Effect on renal function of tenofovir co-administered with either efavirenz or boosted lopinavir or boosted atazanavir: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study

Reduced re'nal function has been reported with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). It is not clear whether TDF co-administered with a boosted protease inhibitor (PI) leads to a greater decline in renal function than TDF co-administered with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).Methods: We selected ail antiretroviral therapy-naive patients in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) with calibrated or corrected serum creatinine measurements starting antiretroviral therapy with TDF and either efavirenz (EFV) or the ritonavir-boosted PIs, lopinavir (LPV/r) or atazanavir (ATV/r). As a measure of renal function, we used the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We calculated the difference in eGFR over time between two therapies using a marginal model for repeated measures. In weighted analyses, observations were weighted by the product of their point of treatment and censoring weights to adjust for differences both in the sort of patients starting each therapy and in the sort of patients remaining on each therapy over time.Results: By March 2011, 940 patients with at least one creatinine measurement on a first therapy with either TDF and EFV (n=484), TDF and LPVlr (n=269) or TDF and ATV/r (n=187) had been followed for a median of 1. 7, 1.2 and 1.3 years, respectively. Table 1 shows the difference in average estimated GFR (eGFR) over time since starting cART for two marginal models. The first model was not adjusted for potential confounders; the second mode! used weights to adjust for confounders. The results suggest a greater decline in renal function during the first 6 months if TDF is used with a PI rather than with an NNRTI, but no further difference between these therapies after the first 6 months. TDF and ATV/r may lead to a greater decline in the first 6 months than TDF and LPVlr.Conclusions: TDF co-administered with a boosted PI leads to a greater de cline in renal function over the first 6 months of therapy than TDF co-administered with an NNRTI; this decline may be worse with ATV/r than with LPV/r.

Lipid and lipoprotein profile in HIV-infected patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir as a component of the first combination antiretroviral therapy

We characterized lipid and lipoprotein changes associated with a lopinavir/ritonavir-containing regimen. We enrolled previously antiretroviral-naive patients participating in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Fasting blood samples (baseline) were retrieved retrospectively from stored frozen plasma and posttreatment (follow-up) samples were collected prospectively at two separate visits. Lipids and lipoproteins were analyzed at a single reference laboratory. Sixty-five patients had two posttreatment lipid profile measurements and nine had only one. Most of the measured lipids and lipoprotein plasma concentrations increased on lopinavir/ritonavir-based treatment. The percentage of patients with hypertriglyceridemia (TG >150?mg/dl) increased from 28/74 (38%) at baseline to 37/65 (57%) at the second follow-up. We did not find any correlation between lopinavir plasma levels and the concentration of triglycerides. There was weak evidence of an increase in small dense LDL-apoB during the first year of treatment but not beyond 1 year (odds ratio 4.5, 90% CI 0.7 to 29 and 0.9, 90% CI 0.5 to 1.5, respectively). However, 69% of our patients still had undetectable small dense LDL-apoB levels while on treatment. LDL-cholesterol increased by a mean of 17?mg/dl (90% CI -3 to 37) during the first year of treatment, but mean values remained below the cut-off for therapeutic intervention. Despite an increase in the majority of measured lipids and lipoproteins particularly in the first year after initiation, we could not detect an obvious increase of cardiovascular risk resulting from the observed lipid changes.

ADME pharmacogenetics: investigation of the pharmacokinetics of the antiretroviral agent lopinavir coformulated with ritonavir

An ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion)-pharmacogenetics association study may identify functional variants relevant to the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir co-formulated with ritonavir (LPV/r), a first-line anti-HIV agent.

Renal function in patients with HIV starting therapy with tenofovir and either efavirenz, lopinavir or atazanavir

Tenofovir is associated with reduced renal function, but it is not clear whether there is a greater decline in renal function when tenofovir is co-administered with a boosted protease inhibitor rather than with a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).

Virological and immunological responses to efavirenz or boosted lopinavir as first-line therapy for patients with HIV

BACKGROUND: Efavirenz and lopinavir boosted with ritonavir are both recommended as first-line therapies for patients with HIV when combined with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. It is uncertain which therapy is more effective for patients starting therapy with an advanced infection. METHODS: We estimated the relative effect of these two therapies on rates of virological and immunological failure within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and considered whether estimates depended on the CD4(+) T-cell count when starting therapy. We defined virological failure as either an incomplete virological response or viral rebound after viral suppression and immunological failure as failure to achieve an expected CD4(+) T-cell increase calculated from EuroSIDA statistics. RESULTS: Patients starting efavirenz (n=660) and lopinavir (n=541) were followed for a median of 4.5 and 3.1 years, respectively. Virological failure was less likely for patients on efavirenz, with the adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.63 (0.50-0.78) then multiplied by a factor of 1.00 (0.90-1.12) for each 100 cells/mm(3) decrease in CD4(+) T-cell count below the mean when starting therapy. Immunological failure was also less likely for patients on efavirenz, with the adjusted hazard ratio of 0.68 (0.51-0.91) then multiplied by a factor of 1.29 (1.14-1.46) for each 100 cells/mm(3) decrease in CD4(+) T-cell count below the mean when starting therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Virological failure is less likely with efavirenz regardless of the CD4(+) T-cell count when starting therapy. Immunological failure is also less likely with efavirenz; however, this advantage disappears if patients start therapy with a low CD4(+) T-cell count.

Opções de utilização sequencial de anti-retrovíricos em doentes com falência terapêutica em Angola

A infecção pelo VIH/SIDA constitui um dos principais problemas de saúde no Mundo e em África. A África Sub-sahariana detém actualmente 67% das infecções a nível global. Angola, localizada na sub-região central de África (OMS) tem uma prevalência actual média estimada em 2.4%, estando rodeada a Sul e Leste por países de prevalências mais elevadas. Em Angola, predomina o VIH-1. Os dados publicados sobre a epidemiologia molecular do VIH em Angola mostram uma grande diversidade de subtipos e formas recombinantes circulantes (CRF), recombinantes circulantes únicas (URF) e amostras não tipificadas. A motivação para o estudo presente foi o conhecimento ainda limitado sobre a infeção por VIH em Angola, desde a epidemiologia molecular às características clínicas, imunológicas, virológicas, resposta à terapêutica anti-retrovírica combinada (TARVc) e perfil de resistência do VIH à TARVc. Foi estudado um coorte de 300 doentes adultos, com infecção por VIH, de 15 de Junho de 2006 a 15 de Junho de 2010. Predomina o género feminino, 65% (194/300) e o grupo etário dos 25 aos 39 anos, 62% (186/300). A mediana de idades é 33 anos, residem em Luanda 98% (295/300), 94% são angolanos, sendo os estrangeiros de S. Tomé e RDC. A Classificação CDC de 1993 na linha de base mostrou um predomínio de doentes da categoria clínica C, 53% (160/300), com uma ou duas doenças definidoras; 34% (101/300) dos doentes eram da Categoria C3 do CDC e 49% (147/300) tinham linfócitos T CD4+ abaixo das 200 cel/l. A doença definidora mais frequente foi a Tuberculose, em 39% dos doentes (117/300). A mediana de linfócitos T CD4+ na linha de base foi de 195 cel/μl [1-1076]. Apenas 12,2% dos doentes (37/302) tinha T CD4+ de base superior a 500 células/l. Determinou-se a carga vírica na linha de base, em 213 dos doentes (71%), verificando-se que 46% destes doentes (97/213) tinham cargas virícas superiores a 100.000 cp/ml, 32% (69/213) entre 10001 e 100000, 21% (45/213) entre 400 e 10000, 0,9% (2/213) abaixo de 400 cp/ml. Iniciaram terapêutica anti-retrovírica no período de estudo 206 doentes (69%) com esquemas terapêuticos baseados em NNRTI, sendo 131 (64%) medicados com a associação d4t+3TC+ NVP. Ao fim de 4 anos, em Junho de 2010, havia 126 doentes monitorizados com contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e CV, estando 62% dos doentes com CV indetectável (79/126). Os doentes em falência virológica corresponderam a 16% (20/126), 9% (11/126) tinham resultados discordantes (boa resposta imunológica mas carga viral detectável) e 13% (16/126) foram inconclusivos. Foi mudada a terapêutica para esquema de 2ª linha em 5 doentes, 4 dos 5 doentes com critérios de falência virológica e 1 sem critérios de falência virológica, por toxicidade ao EFV. Os doentes com critérios de falência imunológica ou virológica segundo a OMS e os doentes com dados inconclusivos foram seleccionados para testes genotípicos de resistência aos anti-retrovíricos (TR). Foram realizados TR e subtipagem em 37 doentes. Nos doentes que realizaram TR sob TARVc, as mutações de resistência mais frequentemente encontradas foram a M184V, em 16 doentes, a K103N em 12 doentes e a Y181C em 7 doentes. O subtipo C, foi o subtipo predominante em 30% (11/37) dos casos. Para avaliar a adesão à TARVc, foram estudados 63 doentes, faltosos a consultas ou demonstrado sinais de falência clínica, imunológica ou virológica. O método realizado foi o auto-relato por entrevista. Verificou-se uma adesão à TARVc de 100% em 33% (21/63), adesão entre 100% e 90% em 7% (4/63), de 50 a 90% em 7% (4/63) e inferior a 50% em 54% (34/63). Como factores de não-adesão, predominavam a mobilidade no emprego Opções de utilização sequencial de anti-retrovíricos em doentes com falência terapêutica em Angola X e factores familiares e sociais, apontados como razão para a falta às consultas que davam acesso aos medicamentos ARV. Fazendo corresponder os resultados dos testes de resistência realizados à adesão de todos os doentes entrevistados, verifica-se que o grupo de 34 doentes com menos de 50% de adesão, 19 realizaram TR e desses, 13 mostraram mutações de resistência, sendo 10 resistentes a 2 classes de ARV, NITR e NNITR, 2 a NNITR e 1 a NITR. Os restantes 6 doentes deste grupo eram aparentemente susceptíveis às 3 classes de ARV. Actualmente, estão em seguimento 58% dos doentes (176/300), 26 % (77/300) perderam-se no seguimento e 16% (47/300) faleceram. O estudo realizado salienta a fase tardia da chegada aos cuidados médicos; mostra a tuberculose como doença indicadora mais frequente e mostra que a maioria dos doentes foi medicada com D4T+3TC+NVP. Os critérios de sucesso terapêutico descem ao longo do estudo de 71% para 62%. Indica a necessidade de acções urgentes para acesso mais precoce aos cuidados de saúde e intervenção social para ultrapassar as limitações à adesão à TARVc e tornar esta mais eficaz. As opções de segunda linha já disponíveis são muito reduzidas (tenofovir, lopinavir potenciado com ritonavir e saquinavir), havendo necessidade de continuar estes estudos para uma avaliação mais profunda da eficácia destas terapêuticas.

Étude de la résistance des sous-types non-B du VIH-1 aux antirétroviraux au Mali

Nous avons effectué ce travail afin d’évaluer l’impact d’une utilisation accrue des antirétroviraux (ARV) sur l’émergence de la résistance dans le cadre d’une cohorte de sujets infectés par le VIH-1, enrôlés au Mali pour recevoir la thérapie antirétrovirale. La première partie de ce travail a évalué la résistance primaire auprès de 101 sujets naïfs aux ARV. Cette étude a démontré que la majorité des sujets (71,3%) étaient infectés par le sous-type CRF02_AG. La prévalence de la résistance primaire était de 9,9%. Ce chiffre dépasse largement la moyenne de 5,5% observée dans les pays en développement et le seuil des 5% fixé par l’OMS dans le cadre de la surveillance de la résistance. Les mutations associées aux analogues de la thymidine ou « Thymidine-associated Mutations » (TAMs): M41L, D67N, L210W, T215A/Y, K219E liées à la résistance aux inhibiteurs nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse (INTI) ainsi que les mutations K103N, V108I, V179E et Y181C impliquées dans la résistance aux inhibiteurs non nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse (INNTI) étaient majoritairement observées. Ces mutations sont compatibles avec les régimes de traitement de première ligne utilisés au Mali, composés de stavudine/lamivudine/nevirapine. Nous n’avons pas trouvé de mutations majeures aux inhibiteurs de protéase (IP), probablement du fait que cette classe d’ARV est rarement utilisée au Mali. Cependant plusieurs polymorphismes au niveau du gène de la protéase, particulièrement L10I et L10V ont été observés à une fréquence très élevée (18,80%). Compte tenu de ces premiers résultats, une suite logique de ce travail était de savoir comment des souches de sous-type CRF02_AG évolueraient sous la pression de sélection des ARV. Nous avons abordé ces questions dans une étude de cohorte de 132 sujets infectés majoritairement avec le sous-type CRF02_AG débutant une thérapie de première ligne. Nos résultats suggèrent que la présence de mutation de résistance primaire pourrait avoir un effet sur l’efficacité du traitement. Par exemple, la présence d’une seule mutation INNTI avant traitement comme K103N ou V179E était suffisante pour mener à l’échec au traitement (charge virale supérieure à 400 copies/ml). Par ailleurs, nous avons effectué des expériences in vitro pour mieux évaluer l’impact du polymorphisme L10I/V chez le sous-type CRF02_AG. Il faut savoir que le rôle de ce polymorphisme reste incertain chez le sous-type CRF02_AG, car aucune étude in vitro n’avait été réalisée auparavant. Nos résultats indiquent chez le sous-type sauvage CRF02_AGwt_10L une légère augmentation de la concentration inhibitrice 50% (IC50) pour le darunavir, le lopinavir et le nelfinavir comparativement au sous-type de référence B HXB2_10L avec respectivement un « Fold Change » (FC) de 1,2, 1,3 et 1,5. Cette augmentation est plus importante pour le lopinavir avec un FC (1,3) très proche de son seuil biologique (1,6). Comparativement au type sauvage CRF02_AGwt_10L, nos deux mutants CRF02_AGL10I et CRF02_AGL10V ont démontré une légère augmentation d’IC50 pour l’indinavir (avec respectivement un FC de 1,3 et 1,2) et une diminution pour le lopinavir (avec respectivement un FC de 0,78 et 0,75). Toutes ces observations suggèrent que la mutation en position 10 pourrait avoir un impact chez le sous-type CRF02_AG. Toutefois, la signification clinique de ces observations doit être déterminée. En conclusion, nos résultats supportent d’une part la nécessité de renforcer la surveillance de la résistance aux ARV et d’autre part, il fournit des informations nécessaires à l’amélioration des stratégies thérapeutiques afin de prévenir les échecs aux traitements chez les sous-types non B, particulièrement le CRF02_AG.

Effectiveness of commercial inhibitors against subtype F HIV-1 protease

Subtype F wild type HIV protease has been kinetically characterized using six commercial inhibitors (amprenavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir and saquinavir) commonly used for HIV/AIDS treatment, as well as inhibitor TL-3 and acetylpepstatin. We also obtained kinetic parameters for two multi-resistant proteases (one of subtype B and one of subtype F) harboring primary and secondary mutations selected by intensive treatment with ritonavir/nelfinavir. This newly obtained biochemical data shows that all six studied commercially available protease inhibitors are significantly less effective against subtype F HIV proteases than against HIV proteases of subtype B, as judged by increased K(i) and biochemical fitness (vitality) values. Comparison with previously reported kinetic values for subtype A and C HIV proteases show that subtype F wild type proteases are significantly less susceptible to inhibition. These results demonstrate that the accumulation of natural polymorphisms in subtype F proteases yields catalytically more active enzymes with a large degree of cross-resistance, which thus results in strong virus viability.

Edema agudo de pulmão de pressão negativa como complicação grave de síndrome de apneia obstrutiva do sono em crianças. Relatos de casos

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is related to cardiopulmonary complications in children. It is important to know its patophysiology and possible complications to help reduce risks in this group. Aims: To report three cases of severe cardiorespiratory complications of obstructive sleep apnea managed in the intensive care unit (ICU). Case report: Two children with no previous diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome suffered acute congestive heart failure and acute lung oedema with need of ICU and improved after adenotonsillectomy. In a third case, the patient had acute lung oedema as a complication after adenotonsillectomy. Conclusions: Paediatricians and otolaryngologists must be aware of the clinical manifestations of severe sleep apnea. Early referring to treatment and special attention at pre and post surgical periods are essentials to avoid serious complications.

HIV-1 tropism and CD4 T lymphocyte recovery in a prospective cohort of patients initiating HAART in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil

While human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 chemokine co-receptors 5 tropism and the GWGR motif in the envelope third variable region (V3 loop) have been associated with a slower disease progression, their influence on antiretroviral response remains unclear. The impact of baseline V3 characteristics on treatment response was evaluated in a randomised, double blind, prospective cohort study with patients initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy with lopinavir or efavirenz plus azithothymidine/3TC (1:1) over 48 weeks. Similar virological and immunological responses were observed for both treatment regimens. The 43 individuals had a mean baseline CD4 T cell count of 119 cells/mm(3) [standard deviation (SD) = 99] and a mean viral load of 5.09 log(10) copies/mL (SD = 0.49). The GWGR motif was not associated with a CD4 T cell response, but predicted R5 tropism by the geno2pheno([clinical20%]) algorithm correlated with higher CD4 T cell levels at all monitoring points (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher false-positive rates (FPR) values from this analysis revealed a strong correlation with CD4 T cell recovery (p < 0.0001). Transmitted drug resistance mutations, documented in 3/41 (7.3%) cases, were unrelated to the assigned antiretroviral regimen and had no impact on patient outcomes. In conclusion, naive HIV-1 R5 infected patients exhibited higher CD4 T cell counts at baseline; this difference was sustained throughout therapy. The geno2pheno[clinical] option FPR positively correlated with CD4 T cell gain and may be useful in predicting CD4 T cell recovery.

Evaluation of inadequate anti-retroviral treatment in patients with HIV/AIDS

Introduction: Since the emergence of antiretroviral therapy, the survival of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus has increased. Non-adherence to this therapy is directly related to treatment failure, which allows the emergence of resistant viral strains. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of the antiretroviral dispensing records of 229 patients from the Center for Health Care, University Hospital, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil, was conducted between January and December 2009. Results: The study aimed to evaluate patient compliance and determine if there was an association between non-adherence and the therapy. Among these patients, 63.8% were men with an average age of 44.0 +/- 9.9 years. The most used treatment was a combination of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (55.5%) or with 2 protease inhibitors (28.8%). It was found that patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir with zidovudine and lamivudine had a greater frequency of inadequate treatment than those taking atazanavir with zidovudine and lamivudine (85% and 83.3%, respectively). Moreover, when the combination of zidovudine/lamivudine was used, the patients were less compliant (chi(2) = 4.468, 1 degree of freedom, p = 0.035). Conclusions: The majority of patients failed to correctly adhere to their treatment; therefore, it is necessary to implement strategies that lead to improved compliance, thus ensuring therapeutic efficacy and increased patient survival.

HIV-1 tropism and CD4 T lymphocyte recovery in a prospective cohort of patients initiating HAART in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

While human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 chemokine co-receptors 5 tropism and the GWGR motif in the envelope third variable region (V3 loop) have been associated with a slower disease progression, their influence on antiretroviral response remains unclear. The impact of baseline V3 characteristics on treatment response was evaluated in a randomised, double blind, prospective cohort study with patients initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy with lopinavir or efavirenz plus azithothymidine/3TC (1:1) over 48 weeks. Similar virological and immunological responses were observed for both treatment regimens. The 43 individuals had a mean baseline CD4 T cell count of 119 cells/mm³ [standard deviation (SD) = 99] and a mean viral load of 5.09 log10 copies/mL (SD = 0.49). The GWGR motif was not associated with a CD4 T cell response, but predicted R5 tropism by the geno2pheno[clinical20%] algorithm correlated with higher CD4 T cell levels at all monitoring points (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher false-positive rates (FPR) values from this analysis revealed a strong correlation with CD4 T cell recovery (p < 0.0001). Transmitted drug resistance mutations, documented in 3/41 (7.3%) cases, were unrelated to the assigned antiretroviral regimen and had no impact on patient outcomes. In conclusion, naÏve HIV-1 R5 infected patients exhibited higher CD4 T cell counts at baseline; this difference was sustained throughout therapy. The geno2pheno[clinical] option FPR positively correlated with CD4 T cell gain and may be useful in predicting CD4 T cell recovery.