Sensory aspects of liquid smoking of giant river prawn: comparison with traditional smoking

P>The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of liquid smoke on the sensory characteristics of giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). The sensorial profile was plotted using quantitative descriptive analysis and assessment of the acceptability of samples of beheaded and peeled and only beheaded freshwater prawns smoked using the traditional method or liquid smoke (LS). The prawns subjected to LS were characterised by their aroma, artificial flavour and bitter flavour. The beheaded, peeled prawns were found to be more acceptable, confirming that the presence of the shell is a limiting factor in the acceptability of smoked prawns.

Der Einsatz von Flüssigrauch: eine neue Technologie Teil 3: Untersuchungen zur Lagerfähigkeit von mit Flüssigrauch hergestellten vakuumverpackten Räucherfischprodukten

The investigations showed that the shelf life of traditional smoked and vacuum-packed gutted mackerels, mackerel and herring fillets is similar to the corresponding vacuum-packed products smoked with liquid smoke. The storage temperature was 5 ± 0,5 °C. Under experimental conditions the storage time was 26 days for smoked gutted mackerels and more than 30 days for smoked fillets. Storage times of 20 to 25 days for these products are recommended. The microbiological and chemical results showed no differences between both technologies.

Avaliação de técnicas de defumação para mexilhão Perna perna: análise sensorial e rendimento

The objective of the present work was evaluate two techniques of smoking, the hot traditional and with use of smoke natural aroma or "liquid smoke", having as control Perna perna mussels vapor cooked. Sensorial characteristics were appraised (appearance, color, aroma, texture, flavor and salt tenor) and yield processing. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (T1 = smoked with liquid smoke; T2 = traditional smoked and T3 = just cooked, control), with nine repetitions. For sensorial analysis 30 people were used, where each one was considered a block. There was significant difference for processing performance among treatments (P<0.05), however there was not significant difference independent of smoked technique applied. Nevertheless, smoking technique using smoke natural aroma was more attractive, presenting better results with relationship to sensorial characteristics and final product packaged for commercialization.

The potential application of pyroligneous acid in the UK agricultural industry

This paper highlights the potential benefits of smoke recovery from the production of biochar in crop management through it application as an antimicrobial agent against plant disease and as a pesticide. The study reports on the findings of zone inhibition assays on selected plant pathogens (Agrobacterium tumefacien and Xanthomonas campestris), growth studies on selected plants (Raphanus sativus and Vicia faba), and toxicity studies performed on arthropods (Myzus persicae and Tetranychus urticae). The results suggested a strong benefit to crop management in terms of crop protection against selected causal agents responsible for plant disease, with zones of inhibition observed on both Agrobacterium tumefacien and Xanthomonas campestris when inoculated with pyroligneous acid (liquid smoke) at 10% dilution. Similarly, its potential as a bio-pesticide are favorable, with a reported 20%–30% of arthropods affected (knocked out/mortality) after exposure for 48 hours.

Avaliação de técnicas de defumação para mexilhão Perna perna: análise sensorial e rendimento

The objective of the present work was evaluate two techniques of smoking, the hot traditional and with use of smoke natural aroma or "liquid smoke", having as control Perna perna mussels vapor cooked. Sensorial characteristics were appraised (appearance, color, aroma, texture, flavor and salt tenor) and yield processing. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (T1 = smoked with liquid smoke; T2 = traditional smoked and T3 = just cooked, control), with nine repetitions. For sensorial analysis 30 people were used, where each one was considered a block. There was significant difference for processing performance among treatments (P<0.05), however there was not significant difference independent of smoked technique applied. Nevertheless, smoking technique using smoke natural aroma was more attractive, presenting better results with relationship to sensorial characteristics and final product packaged for commercialization.

Liquid-metal smoke abatement /

"UC-41 Health and Safety ; TID-4500 (13th Ed., Suppl.)."

Removal of organic content from diesel exhaust particles alters cellular responses of primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface

Background Exposure to air pollutants, including diesel particulate matter, has been linked to adverse respiratory health effects. Inhaled diesel particulate matter contains adsorbed organic compounds. It is not clear whether the adsorbed organics or the residual components are more deleterious to airway cells. Using a physiologically relevant model, we investigated the role of diesel organic content on mediating cellular responses of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Methods Primary HBECs were cultured and differentiated at ALI for at least 28 days. To determine which component is most harmful, we compared primary HBEC responses elicited by residual (with organics removed) diesel emissions (DE) to those elicited by neat (unmodified) DE for 30 and 60 minutes at ALI, with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) as the positive control, and filtered air as negative control. Cell viability (WST-1 cell proliferation assay), inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 ELISA) and changes in gene expression (qRT-PCR for HO-1, CYP1A1, TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA) were measured. Results Immunofluorescence and cytological staining confirmed the mucociliary phenotype of primary HBECs differentiated at ALI. Neat DE caused a comparable reduction in cell viability at 30 or 60 min exposures, whereas residual DE caused a greater reduction at 60 min. When corrected for cell viability, cytokine protein secretion for TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were maximal with residual DE at 60 min. mRNA expression for HO-1, CYP1A1, TNF-α and IL-8 was not significantly different between exposures. Conclusion This study provides new insights into epithelial cell responses to diesel emissions using a physiologically relevant aerosol exposure model. Both the organic content and residual components of diesel emissions play an important role in determining bronchial epithelial cell response in vitro. Future studies should be directed at testing potentially useful interventions against the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure.

Cigarette Smoke, Airway Epithelial Cells and Host Defence

In COPD inflammation driven by exposure to tobacco smoke results in impaired innate immunity in the airway and ultimately to lung injury and remodeling. To understand the biological processes involved in host interactions with cigarette derived toxins submerged epithelial cell culture is widely accepted as a model for primary human airway epithelial cell culture research. Primary nasal and bronchial epithelial cells can also be cultured in air-liquid interface (ALI) models. ALI and submerged culture models have their individual merits, and the decision to use either technique should primarily be determined primarily by the research hypothesis.

Cigarette smoke has gaseous and particulate matter, the latter constituent primarily represented in cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Although not ideal in order to facilitate our understanding of the responses of epithelial cells to cigarette smoke, CSE still has scientific merit in airway cell biology research. Using this model, it has been possible to demonstrate differences in levels of tight junction disruption after CSE exposure along with varied vulnerability to the toxic effects of CSE in cell cultures derived from COPD and control study groups.

Primary nasal epithelial cells (PNECs) have been used as an alternative to bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs). However, at least in subjects with COPD, PNECs cannot consistently substitute for PBECs. Although airway epithelial cells from patients with COPD exhibit a constitutional pro-inflammatory phenotype, these cells have a diminished inflammatory response to CSE exposure. COPD epithelial cells have an increased susceptibility to undergo apoptosis, and have reduced levels of Toll-like receptor-4 expression after CSE exposure, both of which may account for the reduced inflammatory response observed in this group.

The use of CSE in both submerged and ALI epithelial cultures has extended our understanding of the cellular mechanisms that are important in COPD, and helped to unravel important pathways which may be of relevance in its pathogenesis.

Translating proteomics into environmental health : biomarkers discovery for tobacco smoke-induced biological damage

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Biologia Molecular), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2015

Fractionation, chemical and toxicological characterization of tobacco smoke components

La fumée du tabac est un aérosol extrêmement complexe constitué de milliers de composés répartis entre la phase particulaire et la phase vapeur. Il a été démontré que les effets toxicologiques de cette fumée sont associés aux composés appartenant aux deux phases. Plusieurs composés biologiquement actifs ont été identifiés dans la fumée du tabac; cependant, il n’y a pas d’études démontrant la relation entre les réponses biologiques obtenues via les tests in vitro ou in vivo et les composés présents dans la fumée entière du tabac. Le but de la présente recherche est de développer des méthodes fiables et robustes de fractionnement de la fumée à l’aide de techniques de séparation analytique et de techniques de détection combinés à des essais in vitro toxicologiques. Une étude antérieure réalisée par nos collaborateurs a démontré que, suite à l’étude des produits de combustion de douze principaux composés du tabac, l’acide chlorogénique s’est avéré être le composé le plus cytotoxique selon les test in vitro du micronoyau. Ainsi, dans cette étude, une méthode par chromatographie préparative en phase liquide a été développée dans le but de fractionner les produits de combustion de l’acide chlorogénique. Les fractions des produits de combustion de l’acide chlorogénique ont ensuite été testées et les composés responsables de la toxicité de l’acide chlorogénique ont été identifiés. Le composé de la sous-fraction responsable en majeure partie de la cytoxicité a été identifié comme étant le catéchol, lequel fut confirmé par chromatographie en phase liquide/ spectrométrie de masse à temps de vol. Des études récentes ont démontré les effets toxicologiques de la fumée entière du tabac et l’implication spécifique de la phase vapeur. C’est pourquoi notre travail a ensuite été focalisé principalement à l’analyse de la fumée entière. La machine à fumer Borgwaldt RM20S® utilisée avec les chambres d’exposition cellulaire de British American Tobacco permettent l’étude in vitro de l’exposition de cellules à différentes concentrations de fumée entière du tabac. Les essais biologiques in vitro ont un degré élevé de variabilité, ainsi, il faut prendre en compte toutes les autres sources de variabilité pour évaluer avec précision la finalité toxicologique de ces essais; toutefois, la fiabilité de la génération de la fumée de la machine n’a jamais été évaluée jusqu’à maintenant. Nous avons donc déterminé la fiabilité de la génération et de la dilution (RSD entre 0,7 et 12 %) de la fumée en quantifiant la présence de deux gaz de référence (le CH4 par détection à ionisation de flamme et le CO par absorption infrarouge) et d’un composé de la phase particulaire, le solanesol (par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance). Ensuite, la relation entre la dose et la dilution des composés de la phase vapeur retrouvée dans la chambre d’exposition cellulaire a été caractérisée en utilisant une nouvelle technique d’extraction dite par HSSE (Headspace Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction) couplée à la chromatographie en phase liquide/ spectrométrie de masse. La répétabilité de la méthode a donné une valeur de RSD se situant entre 10 et 13 % pour cinq des composés de référence identifiés dans la phase vapeur de la fumée de cigarette. La réponse offrant la surface maximale d’aire sous la courbe a été obtenue en utilisant les conditions expérimentales suivantes : intervalle de temps d’exposition/ désorption de 10 0.5 min, température de désorption de 200°C pour 2 min et température de concentration cryogénique (cryofocussing) de -75°C. La précision de la dilution de la fumée est linéaire et est fonction de l’abondance des analytes ainsi que de la concentration (RSD de 6,2 à 17,2 %) avec des quantités de 6 à 450 ng pour les composés de référence. Ces résultats démontrent que la machine à fumer Borgwaldt RM20S® est un outil fiable pour générer et acheminer de façon répétitive et linéaire la fumée de cigarette aux cultures cellulaires in vitro. Notre approche consiste en l’élaboration d’une méthodologie permettant de travailler avec un composé unique du tabac, pouvant être appliqué à des échantillons plus complexes par la suite ; ex : la phase vapeur de la fumée de cigarette. La méthodologie ainsi développée peut potentiellement servir de méthode de standardisation pour l’évaluation d’instruments ou de l’identification de produits dans l’industrie de tabac.

The impact of smoke from forest fires on the spectral dispersion of cloud droplet size distributions in the Amazonian region

In this paper, the main microphysical characteristics of clouds developing in polluted and clean conditions in the biomass-burning season of the Amazon region are examined, with special attention to the spectral dispersion of the cloud droplet size distribution and its potential impact on climate modeling applications. The dispersion effect has been shown to alter the climate cooling predicted by the so-called Twomey effect. In biomass-burning polluted conditions, high concentrations of low dispersed cloud droplets are found. Clean conditions revealed an opposite situation. The liquid water content (0.43 +/- 0.19 g m(-3)) is shown to be uncorrelated with the cloud drop number concentration, while the effective radius is found to be very much correlated with the relative dispersion of the size distribution (R(2) = 0.81). The results suggest that an increase in cloud condensation nuclei concentration from biomass-burning aerosols may lead to an additional effect caused by a decrease in relative dispersion. Since the dry season in the Amazonian region is vapor limiting, the dispersion effect of cloud droplet size distributions could be substantially larger than in other polluted regions.

ACETYL RADICAL IN TOBACCO SMOKE: DETECTION, QUANTIFICATION AND SIMULATION

Free radicals are present in cigarette smoke and can have a negative effect on human health by attacking lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and other biologically important species. However, because of the complexity of the tobacco smoke system and the dynamic nature of radicals, little is known about the identity of the radicals, and debate continues on the mechanisms by which those radicals are produced. In this study, acetyl radicals were trapped from the gas phase using 3-amino-2, 2, 5, 5- tetramethyl-proxyl (3AP) on solid support to form stable 3AP adducts for later analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Simulations of acetyl radical generation were performed using Matlab and the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) programs. A range of 10- 150 nmol/cigarette of acetyl radical was measured from gas phase tobacco smoke of both commerial and research cigarettes under several different smoking conditions. More radicals were detected from the puff smoking method compared to continuous flow sampling. Approximately twice as many acetyl radicals were trapped when a GF/F particle filter was placed before the trapping zone. Computational simulations show that NO/NO2 reacts with isoprene, initiating chain reactions to produce a hydroxyl radical, which abstracts hydrogen from acetaldehyde to generate acetyl radical. With initial concentrations of NO, acetaldehyde, and isoprene in a real-world cigarette smoke scenario, these mechanisms can account for the full amount of acetyl radical detected experimentally. This study contributes to the overall understanding of the free radical generation in gas phase cigarette smoke.

Effect of the Concentration of Siliceous Materials Added to Tobacco Cigarettes on the Composition of the Smoke Generated during Smoking

Two as-synthesized meso- and macro-porous siliceous materials (MPSMs), i.e., Al-MCM-41 and SBA-15, were mixed with tobacco to study their effect on tobacco smoke chemistry. A reference cigarette, 3R4F, and a commercial cigarette, Fortuna, containing different percentages of MPSM were smoked in a smoking machine, and the mainstream smoke was analyzed. SBA-15 showed the highest reductions of nicotine; close to 90% when it was added at 8 mass %. The superb behavior of these materials may be related to their high particulate matter filtering efficiency in combination with their catalytic activity. The selectivity of these materials with respect to nicotine was also analyzed. Al-MCM-41 presents higher selectivity for condensed compounds than for gases, whereas SBA-15 presents similar ratios for both fractions. The highest selectivity was obtained for the liquid fraction when smoking 3R4F cigarettes mixed with Al-MCM-41.