Islet Brain 1 Protects Insulin Producing Cells against Lipotoxicity.

Chronic intake of saturated free fatty acids is associated with diabetes and may contribute to the impairment of functional beta cell mass. Mitogen activated protein kinase 8 interacting protein 1 also called islet brain 1 (IB1) is a candidate gene for diabetes that is required for beta cell survival and glucose-induced insulin secretion (GSIS). In this study we investigated whether IB1 expression is required for preserving beta cell survival and function in response to palmitate. Chronic exposure of MIN6 and isolated rat islets cells to palmitate led to reduction of the IB1 mRNA and protein content. Diminution of IB1 mRNA and protein level relied on the inducible cAMP early repressor activity and proteasome-mediated degradation, respectively. Suppression of IB1 level mimicked the harmful effects of palmitate on the beta cell survival and GSIS. Conversely, ectopic expression of IB1 counteracted the deleterious effects of palmitate on the beta cell survival and insulin secretion. These findings highlight the importance in preserving the IB1 content for protecting beta cell against lipotoxicity in diabetes.

Sorcin links pancreatic β cell lipotoxicity to ER Ca2+ stores.

NlmCategory="UNASSIGNED">Preserving β cell function during the development of obesity and insulin resistance would limit the worldwide epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium (Ca(2+)) depletion induced by saturated free fatty acids and cytokines causes β cell ER stress and apoptosis, but the molecular mechanisms behind these phenomena are still poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that palmitate-induced sorcin (SRI) down-regulation, and subsequent increases in glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-2 (G6PC2) levels contribute to lipotoxicity. SRI is a calcium sensor protein involved in maintaining ER Ca(2+) by inhibiting ryanodine receptor activity and playing a role in terminating Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release. G6PC2, a GWAS gene associated with fasting blood glucose, is a negative regulator of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). High fat feeding in mice and chronic exposure of human islets to palmitate decreases endogenous SRI expression while levels of G6PC2 mRNA increase. Sorcin null mice are glucose intolerant, with markedly impaired GSIS and increased expression of G6pc2. Under high fat diet, mice overexpressing SRI in the β cell display improved glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose and GSIS, whereas G6PC2 levels are decreased and cytosolic and ER Ca(2+) are increased in transgenic islets. SRI may thus provide a target for intervention in T2DM.

Lipotoxicity in Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease. Studies by PET, CT and MR

Lipotoxicity is a condition in which fatty acids (FAs) are not efficiently stored in adipose tissue and overflow to non-adipose tissue, causing organ damages. A defect of adipose tissue FA storage capability can be the primary culprit in the insulin resistance condition that characterizes many of the severe metabolic diseases that affect people nowadays. Obesity, in this regard, constitutes the gateway and risk factor of the major killers of modern society, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. A deep understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie obesity and the insulin resistance syndrome is a challenge for modern medicine. In the last twenty years of scientific research, FA metabolism and dysregulations have been the object of numerous studies. Development of more targeted and quantitative methodologies is required on one hand, to investigate and dissect organ metabolism, on the other hand to test the efficacy and mechanisms of action of novel drugs. The combination of functional and anatomical imaging is an answer to this need, since it provides more understanding and more information than we have ever had. The first purpose of this study was to investigate abnormalities of substrate organ metabolism, with special reference to the FA metabolism in obese drug-naïve subjects at an early stage of disease. Secondly, trimetazidine (TMZ), a metabolic drug supposed to inhibit FA oxidation (FAO), has been for the first time evaluated in obese subjects to test a whole body and organ metabolism improvement based on the hypothesis that FAO is increased at an early stage of the disease. A third objective was to investigate the relationship between ectopic fat accumulation surrounding heart and coronaries, and impaired myocardial perfusion in patients with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). In the current study a new methodology has been developed with PET imaging with 11C-palmitate and compartmental modelling for the non-invasive in vivo study of liver FA metabolism, and a similar approach has been used to study FA metabolism in the skeletal muscle, the adipose tissue and the heart. The results of the different substudies point in the same direction. Obesity, at the an early stage, is associated with an impairment in the esterification of FAs in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, which is accompanied by the upregulation in skeletal muscle, liver and heart FAO. The inability to store fat may initiate a cascade of events leading to FA oversupply to lean tissue, overload of the oxidative pathway, and accumulation of toxic lipid species and triglycerides, and it was paralleled by a proportional growth in insulin resistance. In subjects with CAD, the accumulation of ectopic fat inside the pericardium is associated with impaired myocardial perfusion, presumably via a paracrine/vasocrine effect. At the beginning of the disease, TMZ is not detrimental to health; on the contrary at the single organ level (heart, skeletal muscle and liver) it seems beneficial, while no relevant effects were found on adipose tissue function. Taken altogether these findings suggest that adipose tissue storage capability should be preserved, if it is not possible to prevent excessive fat intake in the first place.

Long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity decreases the cardiac leptin receptor without apparent lipotoxicity

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The Role of Lipotoxicity in Smoke Cardiomyopathy

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Persistent activation of Akt or ERK prevents the toxicity induced by saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in RINm5F beta-cells

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the toxicity of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on RINm5F cells is related to the phosphorylation state of Akt, ERK and PKC delta. The regulation of these kinases was compared in three experimental designs: (a) 4 h-exposure, (b) 4 h-exposure and a subsequent withdrawn of the FA for a 20 h period and (c) 24 h-exposure. Saturated and PUFA were toxic to RINm5F cells even at low concentrations. Also, evidence is provided for a late (i.e. the effect only appeared hours after the treatment) and a persistent regulation (i.e. maintenance of the effect for several hours) of Akt, ERK and PKC delta phosphorylation by the FA. Late activation of PKC delta seems important for palmitate cytotoxicity. Persistent activation of the survival proteins Akt and ERK by stearate, oleate and arachidonate might play an important role to prevent the toxic effect of posterior PKC delta activation. The results shown may explain why a short-period exposure to FA is not enough to induce cytotoxicity in pancreatic beta-cells, since survival pathways are activated. Besides, when this activation is persistent, it may overcome a posterior induction of death pathways. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Association of a homozygous nonsense caveolin-1 mutation with Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy

Context: Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is a rare recessive disease characterized by near absence of adipose tissue, resulting in severe dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. In most reported cases, BSCL is due to alterations in either seipin, of unknown function, or 1-acylglycerol-3- phosphate acyltransferase-beta (AGPAT2), which catalyzes the formation of phosphatidic acid. Objective: We sought to determine the genetic origin of the unexplained cases of BSCL. We thus sequenced CAV1, encoding caveolin-1, as a candidate gene involved in insulin signaling and lipid homeostasis. CAV1 is a key structural component of plasma membrane caveolae, and Cav1-deficient mice display progressive loss of adipose tissue and insulin resistance. Design: We undertook phenotyping studies and molecular screening of CAV1 in four patients with BSCL with no mutation in the genes encoding either seipin or AGPAT2. Results: A homozygous nonsense mutation (p.Glu38X) was identified in CAV1 in a patient with BSCL born from a consanguineous union. This mutation affects both the alpha-and beta-CAV1 isoforms and ablates CAV1 expression in skin fibroblasts. Detailed magnetic resonance imaging of the proband confirmed near total absence of both sc and visceral adipose tissue, with only vestigial amounts in the dorsal sc regions. In keeping with the lack of adipose tissue, the proband was also severely insulin resistant and dyslipidemic. In addition, the proband had mild hypocalcemia likely due to vitamin D resistance. Conclusions: These findings identify CAV1 as a new BSCL-related gene and support a critical role for caveolins in human adipocyte function.

Angiotensin II favors progression to heart failure in diabetic hearts: role of myocardial fatty acid oxidation downregulation

Purpose: Diabetic myocardium is particularly vulnerable to develop heart failure in response to chronic stress conditions including hypertension or myocardial infarction. We have recently observed that angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated downregulation of the fatty acid oxidation pathway favors occurrence of heart failure by myocardial accumulation of lipids (lipotoxicity). Because diabetic heart is exposed to high levels of circulating fatty acid, we determined whether insulin resistance favors development of heart failure in mice with Ang II-mediated myocardial remodeling.Methods: To study the combined effect of diabetes and Ang II-induced heart remodeling, we generated leptin-deficient/insulin resistant (Lepob/ob) mice with cardiac targeted overexpression of angiotensinogen (TGAOGN). Left ventricular (LV) failure was indicated by pulmonary congestion (lung weight/tibial length>+2SD of wild-type mice). Myocardial metabolism and function were assessed during in vitro isolated working heart perfusion.Results: Forty-eight percent of TGAOGN mice without insulin resistance exhibited pulmonary congestion at the age of 6 months associated with increased myocardial BNP expression (+375% compared with WT) and reduced LV power (developed pressure x cardiac output; -15%). The proportion of mice presenting heart failure was markedly increased to 71% in TGAOGN mice with insulin resistance (TGAOGN/Lepob/ob). TGAOGN/Lepob/ob mice with heart failure exhibited further increase of BNP compared with failing non-diabetic TGAOGN mice (+146%) and further reduction of cardiac power (-59%). Mice with insulin resistance alone (Lepob/ob) did not exhibit signs of heart failure or LV dysfunction. Myocardial fatty acid oxidation measured during in vitro perfusion was markedly increased in non-failing hearts from Lepob/ob mice (+380% compared with WT) and glucose oxidation decreased (-72%). In contrast, fatty acid and glucose oxidation did not differ from Lepob/ob mice in hearts from TGAOGN/Lepob/ob mice without heart failure. However, both fatty acid and glucose oxidation were markedly decreased (-47% and -48%, respectively, compared with WT/Lepob/+) in failing hearts from TGAOGN/Lepob/ob mice. Reduction of fatty acid oxidation was associated with marked reduction of protein expression of a number of regulatory enzymes implied in fatty acid oxidation.Conclusions: Insulin resistance favors the progression to heart failure during chronic exposure of the myocardium to Ang II. Our results are compatible with a role of Ang II-mediated downregulation of fatty acid oxidation, potentially promoting lipotoxicity.

Revisiting the diacylglycerol-induced insulin resistance hypothesis.

Obesity is associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance, which is a crucial step in the development of type 2 diabetes. Among the mechanisms by which obesity may lead to insulin resistance, lipotoxicity is one of the hypotheses being explored; others include inflammation or the oxidative stress hypotheses. This review focuses on the role of diacylglycerols (DAG), a family of lipid metabolites implicated in the pathogenesis of lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. While recent studies report contradictory results in humans with regard to the importance of DAG-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, other current literature highlight a potential role for DAG as signalling molecules. This review will discuss possible hypotheses explaining these contradictory results and the need to explore further the role of DAG in human metabolism.

Insulin Resistance as a Therapeutic Target for Chronic Kidney Disease.

Insulin resistance (IR) is a prevalent metabolic feature in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Postreceptor insulin-signaling defects have been observed in uremia. A decrease in the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase appears critical in the pathophysiology of CKD-associated IR. Lipotoxicity due to ectopic accumulation of lipid moieties has recently emerged as another mechanism by which CKD and/or associated metabolic disorders may lead to IR through impairment of various insulin-signaling molecules. Metabolic acidosis, anemia, excess of fat mass, inflammation, vitamin D deficiency, adipokine imbalance, physical inactivity, and the accumulation of nitrogenous compounds of uremia all contribute to CKD-associated IR. The clinical impacts of IR in this setting are numerous, including endothelial dysfunction, increased cardiovascular mortality, muscle wasting, and possibly initiation and progression of CKD. This is why IR may be a therapeutic target in the attempt to improve outcomes in CKD. General measures to improve IR are directed to counteract causal factors. The use of pharmaceutical agents such as inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system may improve IR in hypertensive and CKD patients. Pioglitazone appears a safe and promising therapeutic agent to reduce IR and uremic-associated abnormalities. However, interventional studies are needed to test if the reduction and/or normalization of IR may actually improve outcomes in these patients.

Metabolic effects of fructose and the worldwide increase in obesity.

While virtually absent in our diet a few hundred years ago, fructose has now become a major constituent of our modern diet. Our main sources of fructose are sucrose from beet or cane, high fructose corn syrup, fruits, and honey. Fructose has the same chemical formula as glucose (C(6)H(12)O(6)), but its metabolism differs markedly from that of glucose due to its almost complete hepatic extraction and rapid hepatic conversion into glucose, glycogen, lactate, and fat. Fructose was initially thought to be advisable for patients with diabetes due to its low glycemic index. However, chronically high consumption of fructose in rodents leads to hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and high blood pressure. The evidence is less compelling in humans, but high fructose intake has indeed been shown to cause dyslipidemia and to impair hepatic insulin sensitivity. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis and lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and hyperuricemia have all been proposed as mechanisms responsible for these adverse metabolic effects of fructose. Although there is compelling evidence that very high fructose intake can have deleterious metabolic effects in humans as in rodents, the role of fructose in the development of the current epidemic of metabolic disorders remains controversial. Epidemiological studies show growing evidence that consumption of sweetened beverages (containing either sucrose or a mixture of glucose and fructose) is associated with a high energy intake, increased body weight, and the occurrence of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. There is, however, no unequivocal evidence that fructose intake at moderate doses is directly related with adverse metabolic effects. There has also been much concern that consumption of free fructose, as provided in high fructose corn syrup, may cause more adverse effects than consumption of fructose consumed with sucrose. There is, however, no direct evidence for more serious metabolic consequences of high fructose corn syrup versus sucrose consumption.

AKT inhibitor suppresses hyperthermia-induced Ndrg2 phosphorylation in gastric cancer cells

Hyperthermia is one of the most effective adjuvant treatments for various cancers with few side effects. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms still are not known. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a tumor suppressor, has been shown to be involved in diverse cellular stresses including hypoxia, lipotoxicity, etc. In addition, Ndrg2 has been reported to be related to progression of gastric cancer. In the current study, our data showed that the apoptosis rate of MKN28 cells increased relatively rapidly to 13.4% by 24 h after treatment with hyperthermia (42°C for 1 h) compared to 5.1% in control cells (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, there was no obvious change in the expression level of total Ndrg2 during this process. Further investigation demonstrated that the relative phosphorylation levels of Ndrg2 at Ser332, Thr348 increased up to 3.2- and 1.9-fold (hyperthermia groupvs control group) at 3 h in MKN28 cells, respectively (P < 0.05). We also found that heat treatment significantly increased AKT phosphorylation. AKT inhibitor VIII (10 µM) decreased the phosphorylation level of Ndrg2 induced by hyperthermia. Accordingly, the apoptosis rate rose significantly in MKN28 cells (16.4%) treated with a combination of AKT inhibitor VIII and hyperthermia compared to that (6.8%) of cells treated with hyperthermia alone (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data demonstrated that Ndrg2 phosphorylation could be induced by hyperthermia in an AKT-dependent manner in gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, AKT inhibitor VIII suppressed Ndrg2 phosphorylation and rendered gastric cancer cells susceptible to apoptosis induced by hyperthermia.

Resveratrol plays important role in protective mechanisms in renal disease - mini-review

Resveratrol (RESV) is a polyphenolic compound found in various plants, including grapes, berries and peanuts, and its processed foods as red wine. RESV possesses a variety of bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anticancer, chemopreventive, neuroprotective, renal lipotoxicity preventative, and renal protective effects. Numerous studies have demonstrated that polyphenols promote cardiovascular health. Furthermore, RESV can ameliorate several types of renal injury in animal models, including diabetic nephropathy, hyperuricemic, drug-induced injury, aldosterone-induced injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis-related injury, and endothelial dysfunction. In addition, RESV can prevent the increase in vasoconstrictors, such as angiotensin II (AII) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), as well as intracellular calcium, in mesangial cells. Together, these findings suggest a potential role for RESV as a supplemental therapy for the prevention of renal injury.

Physiopathologie du diabète secondaire à la fibrose kystique : études transversales et prospectives

Résumé L’augmentation de l’espérance de vie chez les patients atteints de fibrose kystique (FK) entraine une augmentation de la prévalence des anomalies de tolérance au glucose, soit l’intolérance au glucose (IGT) et le diabète (DAFK). En dépit du fait, que les anomalies de la tolérance au glucose soient associées à un mauvais prognostic, l’origine de ces troubles n’est pas encore clairement établie. Notre objectif était d’examiner le rôle de l’insulinopénie et de la résistance à l’insuline dans la détérioration de la tolérance au glucose dans une cohorte prospective observationelle patients FK non diabétique. Nos résultats démontrent une réduction marquée de la phase précoce de la sécrétion de l’insuline ainsi qu’une augmentation de l’aire sous la courbe de la glycémie (AUC) chez tous les groupes de patients. Nous avons aussi démontré qu’une variation de la sensibilité à l’insuline joue un rôle prépondérant dans les changements de catégorie de tolérance au glucose dans cette population. Finalement, il semblerait que l’augmentation de l’AUC du glucose et la réduction de la phase précose de la sécrétion d’insuline sont des meileurs prédicateurs du status clinique que les catégories de tolérance au glucose. Il existe plusieurs indices pour évaluer la sécrétion d’insuline et pourtant aucun n’a été validé chez les patients FK. Nous avons examiné la validité des index de la sécrétion de l’insuline dérivés de l’hyperglycémie provoquée par voie orale (HGPO) ainsi que des valeurs à jeun par rapport au test de référence. Alors que la plupart des index calculés à partir de l’HGPO corrèlent significativement avec les valeurs du test de référence, cela n’est pas le cas pour les index calculés à partir des valeurs à jeun. La validation de ces index nous permet d’évaluer la sécrétion de l’insuline prospectivement dans notre cohorte de FK à partir de l’HGPO, est un test recommandé pour le dépistage du DAFK. Les recommandations nutritionnelles suggèrent aux patients FK une diète comprenant environ 40% de lipides afin d’éviter la malnutrition. Nous avons examiné le profil lipidique des patients FK diabétiques et non diabétiques après une HGPO et un repas hyperlipidique (RT). Nos résultats démontrent que la FK est associée à des augmentations de l’excursion glycémique lors de l’HGPO ou d’un RT comparativement aux témoins. Cependant, le RT provoque 1) une plus faible excursion glycémique comparativement à l’HGPO ; 2) une meilleure suppression de la production hépatique de glucose et 3) l’excursion lipidique postprandiale des patients FK reste normale. Il est donc peu probable que les anomalies de la sécrétion de l’insuline par les cellules  soient secondaires à une lipotoxicité. Nous avons aussi examiné les taux d’adiponectine, une hormone sécrétée par le tissu adipeux et pouvant moduler l’action de l’insuline. Les niveaux d’adiponectine corrèlent négativement avec plusieurs facteurs présents chez les patients FK incluant l’IGT, l’inflammation et une adiposité centrale en dépit d'un faible poids corporel. Les patients FK ne présentaient aucune altération des taux d’adiponectine malgré la présence d’une résistance à l’insuline, une inflammation sub-clinique et de l’IGT. La FK apparaît donc comme une condition où il existe une discordance entre les taux d’adiponectine et la résistance à l’insuline ou l’inflammation. En conclusion la prévalence de l’IGT est élevée dans cette population caractérisée par une excursion glycémique anormalement plus élevée, due principalement à une altération de la sécrétion de l’insuline exacerbée par une résistance à l’insuline. Mots clés : Adiponectine, Hyperglycémie par voie oral (HGPO), intolérance au glucose, fibrose kystique, diabète, résistance à l’insuline, sécrétion de l’insuline.

Étude des mécanismes associés aux effets bénéfiques de la restriction calorique sur la fonction somatotrope du rat vieillissant.

Dans les cellules somatotropes, la liaison du facteur de libération de l’hormone de croissance (GHRH) à son récepteur (GHRH-R) stimule la synthèse et la sécrétion de l’hormone de croissance (GH) ainsi que la prolifération cellulaire. Chez les mammifères, le vieillissement est caractérisé par une diminution de la sécrétion de GH, liée à une perte de sensibilité des somatotropes au GHRH. Chez le rat âgé, des modifications de niveaux d'ARNm du GHRH-R et une diminution d'affinité et de capacité de liaison du GHRH sont rapportés. Au cours du vieillissement, une augmentation des niveaux de glucose et d’acides gras libres sérique suggère qu’une gluco- ou lipotoxicité puisse contribuer au dysfonctionnement de la fonction somatotrope. À ce jour, la restriction calorique modérée de longue durée (RCMLD) constitue l’intervention la plus efficace pour prévenir ou retarder les détériorations liées à l’âge. Des études ont montré des effets bénéfiques de la RCMLD sur l’axe somatotrope au cours du vieillissement via un maintien des paramètres de liaison du GHRH-R. Compte tenu de l’importance de cet axe, la compréhension des mécanismes menant à la somatopause ainsi que ceux associés aux effets bénéfiques de la RCMLD s’avère importante. Les objectifs principaux de la présente thèse étaient : 1) de déterminer les effets de la RCMLD chez le rat, sur le GHRH-R hypophysaire et la sensibilité des somatotropes au GHRH, 2) d’identifier les mécanismes associés à la somatopause et aux effets bénéfiques de la RCMLD, et 3) de préciser les effets d’une gluco-ou lipotoxicité sur l’axe somatotrope de rats et leur implication dans la somatopause. Des rats de 8 mois ont été soumis à une restriction calorique de 40% jusqu’à l’âge de 18-20 mois et ont été comparés à des rats jeunes et âgés nourris ad libitum. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence des effets bénéfiques de la RCMLD sur la régulation et la fonctionnalité du GHRH-R et de proposer que le glucose et les acides gras libres (AGL) circulants soient impliqués dans le vieillissement de la somatotrope. Une étude de micro-puce à ADN à permis d’identifier des gènes associés à des mécanismes de protection et de réparation des dommages cellulaires mis en place dans l’hypophyse antérieure au cours du vieillissement et par la RCMLD. Finalement, les effets d’un stress gluco- ou lipotoxique sur la fonction somatotrope ont été étudiés chez des rats de 2 et 6 mois, infusés 72 h avec une solution de glucose ou d’Intralipides, mimant les niveaux circulants de glucose et d’AGL retrouvés chez le rat âgé. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la glucotoxicité affecte la régulation de certains gènes de la somatotrope, dont le GHRH-R, et suggèrent que la capacité de réponse à ce type de stress est altérée. Les mécanismes par lesquels la glucotoxicité exerce ces effets pourraient inclure la génération de stress oxydant. L’ensemble de ces résultats proposent de nouvelles pistes mécanistiques qui pourraient contribuer au retardement de la somatopause et, ultimement, à l’élaboration de nouvelles stratégies d’intervention nutritionnelles ou pharmacologiques ciblant les mêmes voies que la RCMLD, avec une efficacité similaire ou supérieure.