The influence of light spectra, UV-A, and growth regulators on the in vitro seed germination of Senecio cineraria DC.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of light spectra, additional UV-A, and different growth regulators on the in vitro germination of Senecio cineraria DC. Seeds were surface-sterilized and inoculated in MS medium to evaluate the following light spectra: white, white plus UV-A, blue, green, red or darkness. The maximum germinability was obtained using MS0 medium under white light (30%) and MS + 0.3 mg L-1 GA3 in the absence of light (30.5%). S. cineraria seeds were indifferent to light. Blue and green lights inhibited germination. Different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) (0.1; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1) and indole-3-acetic acid IAA (0.1; 0.3 and 1.0 mg L-1) were evaluated under white light and darkness. No concentration of GA3 enhanced seed germination percentage under white light. However, when the seeds were maintained in darkness, GA3 improved germination responses in all tested concentrations, except at 1.0 mg L-1. Under white light, these concentrations also increased the germination time and reduced germination rate. Germination rate, under light or darkness, was lower using IAA compared with GA3.

Outdoor performance of forest seedlings pre-cultivated under artificial lights : effects of the light spectra used for pre-cultivation on the future establishment and development

Forest nurseries are essential for producing good quality seedlings, thus being a key element in the reforestation process. With increasing climate change awareness, nursery managers are looking for new tools that can help reduce the effects of their operations on the environment. The ZEPHYR project, funded by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), has the objective of finding new alternatives for nurseries by developing innovative zero-impact technologies for forest plant production. Due to their direct relationship to the energy consumption of the nurseries, one of the main elements addressed are the grow lights used for the pre-cultivation. New LED luminaires with a light spectrum tailored to the seedlings’ needs are being studied and compared against the traditional fluorescent lamps. Seedlings of Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris were grown under five different light spectra (one fluorescent and 4 LED) during 5 weeks with a photoperiod of 16 hours at 100 μmol∙m-2∙s-1 and 60% humidity. In order to evaluate if these seedlings were able cope with real field stress conditions, a forest field trial was also designed. The terrain chosen was a typical planting site in mid-Sweden after clear-cutting. Two vegetation periods after the outplanting, the seedlings that were pre-cultivated under the LED lamps have performed at least as well as those that were grown under fluorescent lights. These results show that there is a good  potential for lightning substitution in forestry nurseries.

DERIVING METALLICITIES FROM THE INTEGRATED SPECTRA OF EXTRAGALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTERS USING THE NEAR-INFRARED CALCIUM TRIPLET

The Ca II triplet (CaT) feature in the near-infrared has been employed as a metallicity indicator for individual stars as well as integrated light of Galactic globular clusters (GCs) and galaxies with varying degrees of success, and sometimes puzzling results. Using the DEIMOS multi-object spectrograph on Keck we obtain a sample of 144 integrated light spectra of GCs around the brightest group galaxy NGC 1407 to test whether the CaT index can be used as ametallicity indicator for extragalactic GCs. Different sets of single stellar population models make different predictions for the behavior of the CaT as a function of metallicity. In this work, the metallicities of the GCs around NGC 1407 are obtained from CaT index values using an empirical conversion. The measured CaT/metallicity distributions show unexpected features, the most remarkable being that the brightest red and blue GCs have similar CaT values despite their large difference in mean color. Suggested explanations for this behavior in the NGC 1407 GC system are (1) the CaT may be affected by a population of hot blue stars, (2) the CaT may saturate earlier than predicted by the models, and/or (3) color may not trace metallicity linearly. Until these possibilities are understood, the use of the CaT as a metallicity indicator for the integrated spectra of extragalactic GCs will remain problematic.

Red Light Stimulates Feeding Motivation in Fish but Does Not Improve Growth

Nile tilapia fish were individually reared under similar light levels for 8 weeks under five colored light spectra (maximum wavelength absorbance): white (full light spectrum), blue (~452 nm), green (~516 nm), yellow (~520 nm) or red (~628 nm). The effects of light on feeding, latency to begin feeding, growth and feed conversion were measured during the last 4 weeks of the study (i.e., after acclimation). We found that red light stimulates feeding, as in humans, most likely by affecting central control centers, but the extra feeding is not converted into growth. © 2013 Volpato et al.

Rhythms of anorexigenic neuropeptides in senegalese sole: Effects of light, feeding regimes and developmental stage.

Increasing knowledge on the endocrine mechanisms that regulate feeding and growth in cultured fish can contribute to make improvement in fish holding conditions and feeding strategies, supporting the development of new techniques that could ameliorate feeding, food conversion efficiency and growth in aquaculture practice. The main objective of this study was to investigate how daily mRNA expression of three specific anorexigenic hormones, i.e. the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the paralogues α- and β- proopiomelanocortin (POMC), is modulated by different photoperiods, light spectra and feeding regimes, in both adult and larvae of Solea senegalensis. In addition, as Senegalese sole exhibits a shift from diurnal to nocturnal in locomotor activity and feeding habits during metamorphic process, we tried to elucidate if this shift is accompanied by relevant daily variations in the expression of these anorexigenic hormones before, during and after the completion of metamorphosis. In order to reach this main objective, three main experiments were developed. In a first experiment, adults were reared under LD (12 h light: 12h dark) cycle and fed at mid-light (ML), mid-dark (MD) and at random (RND). In a second experiment, adult specimens were reared in constant darkness (DD) and fed at subjective mid-light (sML) or at RND. Larvae of Senegalese sole were reared under LD cycle with white, blue or red light for 40 days. Our results show an independence of crh mRNA expression from the feeding time and suggest an endogenous control of crh expression in sole. Both pomc paralogues showed significant daily rhythms under LD conditions. The rhythms were maintained or were even more robust under DD conditions for pomc_a, but were completely abolished for pomc_b. Our results indicate an endogenous control of pomc_a expression by the molecular clock in telencephalon and diencephalon, but not in the pituitary gland. Our findings confirm for the first time the significant influence that ambient lighting has on larval growth and development in Senegalese sole, revealing an important effect of light spectra upon functional elements of this species. Our results also emphasize the importance of maintaining cycling light-dark conditions of the adequate wavelengths in aquaculture practices during early development of sole.

The impact of spectral composition and light periodicity on the activity of two antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the coral Favia favus

In oligotrophic waters the light spectrum is mostly blue, and therefore the physiological and biochemical responses to blue light occurring in the coral tissue and in the symbiotic algae are important. Examination of the wavelength dependence of two free radical scavenger enzyme activity revealed an increase in activity in the blue light range (440-480 nm) compared to the red (640680 nm) in the full visible light (400-700 nm) range. These data show for the first time the relationship between the action spectra of photosynthesis and the activity of two main antioxidant enzymes in the symbiotic coral Favia favus. It was found that in the animal (host) the enzyme response to the spectral distribution of light was higher than that of the zooxanthellae, probably due to accumulation of free radicals within the host tissue. Furthermore, we found that the activity of these enzymes is affected in nature by the length of the day and night, and in the laboratory, by the duration of the illumination. Changes in the pigment concentrations were also observed in response to growth under the blue region and the whole PAR spectrum, while fluorescence measurements with the fast repetition rate fluorometer (FRRF) showed a decrease in the sigma cross section and a decrease in the quantum yield also in the blue part of the spectrum. These changes of scavenger enzymes activity, pigment concentration and fluorescence yield at different light spectra are vital in acclimatization and survival of corals in shallow water environments with high light radiation. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Crescimento in vitro e aclimatização de Cattleya loddigesii Lindley (Orchidaceae) com carvão ativado sob dois espectros luminosos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A relação V/VE da radiação solar sob o dossel de uma área de Mata Atlântica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mapping chiral symmetry breaking in the excited baryon spectrum

We study the conjectured “insensitivity to chiral symmetry breaking” in the highly excited light baryon spectrum. While the experimental spectrum is being measured at JLab and CBELSA/TAPS, this insensitivity remains to be computed theoretically in detail. As the only existing option to have both confinement, highly excited states, and chiral symmetry, we adopt the truncated Coulomb-gauge formulation of QCD, considering a linearly confining Coulomb term. Adopting a systematic and numerically intensive variational treatment up to 12 harmonic oscillator shells we are able to access several angular and radial excitations. We compute both the excited spectra of I=1/2 and I=3/2 baryons, up to large spin J=13/2, and study in detail the proposed chiral multiplets. While the static-light and light-light spectra clearly show chiral symmetry restoration high in the spectrum, the realization of chiral symmetry is more complicated in the baryon spectrum than earlier expected.

Exploring the internal kinematics of Galactic Globular Cluster cores

Globular clusters (GCs) are traditionally described as simple quasi-relaxed non-rotating stellar systems, characterized by spherical symmetry and isotropy in velocity space. However, recent studies have shown deviations from isotropic velocity distributions and significant internal rotation in many GCs, suggesting that their internal structure and kinematics are more complex than previously thought. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the internal kinematics of Galactic Globular Clusters (GGCs) as part of the Multi-Instrument Kinematic Survey (MIKiS), which exploits the capabilities of different ESO-VLT spectrographs to obtain comprehensive velocity dispersion (VD) and rotation profiles of GGCs. Moreover, this thesis has the particular goal of unraveling the kinematics of GC cores, which are still largely unexplored, by taking advantage of the exceptional spatial resolution of the adaptive-optics assisted integral-field spectrograph MUSE/NFM. The thesis presents a thorough kinematic study of three GGCs NGC 1904, NGC 6440, and NGC 6569. By combining the data sets acquired with four different spectrographs, we obtained the radial velocity (RV) of more than 1000 individual stars in each cluster, sampling from the innermost to the outermost regions. This allowed us to obtain the entire VD profile of each cluster and exclude the presence of an intermediate-mass black hole in the core of NGC 1904, at odds with previous findings obtained from integrated-light spectra. The studies also revealed signatures of internal rotation in each of the GCs studied. These results, supported by those of N-body simulations, prove that GCs were born with a significant initial rotation that they gradually lost through internal two-body relaxation and angular momentum loss carried away by escaping stars. Furthermore, we derived the structural parameters of NGC 6440 and NGC 6569, obtaining a comprehensive overview of the internal kinematics and structure of these GCs, which is necessary to properly reconstruct the evolutionary history of these systems.

Structure, stability, depolarized light scattering, and vibrational spectra of fullerenols from all-electron density-functional-theory calculations

We have investigated the stability, electronic properties, Rayleigh (elastic), and Raman (inelastic) depolarization ratios, infrared and Raman absorption vibrational spectra of fullerenols [C(60)(OH)(n)] with different degrees of hydroxylation by using all-electron density-functional-theory (DFT) methods. Stable arrangements of these molecules were found by means of full geometry optimizations using Becke's three-parameter exchange functional with the Lee, Yang, and Parr correlation functional. This DFT level has been combined with the 6-31G(d,p) Gaussian-type basis set, as a compromise between accuracy and capability to treat highly hydroxylated fullerenes, e.g., C(60)(OH)(36). Thus, the molecular properties of fullerenols were systematically analyzed for structures with n=1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 16, 18, 24, 32, and 36. From the electronic structure analysis of these molecules, we have evidenced an important effect related to the weak chemical reactivity of a possible C(60)(OH)(24) isomer. To investigate Raman scattering and the vibrational spectra of the different fullerenols, frequency calculations are carried out within the harmonic approximation. In this case a systematic study is only performed for n=1-4, 8, 10, 16, 18, and 24. Our results give good agreements with the expected changes in the spectral absorptions due to the hydroxylation of fullerenes.

The global distribution of phytoplankton size spectrum and size classes from their light-absorption spectra derived from satellite data

The absorption spectra of phytoplankton in the visible domain hold implicit information on the phytoplankton community structure. Here we use this information to retrieve quantitative information on phytoplankton size structure by developing a novel method to compute the exponent of an assumed power-law for their particle-size spectrum. This quantity, in combination with total chlorophyll-a concentration, can be used to estimate the fractional concentration of chlorophyll in any arbitrarily-defined size class of phytoplankton. We further define and derive expressions for two distinct measures of cell size of mixed populations, namely, the average spherical diameter of a bio-optically equivalent homogeneous population of cells of equal size, and the average equivalent spherical diameter of a population of cells that follow a power-law particle-size distribution. The method relies on measurements of two quantities of a phytoplankton sample: the concentration of chlorophyll-a, which is an operational index of phytoplankton biomass, and the total absorption coefficient of phytoplankton in the red peak of visible spectrum at 676 nm. A sensitivity analysis confirms that the relative errors in the estimates of the exponent of particle size spectra are reasonably low. The exponents of phytoplankton size spectra, estimated for a large set of in situ data from a variety of oceanic environments (~ 2400 samples), are within a reasonable range; and the estimated fractions of chlorophyll in pico-, nano- and micro-phytoplankton are generally consistent with those obtained by an independent, indirect method based on diagnostic pigments determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The estimates of cell size for in situ samples dominated by different phytoplankton types (diatoms, prymnesiophytes, Prochlorococcus, other cyanobacteria and green algae) yield nominal sizes consistent with the taxonomic classification. To estimate the same quantities from satellite-derived ocean-colour data, we combine our method with algorithms for obtaining inherent optical properties from remote sensing. The spatial distribution of the size-spectrum exponent and the chlorophyll fractions of pico-, nano- and micro-phytoplankton estimated from satellite remote sensing are in agreement with the current understanding of the biogeography of phytoplankton functional types in the global oceans. This study contributes to our understanding of the distribution and time evolution of phytoplankton size structure in the global oceans.

Nonmesonic Weak Decay Spectra of Light Hypernuclei

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)