment. The wearable location system is needed to support the system in initialization of the accurate camera pose calculation and automatically finding the right location in the 3D-CAD model. One type of sensor which does seem applicable to people tracking is inertial measurement unit (IMU). The IMU sensors in aerospace applications, based on laser based gyroscopes, are big but provide a very accurate position estimation with a limited drift. Small and light units such as those based on Micro-Electro-Mechanical (MEMS) sensors are becoming very popular, but they have a significant bias and therefore suffer from large drifts and require method for calibration like map matching. The system requires very little fixed infrastructure, the monetary cost is proportional to the number of users, rather than to the coverage area as is the case for traditional absolute indoor location systems.

GPS/VRS positioning using atmospheric modeling

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Public service motivation and rational choice modeling

While most previous research has considered public service motivation (PSM) as the only motivational factor predicting (public) job choice, the authors present a novel, rational choice-based model which includes three motivational dimensions: extrinsic, enjoyment-based intrinsic and prosocial intrinsic. Besides providing more accurate person-job fit predictions, this new approach fills a significant research gap and facilitates future theory building.

Road network and GPS tracking with data processing and quality assessment

GPS technology has been embedded into portable, low-cost electronic devices nowadays to track the movements of mobile objects. This implication has greatly impacted the transportation field by creating a novel and rich source of traffic data on the road network. Although the promise offered by GPS devices to overcome problems like underreporting, respondent fatigue, inaccuracies and other human errors in data collection is significant; the technology is still relatively new that it raises many issues for potential users. These issues tend to revolve around the following areas: reliability, data processing and the related application. This thesis aims to study the GPS tracking form the methodological, technical and practical aspects. It first evaluates the reliability of GPS based traffic data based on data from an experiment containing three different traffic modes (car, bike and bus) traveling along the road network. It then outline the general procedure for processing GPS tracking data and discuss related issues that are uncovered by using real-world GPS tracking data of 316 cars. Thirdly, it investigates the influence of road network density in finding optimal location for enhancing travel efficiency and decreasing travel cost. The results show that the geographical positioning is reliable. Velocity is slightly underestimated, whereas altitude measurements are unreliable.Post processing techniques with auxiliary information is found necessary and important when solving the inaccuracy of GPS data. The densities of the road network influence the finding of optimal locations. The influence will stabilize at a certain level and do not deteriorate when the node density is higher.

On processing GPS tracking data of spatiotemporal car movements : a case study

The advancement of GPS technology has made it possible to use GPS devices as orientation and navigation tools, but also as tools to track spatiotemporal information. GPS tracking data can be broadly applied in location-based services, such as spatial distribution of the economy, transportation routing and planning, traffic management and environmental control. Therefore, knowledge of how to process the data from a standard GPS device is crucial for further use. Previous studies have considered various issues of the data processing at the time. This paper, however, aims to outline a general procedure for processing GPS tracking data. The procedure is illustrated step-by-step by the processing of real-world GPS data of car movements in Borlänge in the centre of Sweden.

Analisi dei percorsi ciclabili registrati tramite smartphone sulla rete stradale di Bologna nell'ultimo triennio

La diffusione di smartphone con GPS si è rilevata utile per lo studio di modelli di scelta del percorso da parte di utenti che si muovono in bicicletta. Nel 2012 è stata ideata la ‘European Cyclinq Challenge’ (ECC), che consiste in una “gara” europea tra città: vince quella nella quale i rispettivi abitanti registrano il maggior numero di chilometri effettuati in bicicletta. In questo modo è possibile conoscere in forma anonima i percorsi realmente seguiti dai partecipanti alla gara: nel caso in esame, sono state fornite le tracce GPS registrate a Bologna sotto forma di punti catalogati ogni 10-15 secondi, a cui sono associate informazioni di coordinate, codice identificativo e istante di registrazione. Una fase di map-matching associa tali punti alla rete stradale di Bologna, descritta nel caso in esame dalla rete di Open Street Maps (OSM). Un elemento che garantisce al meglio la comprensione relativa alle scelte dei ciclisti, è quello di confrontarle con l’alternativa più breve, per capire quanto un utente sia disposto a discostarsi da essa per privilegiare ad esempio la sicurezza personale, il fatto di evitare pendenze elevate o incroci pericolosi. A partire dai punti GPS, che rappresentano l’origine e la destinazione di ogni viaggio, è possibile individuare sulla rete il percorso più corto che li congiunge, eseguendo sulla stessa rete tramite l’algoritmo di Dijkstra, considerando come unico attributo di costo la lunghezza. È stato possibile, mediante questi dati, effettuare un confronto nei tre anni di studio, relativamente alla distribuzione statistica delle lunghezze dei viaggi percorsi dagli utenti, a quanto questi si discostino dal percorso più breve ed infine come varia la percentuale dei viaggi effettuati nelle diverse tipologie stradali. Un’ultima analisi evidenzia la possibile tendenza degli utenti che si spostano in bicicletta nella città di Bologna, a utilizzare percorsi caratterizzati dalla presenza di numerosi incroci semaforizzati.

Generating descriptions that summarize geospatial and temporal data

Effective data summarization methods that use AI techniques can help humans understand large sets of data. In this paper, we describe a knowledge-based method for automatically generating summaries of geospatial and temporal data, i.e. data with geographical and temporal references. The method is useful for summarizing data streams, such as GPS traces and traffic information, that are becoming more prevalent with the increasing use of sensors in computing devices. The method presented here is an initial architecture for our ongoing research in this domain. In this paper we describe the data representations we have designed for our method, our implementations of components to perform data abstraction and natural language generation. We also discuss evaluation results that show the ability of our method to generate certain types of geospatial and temporal descriptions.

An educational workshop on the early detection of prostate cancer

The authors have developed an education program for GPs to facilitate informed choice about PSA testing.

Dos ciclos e sistemas aos interstícios de Creixomil: entre o seu conhecimento e transformação potencial

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitectura (área de especialização em Território)

A simple model of multiple equilibria based on risk

This paper shows how risk may aggravate fluctuations in economies with imperfect insurance and multiple assets. A two period job matching model is studied, in which risk averse agents act both as workers and as entrepreneurs. They choose between two types of investment: one type is riskless, while the other is a risky activity that creates jobs.Equilibrium is unique under full insurance. If investment is fully insured but unemployment risk is uninsured, then precautionary saving behavior dampens output fluctuations. However, if both investment and employment are uninsured, then an increase in unemployment gives agents an incentive to shift investment away from the risky asset, further increasing unemployment. This positive feedback may lead to multiple Pareto ranked equilibria. An overlapping generations version of the model may exhibit poverty traps or persistent multiplicity. Greater insurance is doubly beneficial in this context since it can both prevent multiplicity and promote risky investment.

Determinação altimétrica através do sistema de posicionamento global

Este estudo tem por objetivo verificar a influência do tempo de coleta de dados com receptores GPS nas determinações altimétricas. O levantamento altimétrico é realizado através do método de posicionamento relativo estático, utilizando dois receptores GPS de uma freqüência, em diferentes tempos de ocupação (30, 15, 10 e 5 minutos) com uma taxa de gravação de dois segundos. As altitudes obtidas com receptores GPS são comparadas com as altitudes determinadas por nivelamento trigonométrico com Estação Total. Os resultados mostraram que os tempos de ocupação menores que 30 minutos (15, 10 e 5 minutos) também são adequados para a obtenção de diferenças centimétricas nas altitudes analisadas. Mesmo considerando a precisão dos métodos topográficos convencionais, este estudo demonstra a possibilidade da utilização do Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) de forma precisa nos levantamentos altimétricos, desde que se efetue a modelagem da ondulação geoidal.