Identification of a BRCA1-mRNA Splicing Complex Required for Efficient DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genomic Stability

Mutations within BRCA1 predispose carriers to a high risk of breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 functions to maintain genomic stability through the assembly of multiple protein complexes involved in DNA repair, cell-cycle arrest, and transcriptional regulation. Here, we report the identification of a DNA damage-induced BRCA1 protein complex containing BCLAF1 and other key components of the mRNA-splicing machinery. In response to DNA damage, this complex regulates pre-mRNA splicing of a number of genes involved in DNA damage signaling and repair, thereby promoting the stability of these transcripts/proteins. Further, we show that abrogation of this complex results in sensitivity to DNA damage, defective DNA repair, and genomic instability. Interestingly, mutations in a number of proteins found within this complex have been identified in numerous cancer types. These data suggest that regulation of splicing by the BRCA1-mRNA splicing complex plays an important role in the cellular response to DNA damage.

Identification of a BRCA1-mRNA splicing complex required for efficient DNA repair and maintenance of genomic stability

Mutations within BRCA1 predispose carriers to a high risk of breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 functions to maintain genomic stability through the assembly of multiple protein complexes involved in DNA repair, cell-cycle arrest, and transcriptional regulation. Here, we report the identification of a DNA damage-induced BRCA1 protein complex containing BCLAF1 and other key components of the mRNA-splicing machinery. In response to DNA damage, this complex regulates pre-mRNA splicing of a number of genes involved in DNA damage signaling and repair, thereby promoting the stability of these transcripts/proteins. Further, we show that abrogation of this complex results in sensitivity to DNA damage, defective DNA repair, and genomic instability. Interestingly, mutations in a number of proteins found within this complex have been identified in numerous cancer types. These data suggest that regulation of splicing by the BRCA1-mRNA splicing complex plays an important role in the cellular response to DNA damage.

Micropropagation of Begonia and a study of genome stability in Begonia rex

The development of procedures and media for the micropropagation of B. rex are described. Media for the production of plantlets from a number of other Begonia hybrids are also provided. Growth analysis data is given for plants produced in vivo from leaf cuttings and in vitro from mature leaf petioles and immature leaves derived from singly and multiply recycled axenic plantlets. No significant difference was found in phenotype or quantitative vegetative characters for any of the populations assessed. The results presented from studies on the development of broad spectrum media for the propagation of a number of B. rex cultivars using axenic leaf explants on factorial combinations of hormones illustrate the major influence played by the genotype on explant response in vitro and suggest media on which a range of B. rex cultivars may be propagated. Procedures for in vitro irradiation and colchicine treatments to destabilize the B. rex genome have also been described. Variants produced from these treatments indicate the utility of in vitro procedures for the expression of induced somatic variation. Colour variants produced from irradiation treatment have been cultured and prove stable. Polyploids produced as variants from irradiation treatment have been subcultured but prove unstable. Media for the induction and proliferation of callus are outlined. The influence of callus subculture and aging on the stability of the B. rex genome is assessed by chromosomal analysis of cells, in vitro and in regenerants. The B. rex genome is destabilized in callus culture but attenuation of variation occurs on regeneration. Diploid cell lines are maintained in callus subcultures and supplementation of regenerative media with high cytokinin concentrations, casein hydrolysate or adenine failed to produce variants. Callus aging however resulted in the production of polyploids. The presence and expression of pre-existing somatic variation in B. rex pith and root tissue is assessed and polyploids have been produced from pith tissues cultured in vitro. The stability of the B. rex genome and the application of tissue culture to micropropagation and breeding of B. rex are discussed.

BRCA1, a 'complex' protein involved in the maintenance of genomic stability

BRCA1 is a major breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene, with mutations in this gene predisposing women to a very high risk of developing breast and ovarian tumours. BRCA1 primarily functions to maintain genomic stability via critical roles in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint control, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and mRNA splicing. As a result, BRCA1 mutations often result in defective DNA repair, genomic instability and sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. BRCA1 carries out these different functions through its ability to interact, and form complexes with, a vast array of proteins involved in multiple cellular processes, all of which are considered to contribute to its function as a tumour suppressor. This review discusses and highlights recent research into the functions of BRCA1-related protein complexes and their roles in maintaining genomic stability and tumour suppression.

Improvement in ARDS experimental model installation: Low mortality rate and maintenance of hemodynamic stability

Introduction: Many experimental models using lung lavage have been developed for the study of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The original technique has been modified by many authors, resulting in difficulties with reproducibility. There is insufficient detail on the lung injury models used, including hemodynamic stability during animal preparation and drawbacks encountered such as mortality. The authors studied the effects of the pulmonary recruitment and the use of fixed tidal volume (Vt) or fixed inspiratory pressure in the experimental ARDS model installation. Methods: Adult rabbits were submitted to repeated lung lavages with 30 ml/kg warm saline until the ARDS definition (PaO2/FiO(2) <= 100) was reached. The animals were divided into three groups, according to the technique used for mechanical ventilation: 1) fixed Vt of 10 ml/kg; 2) fixed inspiratory pressure (IP) with a tidal volume of 10 ml/kg prior to the first lung lavage; and 3) fixed Vt of 10 ml/kg with pulmonary recruitment before the first lavage. Results: The use of alveolar recruitment maneuvers, and the use of a fixed Vt or IP between the lung lavages did not change the number of lung lavages necessary to obtain the experimental model of ARDS or the hemodynamic stability of the animals during the procedure. A trend was observed toward an increased mortality rate with the recruitment maneuver and with the use of a fixed IP. Discussion: There were no differences between the three study groups, with no disadvantage in method of lung recruitment, either fixed tidal volume or fixed inspiratory pressure, regarding the number of lung lavages necessary to obtain the ARDS animal model. Furthermore, the three different procedures resulted in good hemodynamic stability of the animals, and low mortality rate. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A yeast gene, MGS1, encoding a DNA-dependent AAA+ ATPase is required to maintain genome stability

Changes in DNA superhelicity during DNA replication are mediated primarily by the activities of DNA helicases and topoisomerases. If these activities are defective, the progression of the replication fork can be hindered or blocked, which can lead to double-strand breaks, elevated recombination in regions of repeated DNA, and genome instability. Hereditary diseases like Werner's and Bloom's Syndromes are caused by defects in DNA helicases, and these diseases are associated with genome instability and carcinogenesis in humans. Here we report a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene, MGS1 (Maintenance of Genome Stability 1), which encodes a protein belonging to the AAA+ class of ATPases, and whose central region is similar to Escherichia coli RuvB, a Holliday junction branch migration motor protein. The Mgs1 orthologues are highly conserved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The Mgs1 protein possesses DNA-dependent ATPase and single-strand DNA annealing activities. An mgs1 deletion mutant has an elevated rate of mitotic recombination, which causes genome instability. The mgs1 mutation is synergistic with a mutation in top3 (encoding topoisomerase III), and the double mutant exhibits severe growth defects and markedly increased genome instability. In contrast to the mgs1 mutation, a mutation in the sgs1 gene encoding a DNA helicase homologous to the Werner and Bloom helicases suppresses both the growth defect and the increased genome instability of the top3 mutant. Therefore, evolutionarily conserved Mgs1 may play a role together with RecQ family helicases and DNA topoisomerases in maintaining proper DNA topology, which is essential for genome stability.

The biological importance of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases in the maintenance of genetic stability

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The biological importance of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases in the maintenance of genetic stability

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

hSSB1 (NABP2/ OBFC2B) is required for the repair of 8-oxo-guanine by the hOGG1-mediated base excision repair pathway

The maintenance of genome stability is essential to prevent loss of genetic information and the development of diseases such as cancer. One of the most common forms of damage to the genetic code is the oxidation of DNA by reactive oxygen species (ROS), of which 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-guanine (8-oxoG) is the most frequent modification. Previous studies have established that human single-stranded DNA-binding protein 1 (hSSB1) is essential for the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks by the process of homologous recombination. Here we show that hSSB1 is also required following oxidative damage. Cells lacking hSSB1 are sensitive to oxidizing agents, have deficient ATM and p53 activation and cannot effectively repair 8-oxoGs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hSSB1 forms a complex with the human oxo-guanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) and is important for hOGG1 localization to the damaged chromatin. In vitro, hSSB1 binds directly to DNA containing 8-oxoguanines and enhances hOGG1 activity. These results underpin the crucial role hSSB1 plays as a guardian of the genome.

Examination of EXOSC4 as a new prognostic marker and a novel therapeutic avenue in lung adenocarcinoma

Although prevention and early detection of the disease greatly improved over the past few years, lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths. In order to be able to treat a larger population, we are in urgent need for novel treatments. While it is known that DNA repair genes play a major role in the oncogenic transformation, they also represent a weakness of cancers that constitute a therapeutic opportunity. To identify novel DNA repair genes implicated in Lung cancers, we conducted an in silico investigation to identify genes co-regulated with two DNA repair factors, BRCA2 and hSSB1. This approach allowed for the identification of EXOSC4, a component of the RNA Exosome machinery, as a potential factor involved in the maintenance of genome stability and that is deregulated in lung cancer.

RAD51C: a novel cancer susceptibility gene is linked to Fanconi anemia and breast cancer

Germline mutations in many of the genes that are involved in homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR) are associated with various human genetic disorders and cancer. RAD51 and RAD51 paralogs are important for HR and in the maintenance of genome stability. Despite the identification of five RAD51 paralogs over a decade ago, the molecular mechanism(s) by which RAD51 paralogs regulate HR and genome maintenance remains obscure. In addition to the known roles of RAD51C in early and late stages of HR, it also contributes to activation of the checkpoint kinase CHK2. One recent study identifies biallelic mutation in RAD51C leading to Fanconi anemia-like disorder. Whereas a second study reports monoallelic mutation in RAD51C associated with increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. These reports show RAD51C is a cancer susceptibility gene. In this review, we focus on describing the functions of RAD51C in HR, DNA damage signaling and as a tumor suppressor with an emphasis on the new roles of RAD51C unveiled by these reports.

Un rôle pour les protéines de la famille Whirly dans le maintien de la stabilité du génome des organelles chez Arabidopsis thaliana

Le maintien de la stabilité du génome est essentiel pour la propagation de l’information génétique et pour la croissance et la survie des cellules. Tous les organismes possèdent des systèmes de prévention des dommages et des réarrangements de l’ADN et nos connaissances sur ces processus découlent principalement de l’étude des génomes bactériens et nucléaires. Comparativement peu de choses sont connues sur les systèmes de protection des génomes d’organelles. Cette étude révèle l’importance des protéines liant l’ADN simple-brin de la famille Whirly dans le maintien de la stabilité du génome des organelles de plantes. Nous rapportons que les Whirlies sont requis pour la stabilité du génome plastidique chez Arabidopsis thaliana et Zea mays. L’absence des Whirlies plastidiques favorise une accumulation de molécules rearrangées produites par recombinaison non-homologue médiée par des régions de microhomologie. Ce mécanisme est similaire au “microhomology-mediated break-induced replication” (MMBIR) retrouvé chez les bactéries, la levure et l’humain. Nous montrons également que les organelles de plantes peuvent réparer les bris double-brin en utilisant une voie semblable au MMBIR. La délétion de différents membres de la famille Whirly entraîne une accumulation importante de réarrangements dans le génome des organelles suite à l’induction de bris double-brin. Ces résultats indiquent que les Whirlies sont aussi importants pour la réparation fidèle des génomes d’organelles. En se basant sur des données biologiques et structurales, nous proposons un modèle où les Whirlies modulent la disponibilité de l’ADN simple-brin, régulant ainsi le choix des voies de réparation et permettant le maintien de la stabilité du génome des organelles. Les divers aspects de ce modèle seront testés au cours d’expériences futures ce qui mènera à une meilleure compréhension du maintien de la stabilité du génome des organelles.

Implication des protéines RECA dans le maintien de la stabilité du génome des chloroplastes d’Arabidopsis thaliana.

La stabilité génomique des organelles de plantes suscite un grand intérêt dans le domaine de la biologie végétale. En effet, plusieurs études récentes suggèrent que ce type d’instabilité génomique pourrait mener à l’isolation de traits intéressants en l’agronomie. Plusieurs protéines sont d’ailleurs déjà été identifiés comme étant impliqués dans le maintien de la stabilité de ces génomes, tels que MSH1, la famille des POLI, OSB1, les protéines Whirly et les Recombinases A (RECA). Le génome nucléaire d’Arabidopsis thaliana encode trois protéines s’apparentant à la Recombinase A bactérienne et qui sont ciblées à la mitochondrie et/ou au chloroplaste, soit RECA1, RECA2 et RECA3. Globalement, ces gènes partagent une similarité de séquence de 61% avec leur homologue bactérien chez Escherichia coli. Chez les bactéries ces protéines jouent un rôle essentiel dans la recombinaison homologue et sont impliquées dans la réparation de l’ADN. Chez Arabidopsis, il a été démontré que RECA2 et RECA3 sont nécessaires au maintien de l’intégrité du génome mitochondriale. Toutefois leur contribution à la stabilité du génome chloroplastique ainsi que le rôle de RECA1 restent obscures. Le but de ce projet est donc de déterminer la contribution éventuelle des protéines RECA d’Arabidopsis dans la réparation de l’ADN chloroplastique et plus précisément le rôle du gène RECA1. Nous énonçons l’hypothèse que les RECA de plantes se comportent effectivement comme leurs orthologues bactériens en étant impliqués dans la recombinaison homologue. Dans le cadre de ce projet, nous avons tenté d’isoler des lignées mutantes pour chacun des gènes RECA d’Arabidopsis. En somme, nous avons pu obtenir des lignées convenables pour notre étude que dans le cas du gène RECA1. Ces lignées ont été utilisées pour évaluer la contribution de ce gène à la stabilité du génome du chloroplaste. Ensuite, pour étudier la relation épistatique des gènes RECA1, WHY1 et WHY3, un croisement des différentes lignées mutantes pour ces gènes a été réalisé. Nous avons ensuite étudié la sensibilité de toutes ces lignées mutantes à la ciprofloxacine, un agent causant des bris double brin exclusivement dans les organelles de plantes. Finalement, iii nous avons testé la présence de réarrangements dans le génome du chloroplaste en condition normal ou en présence de stress génotoxique. Nos résultats démontrent que les protéines Whirly et RECA1 sont impliquées dans deux voies de réparation de l’ADN différentes et que les Whirly sont suffisantes pour s’occuper des bris d’ADN double brin en l’absence de RECA1. Nous démontrons également que l’absence de Whirly et RECA1 entraine une forte augmentation de la quantité de réarrangements dans le génome du chloroplaste. De plus nous proposons que la polymérase POLIB est impliquée dans la même voie de réparation que RECA1. Finalement nous proposons un modèle pour expliquer nos résultats et impliquons RECA1 dans un mécanisme de réparation d’ADN et aussi un rôle potentiel dans la réplication.