Efecto de diferentes métodos de control químico de malezas en el cultivo del frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. Revolución 84

Durante la época de postrera de 1990, en el Centro Experimental "La Compañía" ubicada en el municipio de San Marcos. Carazo, se realizó el siguiente estudio con el propósito de determinar el efecto de diferentes métodos de control de malezas sobre la dinámica de éstas en el cultivo del frijol común. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron pendimetalin, linuron, la mezcla finca de pendimetalin línuron, todos ellos aplicados en pre-emergencia y pendimetalin aplicado en pre-emergencia fomesafen aplicado en post- emergencia, 22 días después de la siembra. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo, mostraron que la combinación de pendimetalin aplicado en pre-emergencia fomesafen aplicado en post emergencia, resultó el mejor tratamiento químico al controlar malezas de diferentes tipos, obteniendo la menor abundancia y la menor biomasa. Al aplicar solo pendimetalin en pre-emergencia se redujo la biomasa y abundancia de especies monocotiledóneas, sin embargo se incrementaron las especies dicotiledóneas. Cuando se aplicó soló linuron en pre-memregencia sucedió lo contrario. La mezcla de tanque de estos dos productos no logró potenciar sus efectos para incidir de forma considerable sobre los tipos de malezas presentes en el área de los experimentos.

Control de malezas en el cultivo de la soya (Glycine max L. Merril) variedad (Biloxi y hardee) 69-341

En el Centro Experimental Agropecuario La Calera, Managua, Nicaragua, se estableció en siembra de agosto a noviembre de 1976, un ensayo para determinar el tratamiento mas efectivo y rentable en el control de las malezas del cultivo de la soya (Glycine max L. Merril). Se escogió la variedad (Biloxi x Hardee) 69-341 de crecimiento determinado y ciclo vegetativo intermedio de 90-100 días. Los tratamientos que se evaluaron fueron los siguientes: Alachlor, Metribuzin, Linuron, Trifluralina, Alachlor + Metribuzin, Alachlor + Linuron, Alachlor + Trifluralina, Metribuzin + Lanuron, Metribuzin + Trifluralina, Linuron + Trifluralina en dosis de 2049,5 ml, 497,70 g, 966,00 g, 533,75 ml, 1024,75 ml + 248,85 g, 1024,75 ml + 483,00 g, 1024,75 ml + 266,87 ml, 248,85 g + 483,00 g, 248,85 g + 266,87 ml y 483,00 g, + 266,87 ml, por hectárea respectivamente, usando como comparadores un tratamiento mecánico y un testigo absoluto. Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. La parcela experimental consto de ocho surcos de cinco metros de largo, espaciados a cincuenta centímetros entre si y a 2,50 centímetros entre planta, correspondiendo a la parcela útil los cuatro surcos centrales a los cuales se les elimino 50,0 centímetros en cada extremo. El análisis de varianza practicado en los rendimientos de granos y en los porcentajes de control de malezas determino diferencia altamente significativa entre tratamientos al nivel de 0,01 de probabilidad de error. La mezcla de Alachlor + Metribuzin fue el tratamiento herbicida que ejerció el mayor control sobre gramíneas y hojas ancha, con 97,00 por ciento de control hasta los 60 días de emergida la soya. Los tratamientos Metribuzin, Metribuzin + Trifluralina y Alachlor fueron estadisticamente igual al nivel del 0,05 de probabilidad de error con: 74,00; 72,00 y 71;00 por ciento. Los tratamientos que menor porcentaje de control de malezas ejercieron hasta los 60 dias fueron Linuron y Linuron + Trifluralina con 34.00 por ciento. Los mayores rendimientos significativos de grano de soya, se lograron con: testigo mecanico, Alachlor + Metribuzin, Alachlor, y Alachlor + Linuron obteniendo 2,539.00, 2.294.00, 2.279.00 y 2.194.00 kilogramos por hectárea respectivamente. Los menores rendimientos correspondieron a: Trifluralina con 1,103.00 hectarea y testigo absoluto con 844.00 por hectarea. El analisis economico de los rendimientos por tratamiento, revelo que los mayores ingresos netos se obtuvieron con: testigo mecánico, Alachlor + Metribuzin, y Alachlor y Alachlor + Linuron de: 1,945.22, 1,800.12, 1,771.87 y 1,668.31 córdobas por hectárea respectivamente, pero la mayor relación beneficio-costo se logro con los tratamientos Alachlor, Alachlor + Metribuzin, testigo mecánico y Alachlor + Linuron, con 2.31, 2.30, 2.23 y 2.21 respectivamente.

Micro-organic compounds in the Humber rivers

The concentrations of a range of micro-organic compounds in the Humber rivers have been measured at weekly intervals over a period of 1 year. The compounds include the triazine herbicides (simazine, atrazine, propazine, desmetryn and prometryn), selected organophosphorus insecticides (fenitrothion, malathion and parathion), phenylurea (chlorotoluron, diuron, isoproturon and linuron) and phenoxyacid herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA, MCPB and mecoprop), phenol derivatives (phenol, 2-ethylphenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol), organochlorine insecticides (HEOD, DDT, TDE, DDE, HCB, alpha-BHC and lindane), PCB's and some synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (cis/trans-permethrin, fenvalerate and cypermethrin). The results indicate the high frequency of occurrence of many compounds in the southern Humber rivers Aire, Calder, Trent and Don compared with the more occasional concentrations found in the upland rivers with catchments dominated by low intensity agriculture. The more water soluble herbicides, atrazine, simazine, isoproturon and diuron are detected frequently in the southern rivers with the highest concentrations and abundance in the rivers Aire, Calder and Trent. The most abundant phenolic compound is 2,4-dichlorophenol usually occurring at concentrations <1 mu g/l. The organochlorine insecticides and PCB's are generally at concentrations <0.01 mu g/l, cis/trans-permethrin are the only synthetic pyrethroids detected and these are found in the rivers Aire and Calder at about equal concentrations of between 0.01 and 0.11 mu g/l. The results of the occurrence of simazine and atrazine in the rivers Trent, Don and Aire illustrate peaks in concentration in the spring and then later in the year during the early autumn coinciding with the first major storm after the summer. In the rivers Trent and Don, the annual exports (March 1994-95) of atrazine are lower than for simazine whereas in the R. Calder the yield of atrazine is higher than for simazine suggesting differences in use in these catchments. The maximum triazine concentration observed, i.e. 8 mu g/l of atrazine in the R. Calder, could have inhibiting effects on the phytoplankton and algal growth, although because of the transient nature of the peaks, recovery is expected to be rapid. The only other compounds measured at concentrations likely to produce detrimental ecotoxicological effects are cis/trans permethrin in the rivers Aire and Calder. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Determination of carbamate and urea pesticide residues in fresh vegetables using microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography

An analytical multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of seven pesticides in fresh vegetable samples, namely, courgette (Cucurbita pepo), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa, Romaine and Iceberg varieties) and peppers (Capsicum sp.) is described. The procedure, based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and analysis by liquid chromatography– photodiode array (LC–PDA) detection was applied to four carbamates (carbofuran, carbaryl, chlorpropham and EPTC) and three urea pesticides (monolinuron, metobromuron and linuron). Extraction solvent and the addition of anhydrous sodium sulphate to fresh vegetable homogenate before MAE were the parameters optimised for each commodity. Recovery studies were performed using spiked samples in the range 250–403 µgkg- 1 in each pesticide. The pesticide residues were extracted using 20mL acetonitrile at 60 ºC, for 10 min. Acceptable recoveries and RSDs were attained (overall average recovery of 77.2% and RSDs are lower than 11%). Detection limits ranged between 5.8 µgkg- 1 for carbaryl to 12.3 µgkg- 1 for carbofuran. The analytical protocol was applied for quality control of 41 fresh vegetable samples bought in Oporto Metropolitan Area (North Portugal). None of the samples contained any detectable amounts of the studied compounds.

Residues in soils : a gas chromatography - mass spectrometry study

Combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry has been used to identify unknown residues in soils (especially pesticides). The effect of U.V. light on DDT and linuron and quantitative estimation of elemental sulfur in different soils has also been carried out.

Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência sobre cultivares de batata

O presente trabalho foi realizado na Estação Experimental Agrícola da BASF S.A., situada na rodovia SP 310, km 144, no município de Santo Antonio da Posse-(SP), em área de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico com textura média. Quatro experimentos foram desenvolvidos com o objetivo de avaliar a seletividade dos herbicidas dimethenamid, metribuzin e linuron, aplicados em diferentes doses, na condição de pré-emergência, sobre as características de produção e qualidade dos tubérculos de quatro cultivares de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.). Utilizou-se, em todos os experimentos, o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições e parcelas de 21 m² (3 x 7 m). Os tratamentos utilizados foram: testemunha capinada, dimethenamid nas doses de 0,75, 1,50 e 3,00 kg ha-1, metribuzin a 0,48 e 0,72 kg ha-1 e linuron a 1,50 e 2,00 kg ha-1. Foram realizadas três avaliações visuais de fitotoxicidade aos 24, 31, e 42 dias após a aplicação (DAA). A severidade das injúrias visuais verificadas nas plantas das diferentes cultivares de batata foi dependente do herbicida, da dose aplicada e da cultivar utilizada. O herbicida dimethenamid, na dose de 3,00 kg ha-1, foi o tratamento que proporcionou as maiores porcentagens visuais de área foliar injuriada, no entanto tais sintomas desapareceram completamente aos 42 DAA. Nenhum tratamento com herbicida interferiu negativamente na produção de tubérculos, na massa seca dos tubérculos e no tamanho final dos tubérculos colhidos.

Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados nas gramas Santo Agostinho e Esmeralda

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados nas gramas Santo Agostinho (Stenotaphrum secundatum) e Esmeralda (Zoysia japonica) em condições de campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As gramas foram cortadas a 3 cm de altura e, em seguida, foram feitas as aplicações dos herbicidas. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: testemunha sem aplicação, fluazifop-p-butil (125 g ha-1), sethoxydim+óleo mineral (276 g ha-1 + 0,5% v v-1 de Assist), bispyribac-sodium (25 g ha-1), chlorimuron-ethyl (15 g ha-1), ethoxysulfuron (150 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112,5 g ha-1), iodosulfuron-methyl (10 g ha-1), metsulfuron-methyl (2,4 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (125 g ha-1), pyrithiobac-sodium (140 g ha-1), trifloxysulfuron-sodium (22,5 g ha-1), 2,4-D (720 g ha-1), quinclorac (375 g ha-1), atrazina (1.250 g ha-1), bentazon (600 g ha-1), linuron (1.350 g ha-1), fomesafen (187,5 g ha-1), lactofen (120 g ha-1), oxadiazon (600 g ha-1) e oxyfluorfen (720 g ha-1). Os herbicidas que apresentaram potencial de seletividade para o gramado de S. secundatum foram: os inibidores da ALS chlorimuron-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl e metsulfuron-methyl, o mimetizador de auxina 2,4-D, os inibidores do fotossistema II atrazina e bentazon, bem como os inibidores da Protox fomesafen, lactofen e o oxadiazon. Para o gramado de Z. japonica, os herbicidas que apresentaram potencial de seletividade foram: os inibidores da ALS chlorimuron-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl e nicosulfuron, os mimetizadores de auxina 2,4-D e quinclorac, os inibidores do fotossistema II atrazina e bentazon, além dos inibidores da Protox fomesafen, lactofen e o oxadiazon.

Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados na grama Batatais e na grama São Carlos

Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados na grama Batatais (Paspalum notatum) e na grama São Carlos (Axonopus compressus) em campo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As gramas foram cortadas a 3 cm de altura e, em seguida, realizaram-se as aplicações dos herbicidas. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: testemunha (sem aplicação), fluazifop-p-butil (125 g ha-1), sethoxydim+óleo mineral (276 g ha-1 + 0,5% v v-1 de Assist), bispyribac-sodium (25 g ha-1), chlorimuron-ethyl (15 g ha-1), ethoxysulfuron (150 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112,5 g ha-1), iodosulfuron-methyl (10 g ha-1), metsulfuron-methyl (2,4 g ha-1), nicosulfuron (125 g ha-1), pyrithiobac-sodium (140 g ha-1), trifloxysulfuron-sodium (22,5 g ha-1), 2,4-D (720 g ha-1), quinclorac (375 g ha-1), atrazina (1.250 g ha-1), bentazon (600 g ha-1), linuron (1.350 g ha-1), fomesafen (187,5 g ha-1), lactofen (120 g ha-1), oxadiazon (600 g ha-1) e oxyfluorfen (720 g ha-1). Os herbicidas que apresentaram potencial de seletividade para o gramado de P. notatum foram o chlorimuron-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, pyrithiobac-sodium, 2,4-D, bentazon e fomesafen; já para o gramado de A. compressus foram o chlorimuron-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, halosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, pyrithiobac-sodium, 2,4-D, quinclorac, atrazina, bentazon, além do fomesafen.

Controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.) em solo anteriormente ocupado por vegetação de Cerrado

Estudou-se os efeitos de herbicidas, isolados ou combinados, na cultura do algodão (Gossypium hirsutum L.) e eficiência no controle das plantas daninhas. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP em solo Latossolo Vermelho Escuro franco argilo-arenoso, localizada no município de Selvíria, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Os tratamentos testados com as doses em kg i.a/ha foram: alachlor a 2,15 e 2,58 em pré-emergência (pré), trifluralina a 0,96 em pré-plantio incorporado ao solo (ppi) isolada ou combinada com MSMA a 1,89, ou bentazon a 0,72 ou diuron a 1,20 em pós-emergência (pós) em jato dirigido, MSMA a 2,52 em pós, linuron a 1,0 em pré diuron a 1,6 em pré ou pós e testemunhas com e sem capina. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com doze tratamentos e quatro repetições. As aplicações em ppi e a semeadura foram realizadas dia 11. 12.81 e as em pré dia 18.12.81, com um pulverizador costal de pressão constante (CO2) de 30 1b/pol2, com barra de quatro bicos tipo leque Albuz verde e consumo de calda de 250 l/ha. As aplicações em pós foram realizadas. no dia 27.12.81, com o mesmo pulverizador com um bico tipo defletor, polijet azul, com protetor de jato, com pressão de 40 1b/pol2 e consumo de 500 I/ha. As espécies dominantes foram capim - colchão (Digitaria sangnalis (L.) Scop) e caruru (Amaranthus viridis L.) que foram excelentemente controladas, até 90 dias após a semeadura, por alachlor, diuron em pré, trifluralina + diuron, que reduziram mais de 80% do peso da biomassa seca da parte aérea destas. Os herbicidas não causaram fitotoxicidade à cultura. A presença das plantas daninhas reduziu em 58,9% a produção de algodão em caroço.

Removal of a combination of endocrine disruptors from aqueous systems by seedlings of radish and ryegrass

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are widespread in the environment, especially aquatic systems, and cause dangerous effects on wildlife and humans. This work was aimed to assess the capacity of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seedlings to tolerate and remove two combinations of EDs containing bisphenol A (BPA), 17α-ethynilestradiol (EE2), and linuron from four aqueous media: distilled water, a solution of natural organic matter (NOM), a lake water and a river water. Seeds of the two species were germinated in each contaminated medium and, at the end of germination, the seedling growth was evaluated by biometric measurements and residual EDs were quantified by chromatographic analysis. Biometric measurements revealed that the phytotoxicity of the two combinations of EDs depended on the medium used. Radish showed a discrete tolerance in distilled water and lake water but was inhibited in the solution of NOM and river water. Ryegrass was negatively affected mainly in river water. The concentration of each ED appeared significantly reduced in all media in the presence of seedlings of both species, but not in the blanks without plants. In 5 days, radish removed up to 88% of BPA, 100% of EE2 and 42% of linuron, and in 6 days ryegrass removed up to 92% of BPA, 74% of EE2 and 16% of linuron. The considerable removal capacity of radish and ryegrass in all media tested encourages the use of phytoremediation to remove EDs from waters. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Interações entre interferentes endócrinos e sedimento, turfa e espécies de plantas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Estudo sobre desruptores endócrinos em sistemas aquáticos: detecção e perspectivas de tratamento das águas do Rio Aporé-MS/GO, utilizando-se adsorventes sólidos

Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Materiais - FEIS

Desenvolvimento e validação de métodos para a determinação de agrotóxicos em água e solo das áreas de recarga de Aquífero Guarani, na região das nascentes do Rio Araguaia, MT/GO.

Abstract: The area near the Araguaia River, between Goiás and Mato Grosso States, is the location of a portion of the recharging of the Guarani Aquifer, which is one of the world¿s largest aquifer systems and an important source of drinking water. This reservoir could be threatened by the widespread use of pesticides in maize and soybean cultivation in this area. Thus, this work developed analytical methods for the determination of imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, imazaquin, carbofuran, atrazine, linuron, clorimuronethyl and diflubenzuron, pesticides used in maize and soybean cultivation. Pesticide separation, identification and quantification were performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) with C18 sorbents was optimized for sample extraction from water. Soil samples were extracted by mechanical shaking, sonication or microwave-assisted extraction with industrial and home microwave ovens. Methods were validated resulting in limits of quantification (LOQ) for the pesticides in water in the range of 0.015-0.1 ng mL, using SPE-HPLC-DAD, and 0.01 ng mL using LC-ESI-MS/MS. LOQ of 1 ng mL for all pesticides in soil were achieved using the home microwave oven and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Recoveries for pesticides with all methods were in the range 70-120 %. Relative standard deviations for repeatability and intermediate precision were less than 15 %. SPEHPLC- DAD and LC-ESI-MS/MS were employed for the analysis of samples of water from the recharge area and most of the pesticides were detected at concentrations below the minimum residue limit (MRL) of 0.1 ng mL established by the European Community. The home microwave oven and LC-ESI-MS/MS were used for the analysis of soil samples from two other regions of Brazil and the pesticides were not detected in these samples. Adsorption and desorption parameters were determined for imazethapyr, imazaquin, nicosulfuron and chlorimuron-ethyl, indicating that these pesticides have little affinity for the soil of the region of the Guarani Aquifer recharge, and show significant leaching potential, according to the ground water ubiquity score (GUS index) for these pesticides.

The preparation of a certified reference material of polar pesticides in freeze-dried water (CRM 606)

The preparation of a certified reference material of polar pesticides in freeze-dried water is described. The pesticides selected were atrazine, simazine, carbaryl, propanil, linuron, fenamiphos and permethrin which were added to 6000 litres of tap water at 50–80 μg · L–1 (200–320 μg · L–1 for permethrin) level in presence of NaCl (2.5 g · L–1) prior lyophilization. After the freeze-drying process the residue was rehomogenized, filled into amber glass bottles and stored at –20 °C, +4 °C and +20 °C. All pesticides were determined by HPLC/diode array detector, except permethrin which was determined by GC/ECD. The results obtained for atrazine, simazine, carbaryl, propanil, linuron and fenamiphos showed no within- or between-bottle inhomogeneity, however the material was non-homogeneous for permethrin and therefore this was withdrawn from further studies. With respect to the stability for over one year, all pesticides were stable at –20 °C. At +4 °C all pesticides were stable for at least 9 months and at +20 °C the stability was demonstrated only during the first month of storage. The content (mass fractions) of atrazine, simazine, carbaryl, propanil and linuron in freeze-dried water (CRM 606) was certified by an interlaboratory testing and a certification campaign.