Catalytic conversion of sodium lignosulphonate to vanillin –engineering aspects. Part 1 Effect of processing conditionson vanillin yield and selectivity

The commercial production of vanillin from sodium lignosulfonate under highly alkaline conditions, catalyzed by Cu2+ at elevated temperature and pressures up to 10 bar, has been simulated in a 3-L stirred reactor. Initially, the process was operated in the presence of nitrogen in dead-end mode, and it was shown that vanillin and vanillic acid were formed by hydrolysis at temperatures of 120, 140, and 160 °C. At the two higher temperatures, the amount of vanillin produced was the same. Subsequently, experiments were conducted at the same elevated pressures and temperatures with addition of air or oxygen-enriched air once the temperature in the reactor had reached temperatures similar to those used when only hydrolysis occurred. In this case, the concentration of vanillin at 140 and 160 °C was equal to that due to hydrolysis, and the subsequent 2-fold increase was due to oxidation. In addition, both vanillic acid and acetovanillone (which has rarely been reported) were produced, as was hydrogen. Thus, for the first time, it has been shown that the production of vanillin (and other compounds) from sodium lignosulfonate at elevated temperatures involves hydrolysis and oxidation, with hydrolysis starting at just above 100 °C, that is, much lower than has previously been reported. Approximately 50% is produced by each mechanism. In addition, the orders of the reactions of the different steps were estimated, and the reaction mechanisms are discussed.

Crescimento inicial e absorção de zinco pelo milho em função do modo de aplicação e fontes do nutriente

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Study of Physical Quality of Complete Feed Pellet with Different Forages Source and Binders

The purpose of this study was to know the effect of utilization of various kinds of binders in the making of complete diet that was made of several species of forages that was viewed from its physical properties (hardness and durability).  There were two formulations of complete feed and four kinds of binders a pelleting machine was used in this study.  Factorially, based on Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with feed formulation (A) with two levels namely elephant grass and the leaves of leucaena (a1) and rice straw and peanut straw (a2) as the sources of forage as the first factor, and the kinds of binders (B) with 3 % levels of each binders.  Four levels of binders namely b0 (without binder), b1 (lignosulphonate), b2 (bentonite) and b3 (CMC) were as the second factor.  There were 3 replications in each treatment combination.  Based on the results of this study, it was conclude that the hardness of pellets of complete feed was affected by feed formulations based on different kinds of forage and pellets binders, but not for durability of the pellets.  The highest value of hardness was achieved by a1b1 formulation. (Animal Production 6(1): 43-48 (2004) Key Words: Hardness, Durability, Complete Feed Pellet