Uskon lyhyt oppimäärä : Suomen keskiaikaisten kivikirkkojen kalkkimaalausten välittämä raamattukuva

Tämä tutkielma on kokoava tutkimus Raamatusta nousevista kuva-aiheista, joita esiintyy 1400-luvun lopun ja 1510-luvun henkilömaalauksissa Suomen keskiaikaisissa kivikirkoissa. Aikaisempi Suomen keskiaikaista kirkkotaidetta koskeva tutkimus on ollut pääosin taidehistoriallista. Tutkielma pyrkii vastaamaan kysymykseen, millaisena Raamattu näyttäytyy suomalaisissa keskiaikaisissa kirkkomaalauksissa. Tutkimuskohteena ovat 1470–1490 –luvuilla Suomessa työskennelleen Taivassalon maalariryhmän maalaamat kirkot sekä 1500-luvun alussa maalatut kuvasarjat Länsi-Uudellamaalla, Hattulassa, Raumalla ja Pyhtäällä. Vanhasta testamentista peräisin olevia kuva-aiheita on vain 1510-luvulla tehdyissä maalaussarjoissa, joissa ne toimivat Kristukseen liittyvänä vertauskuvina ja hänen toimintansa selittäjinä. Vanhasta testamentista Suomen keskiaikaisten kirkkojen seinille on päässyt vanhan liiton keskeisiä henkilöitä, kuten Mooses, Daniel, Iisak ja Simson. Pelastushistoriaan kiinteästi liittyvät luominen ja syntiinlankeemus esiintyvät maalaussarjoissa kirkkosalin seinällä. Sen sijaan Kristuksen esikuvat löytyvät kirkkojen kattoholveista. Neitsyt Mariaan liittyvistä kuva-aiheista valtaosa on peräisin muualta kuin Raamatusta. Maalauksissa, jotka pohjaavat Raamattuun, Maria liittyy kiinteästi poikaansa Jeesukseen. Maria on yhdistetty Jeesuksen elämän loppuun ja alkuun; syntymäkertomuksiin ja kärsimykseen, kuolemaan ja ylösnousemukseen. Maria-aiheita esiintyy sekä Taivassalon ryhmän maalauksissa että 1500-luvun maalaussarjoissa. Jeesuksen elämä on havainnollistettu kalkkimaalauksissa yksityiskohtaisesti, etenkin Jeesuksen kärsimyshistorian osalta. Vain harvassa kirkossa Jeesus ei ole päässyt lainkaan osaksi maalauskokonaisuutta. Maalauksista välittyy kuva Jeesuksesta, joka etsii aikuisen ihmisen uskoa. Niin ikään maalausten Jeesus on pikemminkin ihmiskuntaa pelastamaan tullut taivaallinen Kristus kuin mies Jeesus Nasaretilainen. Viimeistä tuomiota esittävät maalauskokonaisuudet sekä evankelistasymbolit poikkeavat hyvin vähän eri kirkoissa. Molempien aiheiden kuvaamistavat olivat siinä määrin vakiintuneet, että erot kirkkojen välillä selittyvät käytetyillä mallikirjoilla ja maalareiden taidoilla. Viimeinen tuomio ja evankelista-symbolit kuuluvat suosituimpien kuva-aiheiden joukkoon. Jeesuksen opetuslapset on useassa kirkossa esitetty niin sanottuna credo-sarjana sekä osana kirkon pyhimysjoukkoa. Käsitellyn aineiston pohjalta nousee kuva Raamatusta, joka on lyhennetty ja tiivistetty. Keskiaikaisiin kuvaraamattuihin ja hartauskirjoihin verrattuna suomalaisissa kalkkimaalauksissa pitäydytään pitkälle olennaisessa kertomuksessa, eikä Jeesuksen elämää turhan tähden lähdetä selostamaan vaikeaselkoisin typologioin. Kuvakertomukset ovat ajan hengen mukaisesti vahvasti Kristus-keskeisiä. Kuitenkin kokonaisuutena Vanha testamentti pääsee maalauksissa paremmin esille kuin Uusi testamentti, josta huomio kiinnittyy lähes yksinomaan evankeliumeihin.

Stalinismin lyhyt kurssi : Suomalaiset Moskovan Lenin-koulussa 1926-1938

This study of the Finns at the International Lenin School (ILS) reflects history of the Soviet Union during Stalin's era, history of the Communist International (Comintern) as well as history of Finnish communism. The life span of the ILS (1926-1938) matches up with creating and establishing the power structures of Stalinism. Both the ILS and Finnish Communism in the USSR became casualties of the Great Terror (1937-1938). After the WW2, however, the Soviet education was appreciated inside the Communist Party of Finland (CPF). If Finland would have become People's Democracy, the former ILS students would have composed the inner circle of the new "democratic" government. The Finnish teachers of the ILS were leaders of the CPF that was headquartered in Moscow. At the ILS studied in total 141 Finnish communists. The purpose of the ILS was to educate the communist parties' leading stratum of functionaries. They were supposed to internalize current values, methods and discipline of the Bolsheviks. This study evaluates the effects of the total school experience on the Finns that often ended in another total institution in Finland: prison. The curricula of the ILS consisted of theory of Marxism-Leninism, party history, political economics and themes of campaigns of Stalinism. The ILS year included participation in Bolshevik party life and practical work. During summer excursions (praktikas) the students could acquaint themselves with building of socialism in the Soviet Republics. At the ILS, intention to ideological moulding was not hidden. The students were supposed to adopt the Stalinist identity of the professional revolutionaries of the era. The ILS was saturated with ideology and propaganda. This study analyzes especially uses of history as vehicle of ideological standardisation and as instrument of power. Stalin contributed personally to shortcomings of history writing of the communist party. Later he supervised writing of the inclusive handbook of communism, "History of the All-Union Communist Party. Short Course". Special attention will be paid to the effects of Stalin's intervention at the ILS and inside the CPF. The life of the Finns at the ILS and outside the school is described at grass roots. The dividing line between personal and political is analyzed by charting emotional, intimate and bodily experiences of the Finns of the ILS. The fates of the ILS Finns after the studying or teaching period in Moscow are explored in detail. The protagonist among the teachers is Yrjö Sirola that was called "father of the CPF cadres". The Finnish ILS teachers and the formed students that had remained in the USSR were most severely hit by the Great Terror. The Soviet education had most importance in Finland of post WW2 period. The training at the ILS, however, did not contribute to revolution in Finland. The main heading of the study, "A Short Course of Stalinism", crystallises interpretation of the ILS as seat of learning of ideological unity of Stalinism. On the other hand, the title includes a statement of incompleteness of the Stalinist education if the schooling at the ILS had remained in one year.

Übersetzen beim Lernen von Fremdsprachen : Übersetzungsaufgaben der Fremdsprache Deutsch im Lernmaterial und in der Abiturprüfung der finnischen gymnasialen Oberstufe

Pro gradu -tutkielmani käsittelee kääntämistä vieraan kielen opetuksessa nykyään sekä kääntämisen ja käännöstieteen mahdollisuuksia vieraan kielen opetuksen kehittämiseen. Aihe on mielenkiintoinen, sillä siitä ei juurikaan ole tutkimusta, sekä se on myös yhteiskunnallisesti merkittävä. Ennen kaikkea työn on tarkoitus toimia keskustelunavauksen tälle aihepiirille. Materiaalina on käytetty lukion saksan kielen oppimateriaaleja Weitere Wege (A1-kieli), Neue Adresse (B2-kieli) ja Kurz und gut (B3-kieli) sekä saksan ylioppilastutkintoja vuosilta 1998-2005 (sekä pitkä että lyhyt saksa), jotka yhdessä edustavat tämän hetkistä lukion saksan kielen opetusta. Koska lukion oppimateriaalit ja ylioppilastutkinnot eivät ainakaan päällisin puolin eroa eri vieraiden kielten välillä toisistaan, koskevat päätelmät kattavasti koko lukion vieraan kielten opetusta. Materiaalia ja vieraan kielten opetusta tutkitaan tässä työssä pääasiallisesti tehtävien kautta. Oppimateriaalin tehtävät on kategorisoitu yhdeksään tehtävätyyppiin, joista 'kääntäminen' on yksi. Muut tehtävätyypit ovat 'ääneenlukeminen ja ääntäminen', 'maantuntemus ja kulttuuri', 'luetunymmärätäminen', 'kuullunymmärtäminen', 'tekstintuottaminen', 'suulliset harjoitukset', 'sanasto' sekä 'kielioppi ja rakenne'. Ylioppilastutkinnoissa esiintyvät tehtävätyypit 'luetunymmärätäminen', 'kuullunymmärtäminen', 'tekstintuottaminen' sekä 'kielioppi ja rakenne', eikä käännöstehtäviä ole tutkituissa kokeissa lainkaan. Oppimateriaalin ja ylioppilastutkinnon tehtäviin liittyen esitetään kvantitatiivisia tuloksia sekä anlysoidaan niiden kautta vieraan kielen opetuksen nykytilaa. Pääasiallinen analyysi keskittyy käännöstehtävien kvalitatiiviseen tutkimiseen, joilloin voidaan todeta, että nämä tehtävät edustavat oikeastaan merkkien kääntämistä, eivät merkityksen kääntämistä. Nämä käännöstehtävät ovat sisällöiltään luetun ymmärtämisen, tekstintuottamisen, sanaston sekä kieliopin ja rakenteen tehtäviä, eikä niillä ole mitään tekemistä kääntämisen kanssa nykypäivän käännöstieteellisessä merkityksessä. Siten kääntäminen käännösmielessä voisi tarjota vieraan kielen opetukselle uuden oppimismetodin, jossa ennen kaikkea kulttuurien välisen viestinnän aspektit olisivat huomioitu. Kääntämiseen liittyvistä osataidoista, mm. tutkimis- ja analyysitaidoista, voisi olla etua kielten opetukselle tulevaisuudessa.

Canon and Beyond : Edvard Fazer and the Imperial Russian Ballet 1908 - 1910

The study explores the first appearances of Russian ballet dancers on the stages of northern Europe in 1908 1910, particularly the performances organized by a Finnish impresario, Edvard Fazer, in Helsinki, Stockholm, Copenhagen and Berlin. The company, which consisted of dancers from the Imperial Theatres of St. Petersburg, travelled under the name The Imperial Russian Ballet of St. Petersburg. The Imperial Russian Ballet gave more than seventy performances altogether during its tours of Finland, Sweden, Denmark and central Europe. The synchronic approach of the study covers the various cities as well as genres and thus stretches the rather rigid geographical and genre boundaries of dance historiography. The study also explores the role of the canon in dance history, revealing some of the diversity which underlies the standard canonical interpretation of early twentieth-century Russian ballet by bringing in source material from the archives of northern Europe. Issues like the central position of written documentation, the importance of geographical centres, the emphasis on novelty and reformers and the short and narrow scholarly tradition have affected the formation of the dance history canon in the west, often imposing limits on the historians and narrowing the scope of research. The analysis of the tours concentrates on four themes: virtuosity, character dancing, the idea of the expressive body, and the controversy over ballet and new dance. The debate concerning the old and new within ballet is also touched upon. These issues are discussed in connection with each city, but are stressed differently depending on the local art scene. In Copenhagen, the strong local canon based on August Bournonville s works influenced the Danish criticism of Russian ballet. In Helsinki, Stockholm and Berlin, the lack of a solid local canon made critics and audiences more open to new influences, and ballet was discussed in a much broader cultural context than that provided by the local ballet tradition. The contemporary interest in the more natural, expressive human body, emerging both in theatre and dance, was an international trend that also influenced the way ballet was discussed. Character dancing, now at low ebb, played a central role in the success of the Imperial Russian Ballet, not only because of its exoticism but also because it was considered to echo the kind of performing body represented by new dance forms. By exploring this genre and its dancers, the thesis brings to light artists who are less known in the current dance history canon, but who made considerable careers in their own time.

War and Revolution in St. Petersburg : Modernist Links in the Poetry of Edith Södergran and Anna Andreevna Akhmatova

Important modernists in their own countries, Anna Akhmatova and Edith Södergran are compared in this dissertation as poets whose poetry reflects the climactic events of the early twentieth century in Finland and Russia. A comparatist, biographical and historical approach is used to uncover the circumstances surrounding these events. First the poets’ early works are reviewed and their contemporaries are mentioned to provide a poetic context. Then a brief review of Finnish and Russian history situates them historically. Next, the rich literary diversity of St. Petersburg’s Silver Age is presented and the work of the poets is viewed in context before their poetry is compared, as the First World War, October Revolution and subsequent Finnish Civil War impact their writing. While biography is not the primary focus, it becomes important as inevitably the writers’ lives are changed by cataclysmic events and the textual analysis of the poems in Swedish, Russian and English shows the impact of war on their poetry. These two poets have not been compared before in a critical review in English and this work contributes to needed work in English. They share certain common modernist traits: attention to the word, an intimate, unconventional voice, and a concern with audience. In addition, they both reject formal traditions while they adopt new forms and use modern, outside influences such as art, architecture and philosophy as subject matter and a lens through which to focus their poetry. While it may seem that Anna Akhmatova was the most socially aware poet, because of the censorship she endured under Stalin, my research has revealed that actually Edith Södergran showed the most social consciousness. Thus, a contrast of the poets’ themes reveals these differences in their approaches. Both poets articulated a vibrant response to war and revolution becoming modernists in the process. In their final works created in the years before their deaths, they reveal the solace they found in nature as well as final mentions of the violent events of their youth. Keywords: St. Petersburg, Modernism, Symbolism, Acmeism, Silver Age, Finland-Swedish literature

Teaching in Higher Education : From Content-focused to Learning-focused Approaches to Teaching

The aim of this dissertation was to explore teaching in higher education from the teachers’ perspective. Two of the four studies analysed the effect of pedagogical training on approaches to teaching and on self-efficacy beliefs of teachers on teaching. Of these two studies, Study I analysed the effect of pedagogical training by applying a cross-sectional setting. The results showed that short training made teachers less student-centred and decreased their self-efficacy beliefs, as reported by the teachers themselves. However, more constant training enhanced the adoption of a student-centred approach to teaching and increased the self-efficacy beliefs of teachers as well. The teacher-focused approach to teaching was more resistant to change. Study II, on the other hand, applied a longitudinal setting. The results implied that among teachers who had not acquired more pedagogical training after Study II there were no changes in the student-focused approach scale between the measurements. However, teachers who had participated in further pedagogical training scored significantly higher on the scale measuring the student-focused approach to teaching. There were positive changes in the self-efficacy beliefs of teachers among teachers who had not participated in further training as well as among those who had. However, the analysis revealed that those teachers had the least teaching experience. Again, the teacher-focused approach was more resistant to change. Study III analysed approaches to teaching qualitatively by using a large and multidisciplinary sample in order to capture the variation in descriptions of teaching. Two broad categories of description were found: the learning-focused and the content-focused approach to teaching. The results implied that the purpose of teaching separates the two categories. In addition, the study aimed to identify different aspects of teaching in the higher-education context. Ten aspects of teaching were identified. While Study III explored teaching on a general level, Study IV analysed teaching on an individual level. The aim was to explore consonance and dissonance in the kinds of combinations of approaches to teaching university teachers adopt. The results showed that some teachers were clearly and systematically either learning- or content-focused. On the other hand, profiles of some teachers consisted of combinations of learning- and content-focused approaches or conceptions making their profiles dissonant. Three types of dissonance were identified. The four studies indicated that pedagogical training organised for university teachers is needed in order to enhance the development of their teaching. The results implied that the shift from content-focused or dissonant profiles towards consonant learning-focused profiles is a slow process and that teachers’ conceptions of teaching have to be addressed first in order to promote learning-focused teaching.

Hiljainen tieto henkilöstön valinnassa : tutkimus työhaastatteluiden arvioinnissa hyödynnettävän tiedon hiljaisesta ulottuvuudesta

This study examined the fundamental question of what really matters when selecting a new employee. The study focused on tacit knowledge used by personnel recruiters when interviewing employees. Knowledge was defined as the best view available, which helps one not to act haphazardly. Tacit knowledge was also defined as a positive concept, and it was seen as a part of personnel recruiters` improving proficiency. The research topic was chosen based on the observed increase in the amount of employment interviews and their importance in society. As recruiting is becoming a more distinct profession, it was reasonable to approach the topic from an educational point of view. The following research problems guided the examination of the phenomenon: 1) Where does the interviewer seek tacit knowledge from during the employment interview? 2) How is tacit knowledge achieved during the employment interview? 3) How does the interviewer defend the significance of the tacit knowledge gained as knowledge that has influence on the selection decision? The research data was collected by interviewing six personnel recruiters who conduct and evaluate employment interviews as part of their work responsibilities. The interview themes were linked to some recently made selection decision in each organization and the preceding employment interview with the selected candidate. In order to conceptualize tacit knowledge, reflective consideration of the interview event was used in the study. The lettered research data was analyzed inductively. As a result of the study, the objects of tacit knowledge in the context of an employment interview culminated into three areas: the applicant s verbal communication, the applicant s non-verbal communication and the interaction between interview participants. Observations directed toward those objects were shown to be intentional and three schemes were found behind them: experiences from previous interviews, applicant s application papers and the aptitude for the work responsibilities. The question of gaining knowledge was answered with the concept of procedural knowledge. Personnel recruiters were found to have four different, but interconnected ways to encounter knowledge during an employment interview: understanding, evaluative, revealing, and approving knowing. In order to explain the importance given to tacit knowledge, it was examined in connection with the most prevalent practices in the personnel selection industry. The significance of knowledge as the kind of knowledge that has an impact on the decision was supported by references to collective opinion (other people agree with it), circumstance (interview s short duration), or using some instrument (structured interview). The study revealed new aspects of employment selection process through examining tacit knowledge. The characteristics of the inductive analysis of the research data may also be utilized, when applicable, in tacit knowledge research within other contexts.

Milk casein-derived tripeptides : A special focus on blood pressure and vascular function

Increased consumption of low-fat milk products is inversely associated with the risk of hypertension. The beneficial effect of milk on blood pressure is attributed to high calcium and potassium content but also to specific peptide sequences, which are cleaved from milk protein during gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation of milk with proteolytic starter cultures or enzymatic hydrolysis. Milk products fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus contain casein-derived tripeptides isoleucine-proline-proline (Ile-Pro-Pro) and valine-proline-proline (Val-Pro-Pro), which have been shown to possess antihypertensive effects in humans and in experimental animals. The aim of the present series of studies was to investigate the effects of tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro or fermented milk products containing them on vascular function and blood pressure and to elucidate the mechanisms behind them by using different experimental models of hypertension. Another aim was to characterize the acute effects of tripeptides on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in mildly hypertensive humans. Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro or fermented milk products containing them attenuated the development of hypertension in two experimental models of hypertension, spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat fed with high-salt diet. Significant differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) were seen after 8 weeks treatment with tripeptide-containing products compared to control product. Plant sterols did not enhance this effect. Two differently produced tripeptide powders produced a similar attenuating effect on SBP in SHR. In mildly hypertensive subjects, a single administration of tripeptide- and plant sterol-containing fermented milk product decreased both SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) over a period of 8 hours. Protective effect of tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro and fermented milk products containing them on vascular function was demonstrated in in vitro studies and long-term experimental studies. The effect was shown to be endothelium-dependent and possibly involving endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). In the clinical study, single administration of tripeptide-containing fermented milk product did not affect measures of arterial stiffness. Long-term treatment with fermented milk product containing Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro inhibited angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and decreased aldosterone levels thus showing beneficial effects on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in SHR and GK. No changes in the components of RAS were observed by the single administration of the same product in mildly hypertensive subjects. Increased levels of cGMP, NOx and citrulline suggest increased nitric oxide (NO) production by the tripeptides. Taken together, Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro -containing products attenuate the development of hypertension after long-term treatment in experimental models of hypertension and possess an acute antihypertensive effect in mildly hypertensive subjects. In addition, these tripeptides show endothelium-mediated beneficial effects on vascular function. Attenuation of blood pressure increase by the tripeptides in experimental animals involves RAS, but its role in the antihypertensive effect in humans remains to be elucidated.

Cervical headgear in Class II division 1 correction in children : Academic Dissertation

Class II division 1 malocclusion occurs in 3.5 to 13 percent of 7 12 year-old children. It is the most common reason for orthodontic treatment in Finland. Correction is most commonly performed using headgear treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cervical headgear treatment on dentition, facial skeletal and soft tissue growth, and upper airway structure, in children. 65 schoolchildren, 36 boys and 29 girls were studied. At the onset of treatment a mean age was 9.3 (range 6.6 12.4) years. All the children were consequently referred to an orthodontist because of Class II division 1 malocclusion. The included children had protrusive maxilla and an overjet of more than 2mm (3 to 11 mm). The children were treated with a Kloehn-type cervical headgear as the only appliance until Class I first molar relationships were achieved. The essential features of the headgear were cervical strong pulling forces, a long upward bent outer bow, and an expanded inner bow. Dental casts and lateral and posteroanterior cephalograms were taken before and after the treatment. The results were compared to a historical, cross-sectional Finnish cohort or to historical, age- and sex-matched normal Class I controls. The Class I first molar relationships were achieved in all the treated children. The mean treatment time was 1.7 (range 0.3-3.1) years. Phase 2 treatments were needed in 52% of the children, most often because of excess overjet or overbite. The treatment decreased maxillary protrusion by inhibiting alveolar forward growth, while the rest of the maxilla and mandible followed normal growth. The palate rotated anteriorly downward. The expansion of the inner bow of the headgear induced widening of the maxilla, nasal cavity, and the upper and lower dental arches. Class II malocclusion was associated with narrower oro- and hypopharyngeal space than in the Class I normal controls. The treatment increased the retropalatal airway space, while the rest of the airway remained unaffected. The facial profile improved esthetically, while the facial convexity decreased. Facial soft tissues masked the facial skeletal convexity, and the soft tissue changes were smaller than skeletal changes. In conclusion, the headgear treatment with the expanded inner bow may be used as an easy and simple method for Class II correction in growing children.

Technical efficiency of blood component preparation in blood centres of 10 European countries

Various reasons, such as ethical issues in maintaining blood resources, growing costs, and strict requirements for safe blood, have increased the pressure for efficient use of resources in blood banking. The competence of blood establishments can be characterized by their ability to predict the volume of blood collection to be able to provide cellular blood components in a timely manner as dictated by hospital demand. The stochastically varying clinical need for platelets (PLTs) sets a specific challenge for balancing supply with requests. Labour has been proven a primary cost-driver and should be managed efficiently. International comparisons of blood banking could recognize inefficiencies and allow reallocation of resources. Seventeen blood centres from 10 countries in continental Europe, Great Britain, and Scandinavia participated in this study. The centres were national institutes (5), parts of the local Red Cross organisation (5), or integrated into university hospitals (7). This study focused on the departments of blood component preparation of the centres. The data were obtained retrospectively by computerized questionnaires completed via Internet for the years 2000-2002. The data were used in four original articles (numbered I through IV) that form the basis of this thesis. Non-parametric data envelopment analysis (DEA, II-IV) was applied to evaluate and compare the relative efficiency of blood component preparation. Several models were created using different input and output combinations. The focus of comparisons was on the technical efficiency (II-III) and the labour efficiency (I, IV). An empirical cost model was tested to evaluate the cost efficiency (IV). Purchasing power parities (PPP, IV) were used to adjust the costs of the working hours and to make the costs comparable among countries. The total annual number of whole blood (WB) collections varied from 8,880 to 290,352 in the centres (I). Significant variation was also observed in the annual volume of produced red blood cells (RBCs) and PLTs. The annual number of PLTs produced by any method varied from 2,788 to 104,622 units. In 2002, 73% of all PLTs were produced by the buffy coat (BC) method, 23% by aphaeresis and 4% by the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) method. The annual discard rate of PLTs varied from 3.9% to 31%. The mean discard rate (13%) remained in the same range throughout the study period and demonstrated similar levels and variation in 2003-2004 according to a specific follow-up question (14%, range 3.8%-24%). The annual PLT discard rates were, to some extent, associated with production volumes. The mean RBC discard rate was 4.5% (range 0.2%-7.7%). Technical efficiency showed marked variation (median 60%, range 41%-100%) among the centres (II). Compared to the efficient departments, the inefficient departments used excess labour resources (and probably) production equipment to produce RBCs and PLTs. Technical efficiency tended to be higher when the (theoretical) proportion of lost WB collections (total RBC+PLT loss) from all collections was low (III). The labour efficiency varied remarkably, from 25% to 100% (median 47%) when working hours were the only input (IV). Using the estimated total costs as the input (cost efficiency) revealed an even greater variation (13%-100%) and overall lower efficiency level compared to labour only as the input. In cost efficiency only, the savings potential (observed inefficiency) was more than 50% in 10 departments, whereas labour and cost savings potentials were both more than 50% in six departments. The association between department size and efficiency (scale efficiency) could not be verified statistically in the small sample. In conclusion, international evaluation of the technical efficiency in component preparation departments revealed remarkable variation. A suboptimal combination of manpower and production output levels was the major cause of inefficiency, and the efficiency did not directly relate to production volume. Evaluation of the reasons for discarding components may offer a novel approach to study efficiency. DEA was proven applicable in analyses including various factors as inputs and outputs. This study suggests that analytical models can be developed to serve as indicators of technical efficiency and promote improvements in the management of limited resources. The work also demonstrates the importance of integrating efficiency analysis into international comparisons of blood banking.

The molecular basis of Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome

Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome (MSS) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia due to cerebellar cortical atrophy, infantile- or childhood-onset bilateral cataracts, progressive myopathy, and mild to severe mental retardation. Additional features include hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, various skeletal abnormalities, short stature, and strabismus. The neuroradiologic hallmarks are hypoplasia of both the vermis and cerebellar hemispheres. The histopathologic findings include severe cerebellar atrophy and loss of Purkinje and granule cells. The common pathologic findings in muscle biopsy are variation in muscle fiber size, atrophic fibers, fatty replacement, and rimmed vacuole formation. The presence of marked cerebellar atrophy with myopathy distinguishes MSS from another rare syndrome, the congenital cataracts, facial dysmorphism, and neuropathy syndrome (CCFDN). Previously, work by others had resulted in the identification of an MSS locus on chromosome 5q31. A subtype of MSS with myoglobinuria and neuropathy had been linked to the CCFDN locus on chromosome 18qter, at which mutations in the CTDP1 gene had been identified. We confirmed linkage to the previously identified locus on chromosome 5q31 in two Finnish families with eight affected individuals, reduced the critical region by fine-mapping, and identified SIL1 as a gene underlying MSS. We found a common homozygous founder mutation in all Finnish patients. The same mutation was also present in patient samples from Norway and Sweden. Altogether, we identified eight mutations in SIL1, including nonsense, frameshift, splice site alterations, and one missense mutation. SIL1 encodes a nucleotide exchange factor for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident heat-shock protein 70 chaperone GRP78. GRP78 functions in protein synthesis and quality control of the newly synthesized polypeptides. It senses and responds to stressful cellular conditions. We showed that in mice, SIL1 and GRP78 show highly similar spatial and temporal tissue expression in developing and mature brain, eye, and muscle. Studying endogenous proteins in mouse primary hippocampal neurons, we found that SIL1 and GRP78 colocalize and that SIL1 localizes to the ER. We studied the subcellular localization of two mutant proteins, a missense mutant found in two patients and an artificial mutant lacking the ER retrieval signal, and found that both mutant proteins formed aggregates within the ER. Well in line with our findings and the clinical features of MSS, recent work by Zhao et al. showed that a truncation of SIL1 causes ataxia and cerebellar Purkinje cell loss in the naturally occurring woozy mutant mouse. Prior to Purkinje cell degeneration, the unfolded protein response is initiated and abnormal protein accumulations are present. MSS thus joins the group of protein misfolding and accumulation diseases. These findings highlight the importance of SIL1 and the role of the ER in neuronal function and survival. The results presented in this thesis provide tools for the molecular genetic diagnostics of MSS and give a basis for future studies on the molecular pathogenesis of MSS. Understanding the mechanisms behind this pleiotropic syndrome may provide insights into more common forms of ataxia, myopathy, and neurodegeneration.

Regulation of strawberry growth and development

Strawberries (Fragaria sp.) are adapted to diverse environmental conditions from the tropics to about 70ºN, so different responses to environmental conditions can be found. Most genotypes of garden strawberry (F. x ananassa Duch.) and woodland strawberry (F. vesca L.) are short-day (SD) plants that are induced to flowering by photoperiods under a critical limit, but also various photoperiod x temperature interactions can be found. In addition, continuously flowering everbearing (EB) genotypes are found. In addition to flowering, axillary bud differentiation in strawberry is regulated by photoperiod. In SD conditions, axillary buds differentiate to rosette-like structures called "branch crowns", whereas in long-day conditions (LD) they form runners, branches with 2 long internodes followed by a daughter plant (leaf rosette). The number of crown branches determines the yield of the plant, since inflorescences are formed from the apical meristems of the crown. Although axillary bud differentiation is an important developmental process in strawberries, its environmental and hormonal regulation has not been characterized in detail. Moreover, the genetic mechanisms underlying axillary bud differentiation and regulation of flowering time in these species are almost completely unresolved. These topics have been studied in this thesis in order to enhance strawberry research, cultivation and breeding. The results showed that 8-12 SD cycles suppressed runner initiation from the axillary buds of the garden strawberry cv. Korona with the concomitant induction of crown branching, and 3 weeks of SD was sufficient for the induction of flowering in the main crown. Furthermore, a second SD treatment given a few weeks after the first SD period can be used to induce flowering in the primary branch crowns and to induce the formation of secondary branches. Thus, artificial SD treatments effectively stimulate crown branching, providing one means for the increase of cropping (yield) potential in strawberry. It was also shown by growth regulation applications, quantitave hormone analysis and gene expression analysis that gibberellin (GA) is one of the key signals involved in the photoperiod control of shoot differentiation. The results indicate that photoperiod controls GA activity specifically in axillary buds, thereby determining bud fate. It was further shown that chemical control of GA biosynthesis by prohexadione-calcium can be utilized to prevent excessive runner formation and induce crown branching in strawberry fields. Moreover, ProCa increased berry yield up to 50%, showing that it is an easier and more applicable alternative to artificial SD treatments for controlling strawberry crown development and yield. Finally, flowering gene pathways in Fragaria were explored by searching for homologs of 118 Arabidopsis thaliana flowering-time genes. In total, 66 gene homologs were identified, and they distributed to all known flowering pathways, suggesting the presence of these pathways also in strawberry. Expression analysis of selected genes revealed that the mRNA of putative floral identity gene APETALA1 accumulated in the shoot apex of the EB genotype after the induction of flowering, whereas it was absent in vegetative SD genotype, indicating the usefulness of this gene product as the marker of floral initiation. The present data enables the further exploration of strawberry flowering pathways with genetic transformation, gene mapping and transcriptomics methods.

Winter feeding strategies for suckler cows in cold climatic conditions

In Finland, suckler cow production is carried out in circumstances characterized by a long winter period and a short grazing period. The traditional winter housing system for suckler cows has been insulated or uninsulated buildings, but there is a demand for developing less expensive housing systems. In addition, more information is needed on new winter feeding strategies, carried out in inexpensive winter facilities with conventional (hay, grass silage, straw) or alternative (treated straw, industrial by-product, whole-crop silage) feeds. The new feeding techniques should not have any detrimental effects on animal welfare in order to be acceptable to both farmers and consumers. Furthermore, no official feeding recommendations for suckler cows are available in Finland and, thus, recommendations for dairy cows have been used. However, this may lead to over- or underfeeding of suckler cows and, finally, to decreased economic output. In Experiment I, second-calf beef-dairy suckler cows were used to compare the effects of diets based on hay (H) or urea-treated straw (US) at two feeding levels (Moderate; M vs. Low; L) on the performance of cows and calves. Live weight (LW) gain during the indoor feeding was lower for cows on level L than on level M. Cows on diet US lost more LW indoors than those on diet H. The cows replenished the LW losses on good pasture. Calf LW gain and cow milk production were unaffected by the treatments. Conception rate was unaffected by the treatments but was only 69%. Urea-treated straw proved to be a suitable winter feed for spring-calving suckler cows. Experiment II studied the effects of feeding accuracy on the performance of first- and second-calf beef-dairy cows and calves. In II-1, the day-to-day variation in the roughage offered ranged up to ± 40%. In II-2, the same variation was used in two-week periods. Variation of the roughages offered had minor effects on cow performance. Reproduction was unaffected by the feeding accuracy. Accurate feeding is not necessary for young beef-dairy crosses, if the total amount of energy offered over a period of a few weeks fulfills the energy requirements. Effects of feeding strategies with alternative feeds on the performance of mature beef-dairy and beef cows and calves were evaluated in Experiment III. Two studies consisted of two feeding strategies (Step-up vs. Flat-rate) and two diets (Control vs. Alternative). There were no differences between treatments in the cow LW, body condition score (BCS), calf pre-weaning LW gain and cow reproduction. A flat-rate strategy can be practised in the nutrition of mature suckler cows. Oat hull based flour-mill by product can partly replace grass silage and straw in the winter diet. Whole-crop barley silage can be offered as a sole feed to suckler cows. Experiment IV evaluated during the winter feeding period the effects of replacing grass silage with whole-crop barley or oat silage on mature beef cow and calf performance. Both whole-crop silages were suitable winter feeds for suckler cows in cold outdoor winter conditions. Experiment V aimed at assessing the effects of daily feeding vs. feeding every third day on the performance of mature beef cows and calves. No differences between the treatments were observed in cow LW, BCS, milk production and calf LW. The serum concentrations of urea and long-chain fatty acids were increased on the third day after feeding in the cows fed every third day. Despite of that the feeding every third day is an acceptable feeding strategy for mature suckler cows. Experiment VI studied the effects of feeding levels and long-term cold climatic conditions on mature beef cows and calves. The cows were overwintered in outdoor facilities or in an uninsulated indoor facility. Whole-crop barley silage was offered either ad libitum or restricted. All the facilities offered adequate shelter for the cows. The restricted offering of whole-crop barley silage provided enough energy for the cows. The Finnish energy recommendations for dairy cows were too high for mature beef breed suckler cows in good body condition at housing, even in cold conditions. Therefore, there is need to determine feeding recommendations for suckler cows in Finland. The results showed that the required amount of energy can be offered to the cows using conventional or alternative feeds provided at a lower feeding level, with an inaccurate feeding, flat-rate feeding or feeding every third day strategy. The cows must have an opportunity to replenish the LW and BCS losses at pasture before the next winter. Production in cold conditions can be practised in inexpensive facilities when shelter against rain and wind, a dry resting place, adequate amounts of feed suitable for cold conditions and water are provided for the animals as was done in the present study.

Nurmisäilörehun valkuaisen metaboliareittien mallintaminen lypsylehmän pötsissä dynaamisen mallin avulla

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli määrittää ammoniumtypen, säilörehun liukoisen ja säilörehun liukenemattoman valkuaisen metaboloitumista pötsissä sekä kuvata ammmoniumtypen sekä säilörehun liukoisen ja liukenemattoman fraktion virtauskinetiikkaa alempaan ruoansulatuskanavaan. Koska typen metaboliaa märehtijän elimistössä on tutkittu paljon ja siitä on vakiintuneita käsityksiä, tässä tutkimuksessa keskityttiin metaboliareittien suuruuden arviointiin sekä typen virtausnopeuden estimointiin WinSAAM -ohjelmistolla rakennetun dynaamisen mallin avulla. Koe suoritettiin ajanjaksolla 2.3.-26.4.2002 Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskuksessa (MTT) Jokioisilla, kotieläintuotannon tutkimusosaston koe-eläintallilla. Koemallina oli 4 x 4 latinalainen neliö, jossa oli neljä eläintä, neljä jaksoa ja neljä koekäsittelyä. Koe-eläiminä olivat neljä usean kerran poikinutta ayrshire-lypsylehmää. Lehmien poikimisesta oli kulunut keskimäärin 68 pv. (± 27 pv). Lehmät saivat 10 kg/pv väkirehuseosta ja hapolla (AIV 2000, 5,4 l/tn) säilöttyä esikuivattua säilörehua vapaasti siten, että jätettä jäi 5-10 %. Typellisten yhdisteiden metaboliareittejä mallinnettaessa havaintoaineistona käytettiin pötsin ammoniumtypen, bakteeritypen, alkueläintypen, liukenemattoman typen ja valkuaisen C-fraktion 15N-rikastumisen perusteella laskettua taustarikastumisen ylittävää poolikokoa. Havaintoaineiston perusteella rakennettiin ammoniumtypen (Malli 1), säilörehun liukoisen ei-ammoniumtypen (SNAN) (Malli 2) ja säilörehun liukenemattoman typen (Malli 3) metaboliareittejä kuvaavat mallit. Malli 1 estimoi ammoniumtypen imeytymisen, ulosvirtauksen ja synteesin bakteeritypeksi erinomaisesti. Alkueläintypen metabolian parametriarvoissa oli enemmän hajontaa kuin ammoniumtypen tai bakteeritypen metabolian parametriarvoissa. Mallin 1 mukaan 38 % ammoniumtypestä imeytyi suoraan pötsin seinämän läpi, 35 % syntetisoitui bakteeritypeksi ja 9 % alkueläintypeksi. Loppuosa (18 %) ammoniumtypestä virtasi nestefaasin mukana satakertaan. Malli 2 estimoi säilörehun SNAN:n metaboitumisen ammonium- ja bakteeritypeksi erinomaisesti. Myös ammoniumtypen metabolia ja bakteeritypen ulosvirtauksen estimointi onnistui erinomaisesti. Malli 2 ei antanut kovin luotettavaa estimaattia alkueläintypen metaboliasta. Mallin 2 mukaan 29 % säilörehun SNAN:stä imeytyi ammoniumtyppenä pötsin seinämän läpi, 10 % virtasi ulos pötsistä ammoniumtypen muodossa, 42 % syntetisoitui bakteeritypeksi ja 7 % alkueläintypeksi. Lisäksi 13 % SNAN:stä ohitti pötsin hajoamatta. Malli 3 estimoi typen metaboliareiteille erittäin tarkat parametriarvot. Tässä mallissa myös alkueläinten metabolialle saatiin luotettavat parametriarvot. Mallin 3 mukaan 57 % säilörehun liukenemattomasta typestä ohitti pötsin hajoamatta, 24 % syntetisoitui bakteeritypeksi ja 18 % alkueläintypeksi. Nurmisäilörehuun perustuvalla dieetillä hyvin suuri osuus satakertaan virtaavasta mikrobivalkuaisesta on peräisin ei-ammoniumtyppi -lähteistä, eli liukenemattomasta rehuvalkuaisesta, aminohapoista ja peptideistä. Koska lyhyt- ja pitkäketjuisten peptidien osuus SNAN fraktiosta on suuri ja koska jopa 13 % säilörehun SNAN fraktiosta voi ohittaa pötsin hajoamatta, on liukoisten typpifraktioiden ja varsinkin peptidien rooli pötsin typpimetaboliassa hyvin merkittävä.

Nutrition and bone metabolism : In vivo effects of inorganic phosphate on rats and in vitro effects of bioactive tripeptides on human osteoblasts

Nutrition affects bone health throughout life. To optimize peak bone mass development and maintenance, it is important to pay attention to the dietary factors that enhance and impair bone metabolism. In this study, the in vivo effects of inorganic dietary phosphate and the in vitro effects of bioactive tripeptides, IPP, VPP and LKP were investigated. Dietary phosphate intake is increased through the use of convenience foods and soft drinks rich in phosphate-containing food additives. Our results show that increased dietary phosphate intake hinders mineral deposition in cortical bone and diminishes bone mineral density (BMD) in the aged skeleton in a rodent model (Study I). In the growing skeleton (Study II), increased phosphate intake was observed to reduce bone material and structural properties, leading to diminished bone strength. Studies I and II revealed that a low Ca:P ratio has negative effects on the mature and growing rat skeleton even when calcium intake is sufficient. High dietary protein intake is beneficial for bone health. Protein is essential for bone turnover and matrix formation. In addition, hydrolysis of proteins in the gastrointestinal tract produces short peptides that possess a biological function beyond that of being tissue building blocks. The effects of three bioactive tripeptides, IPP, VPP and LKP, were assessed in short- and long-term in vitro experiments. Short-term treatment (24 h) with tripeptide IPP, VPP or LKP influenced osteoblast gene expression (Study III). IPP in particular, regulates genes associated with cell differentiation, cell growth and cell signal transduction. The upregulation of these genes indicates that IPP enhances osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Long-term treatment with IPP enhanced osteoblast gene expression in favour of bone formation and increased mineralization (Study IV). The in vivo effects of IPP on osteoblast differentiation might differ since eating frequency drives food consumption, and protein degradation products, such as bioactive peptides, are available periodically, not continuously as in this study. To sum up, Studies I and II raise concern about the appropriate amount of dietary phosphate to support bone health as excess is harmful. Studies III and IV in turn, support findings of the beneficial effects of dietary protein on bone and provide a mechanistic explanation since cell proliferation and osteoblast function were improved by treatment with bioactive tripeptide IPP.