Bayesian analysis of uncertainty in the GlobCover 2009 land cover product at climate model grid scale

Land cover data derived from satellites are commonly used to prescribe inputs to models of the land surface. Since such data inevitably contains errors, quantifying how uncertainties in the data affect a model’s output is important. To do so, a spatial distribution of possible land cover values is required to propagate through the model’s simulation. However, at large scales, such as those required for climate models, such spatial modelling can be difficult. Also, computer models often require land cover proportions at sites larger than the original map scale as inputs, and it is the uncertainty in these proportions that this article discusses. This paper describes a Monte Carlo sampling scheme that generates realisations of land cover proportions from the posterior distribution as implied by a Bayesian analysis that combines spatial information in the land cover map and its associated confusion matrix. The technique is computationally simple and has been applied previously to the Land Cover Map 2000 for the region of England and Wales. This article demonstrates the ability of the technique to scale up to large (global) satellite derived land cover maps and reports its application to the GlobCover 2009 data product. The results show that, in general, the GlobCover data possesses only small biases, with the largest belonging to non–vegetated surfaces. In vegetated surfaces, the most prominent area of uncertainty is Southern Africa, which represents a complex heterogeneous landscape. It is also clear from this study that greater resources need to be devoted to the construction of comprehensive confusion matrices.

Transpressive dextral shear in the Italva-Itaperuna section, Northern State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Structural analysis carried out on a segment of the Neoproterozoic Ribeira Belt, southeastern Brazil, show that it represents part of the transpressive dextral orogen related to the Central Mantiqueira Province. NNE-trending and steeply dipping regional mylonitic belts form anastomosed geometry, and describe a map-scale, S-C-like structure that is characterized by their deflection towards NE near the Além Paraíba Lineament. Lithological and structural control related to deformation partition were responsible for the formation of felsic mylonitic granulites with S-type granites lenses developed in ductile shear zones, alternated with less deformed intermediate to basic granulites associated with charnockites. The dextral shear sense indicators are consistent with transpressive deformation in the region and are common especially at the border of the main shear zones. The presence of S-type leucogranite may lead to variations of linear and planar relationships, which result in local extension zones. These elements are consistent with oblique continental collision considering the São Francisco Craton as a stable block.

Geodynamics of the eastern sector of the Arrábida chain (W Portugal)

N.º4, p.263-267

The Maggia cross-fold: An enigmatic structure of the lower Penninic nappes of the Lepontine Alps

The geometry and kinematics of the map scale Maggia cross-fold structure has been studied by several generations of geologists over seventy years and different models have been proposed for its formation. New observations indicate that the Maggia structure is a SW-verging cross-fold created after earlier NW-directed overthrusting of the Maggia nappe onto the deeper Simano and Antigorio recumbent fold nappes. The nappe emplacement and later cross-folding occurred under amphibolite facies conditions by detachment of the upper European crust during its SE-directed underthrusting below the Adriatic plate.

Cambios en la estructura del paisaje del Alt Empordà en el período 1957-2001

El paisaje, concebido como una unidad espacial y temporalmente pluriescalar caracterizada por unos patrones de distribución - una estructura-, unas funciones y una red de flujos de materia, energía e información (Forman y Godron, 1986), constituye un modelo apropiado para estudiar el territorio (Marull, 2002). En la presente investigación se hace un análisis de los cambios ocurridos en la estructura del mosaico paisajístico de la comarca de l´Alt Empordà entre 1957 y 2001, para ellos se divide la comarca en unidades paisajísticas basadas en criterios fisiográficos determinados a escala 1:25000. El análisis de la estructura paisajística de las diferentes unidades paisajísticas se ha realizado a través de indicadores de composición y de estructura según clases paisajísticas (cubiertas o usos del suelo), mediante el cálculo y análisis de indicadores de estructura desarrollados por la ecología del paisaje, los cuales, han permitido caracterizar y analizar las transformaciones en el tamaño, la forma y el arreglo espacial de los parches tipo que configuran el mosaico paisajístico. Para el proceso de cálculo y análisis espacial se han empleado los sistemas de información geográfica (SIGs), el programa Patch Analyst 1.2. La información cartográfica se elaboró a partir de ortofotomapas digitales y fotos aéreas generados por el ICC, así como de fuentes secundarias. Además, el trabajo incluye una aplicación teórico-metodológica a la identificación de redes ecológicas a través del uso de indicadores, así como el uso de inventarios fitosociológicos en la evaluación de hábitats borde.

Caracteristicas basicas do material cartografico empregado em atividades agronomicas nas bacias hidrograficas

Covers cartographic aspects related to characterization and map-making of watersheds, in surveys relating to agronomic activities. The recommendations, about scales and others specifications of thematic maps, were established in conformity with the dimension and complexity of watershed. -English summary

Avaliação da usabilidade de representações cartográficas em diferentes escalas para sistema de navegação e guia de rota em automóvel

Pós-graduação em Ciências Cartográficas - FCT

K-Ar dating of magmatic rocks from the Urup Island, Kuril Island Chain

An isotope-geochronological study of Neogene-Quaternary igneous rocks from the Urup Island (Greater Kuril Ridge) was carried out. It was established that magmatic activity in the island developed during the last 10 my and it was not interrupted by long inactive periods. K-Ar data obtained along with results of diatomic analysis are in good agreement with the regional stratigraphic scheme of Paleogene and Neogene deposits and the intraregional correlation scheme of magmatic rocks in the Kuril Islands, which are developed for the State Geologic Map, scale 1:200 000 (Second edition). In the present-day territory of the Urup Island, the earliest Late Miocene - Early Pliocene (10.5-4.5 Ma) magmatic stage was associated with formation of the Rybakovsky andesite volcanic complex, which is represented by an effusive series (Rybakovskaya Suite) and subvolcanic rocks. Actually at the same time (6.6-4.7 Ma), but at a great depth, intrusive bodies of the Prasolovsky plagiogranite-diorite plutonic complex were intruded. The Pliocene stage of magmatism in the Urup Island is characterized by formation of rocks of the Kamuysky dacitic volcanic complex (4.0-2.1 Ma). This complex is locally represented only by subvolcanic acidic bodies, and its occurrence in the island is limited. During the Pliocene - Early Neopleistocene stage of magmatism (3.0-0.8 Ma) the Fregatsky andesibasalt volcanic complex was formed in the Urup Island. This complex includes effusive series (Fregatskaya unit) and subvolcanic bodies. Quaternary time in the Urup Island is characterized by eruptive activity in subaerial conditions with formation of effusive-pyroclastic intermediate-basic rocks of the Bogatyrsky Middle Neopleistocene - Holocene complex (<0.5 Ma). Rocks of this complex formed stratovolcano cones. Pyroclastic rocks of the Rokovsky dacitic volcanic complex were erupted simultaneously. The mentioned magmatic complexes of the Urup Island well correlate with the distinguished magmatic complexes within the bounds of contiguous insular blocks of the Greater Kuril Arc and confirm uniform geologic history of magmatic development of the region.

County of Surrey, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Surry in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed, by his most obedient and humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. The layer is image 1 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the northeast portion of the map. Scale ca. 1:100,000. Covers County of Surrey, Jamaica. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, cities and other human settlements, parish boundaries, shoreline features, plantations, and more. Includes also illustrations.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Surrey, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Surry in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed, by his most obedient and humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. The layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the southeast portion of the map. Scale ca. 1:100,000. Covers County of Surrey, Jamaica. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, cities and other human settlements, parish boundaries, shoreline features, plantations, and more. Includes also illustrations.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Surrey, Jamaica, 1763 (Sheet 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Surry in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed, by his most obedient and humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. The layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the southwest portion of the map. Scale ca. 1:100,000. Covers County of Surrey, Jamaica. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, cities and other human settlements, parish boundaries, shoreline features, plantations, and more. Includes also illustrations.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Surrey, Jamaica, 1763 (Sheet 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Surry in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed, by his most obedient and humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. The layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the northwest portion of the map. Scale ca. 1:100,000. Covers County of Surrey, Jamaica. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, cities and other human settlements, parish boundaries, shoreline features, plantations, and more. Includes also illustrations.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Kyōto fushi.

Kyōto-fu zenzu fold. col. map (scale: 1:180,000) inserted at end of v. 2.

Enquadramento cartográfico do Complexo de Granja (NW Ceará, Brasil) e avaliação de sistemas de referenciação geográfica

Este estudo destaca os benefícios da análise metódica da cartografia de base que suporta a produção de Cartografia Geológica. Em certas regiões, as cartas base publicadas estão ainda associadas a redes geodésicas clássicas e, com frequência, são introduzidos erros quando se desconsideram parâmetros essenciais como a Projecção Cartográfica e o Datum Geodésico. Com o uso sistemático dos dispositivos de GPS e dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica para a elaboração das cartas geológicas, é imprescindível o conhecimento prévio do Sistema de Coordenadas ao qual devem estar ajustados os dados geo-espaciais. Neste estudo de caso, as diferenças e os erros associados à aquisição de coordenadas entre os Data geocêntricos WGS84 e SIRGAS2000 são residuais, atendendo aos parâmetros das cartas base, à região do globo, o campo de acção e a escala, minimizando assim a propagação de erros de posicionamento e georreferenciação subsequentes.