Plant nutrients in a degraded soil treated with water treatment sludge and cultivated with grasses and leguminous plants

The objective of this work was to evaluate rates for applications of water treatment sludge (WTS) as a nutrient source for grasses and leguminous plants cropped in a soil degraded by tin mining in the Amazon Region (Natural Forest of Jamari, Rondonia State, Brazil). The treatments consisted of three rates of nitrogen supplied by WTS (100, 150 and 200 mg kg -1 soil), five combinations of plants, two controls (absolute control, without fertilization; and chemical control, soil+lime+chemical fertilizers). WTS modified the contents of macro and micronutrients in the degraded soil, but it was not, as used in the present study, sufficient for the rehabilitation of the degraded area. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Systematics of immature phycitines (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) associated with leguminous plants in the southern United States /

Includes index.

Identification of duplicated and stress-inducible Aox2b gene co-expressed with Aox1 in species of the Medicago genus reveals a regulation linked to gene rearrangement in leguminous genomes

In flowering plants, alternative oxidase (Aox) is encoded by 3-5 genes distributed in 2 subfamilies (Aox1 and Aox2). In several species only Aox1 is reported as a stress-responsive gene, but in the leguminous Vigna unguiculata Aox2b is also induced by stress. In this work we investigated the Aox genes from two leguminous species of the Medicago genus (Medicago sativa and Medicago truncatula) which present one Aox1, one Aox2a and an Aox2b duplication (named here Aox2b1 and Aox2b2). Expression analyses by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in M. sativa revealed that Aox1, Aox2b1 and Aox2b2 transcripts increased during seed germination. Similar analyses in leaves and roots under different treatments (SA, PEG, H2O2 and cysteine) revealed that these genes are also induced by stress, but with peculiar spatio-temporal differences. Aox1 and Aox2b1 showed basal levels of expression under control conditions and were induced by stress in leaves and roots. Aox2b2 presented a dual behavior, i.e., it was expressed only under stress conditions in leaves, and showed basal expression levels in roots that were induced by stress. Moreover, Aox2a was expressed at higher levels in leaves and during seed germination than in roots and appeared to be not responsive to stress. The Aox expression profiles obtained from a M. truncatula microarray dataset also revealed a stress-induced co-expression of Aox1, Aox2b1 and Aox2b2 in leaves and roots. These results reinforce the stress-inducible co-expression of Aox1/Aox2b in some leguminous plants. Comparative genomic analysis indicates that this regulation is linked to Aox1/Aox2b proximity in the genome as a result of the gene rearrangement that occurred in some leguminous plants during evolution. The differential expression of Aox2b1/2b2 suggests that a second gene has been originated by recent gene duplication with neofunctionalization. © 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

PGPRs and nitrogen-fixing legumes: a perfect team for efficient Cd phytoremediation?

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic, biologically non-essential and highly mobile metal that has become an increasingly important environmental hazard to both wildlife and humans. In contrast to conventional remediation technologies, phytoremediation based on legume rhizobia symbiosis has emerged as an inexpensive decontamination alternative which also revitalize contaminated soils due to the role of legumes in nitrogen cycling. In recent years, there is a growing interest in understanding symbiotic legume rhizobia relationship and its interactions with Cd. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive picture of the main effects of Cd in N-2-fixing leguminous plants and the benefits of exploiting this symbiosis together with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to boost an efficient reclamation of Cd-contaminated soils.

两类豆科植物：锦鸡儿和野大豆的分子生态学研究

野大豆和锦鸡儿，同属豆科植物。前者是一年生自交植物，后者是多年生异交植物;一个是大豆的种质资源，另一个是固沙植物;一个具有耐盐适应，另一个能够抗旱。本文首先结合同工酶分析结果，通过随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD]标记研究了锦鸡儿和野大豆群体的分子生态学特征。然后用限制性内切酶消化了单态的野大豆群体扩增产物以提高RAPD标记检测野大豆DNA多态性的能力。并且根据锦鸡儿群体的RAPD谱估算了每位点上的等位基因频率，分别用Shannon信息指数和Nei指数估测了各群体的遗传变异。最后，在以上研究的基础上结合我们实验室有关锦鸡儿和野大豆的形态，种子蛋白或同工酶方面的分析得到以下结论： 1]在本文的实验条件下，RAPD标记的重复性很好，使有关锦鸡儿和野大豆群体分子生态学的研究结果有了可靠的基础。 2]RAPD标记的显性特征使实验中确定显、隐性等位基因频率困难较大。用估测的显、隐性等位基因频率通过Shannon信息指数估算群体遗传多样性可能更适合于异交植物。 3）用限制性内切酶消化随机扩增产物后，能够提高RAPD标记检测野大豆群体DNA多态性的能力。4]按RAPD多态位点比率排列毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿各群体为：硬粱群体<沙丘群体<硬粱覆沙群体<毛条群体<滩地覆沙群体<软梁覆沙群体。按遗传多样性排列各群体为：硬粱群体<硬梁覆沙群体<沙丘群体<软梁覆沙群体<毛条群体<滩地覆沙群体。反映了RAPD多态位点比率与遗传多样性在检测群体DNA多态性能力上的异同。 5]毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿群体间 存在着强大的基因流，其高度异交性与生态过渡带可能是一致的。 6]根据同工酶、种子蛋白的分析结果，硬粱覆沙群体的基因多样性在毛鸟素沙地锦鸡儿各群体中是最高的。然而，根据DNA多态性的研究结果，硬粱覆沙群体的基因多样性在各个群体中仅大于硬梁群体。反映了锦鸡尔表型分化与基因型分化的差异。7]就本文的研究结果来看，野大豆群体以其高水平的遗传多样性和发育变通性适应着多变的盐环境。8]无论从DNA多态位点比率还是群体的基因多样性来看，异交植物锦鸡儿群体都具有比自交植物野大豆群体较高的水平。除了盐适应的野大豆群体外，一般来讲，锦鸡儿群体间的基因流要明显地大干野大豆的群体间的基因流。

Study of the Cd complexation mechanism by glutathione in Rhizobium leguminosarum

A associação simbiótica de plantas leguminosas com bactérias do género Rhizobium é o maior e mais eficiente contribuinte de azoto fixado biologicamente (Somasegaran e Hoben, 1994; Zahran, 1999). No entanto, o constante aumento da poluição em solos agrícolas, nomeadamente a contaminação por metais devido à aplicação de fertilizantes e de lamas, está a tornar-se um problema ambiental cada vez mais preocupante (Alloway, 1995a; Giller et al., 1998; Permina et al., 2006; Thorsen et al., 2009; Wani et al., 2008), influenciando de forma negativa a persistência destas bactérias nos solos agrícolas, assim como a sua eficácia de nodulação (Broos et al., 2005; Wani et al., 2008;. Zhengwei et al., 2005). Desta forma, o estudo dos mecanismos de tolerância de Rhizobium a metais tornou-se uma área de investigação de elevada importância. Com o trabalho apresentado nesta tese pretendeu-se perceber melhor a tolerância Rhizobium leguminosarum ao cádmio (Cd), dando particular atenção a um mecanismo de tolerância previamente descrito em R. leguminosarum (Lima et al., 2006): a complexação intracelular de Cd pelo tripéptido glutationa (GSH). Assim, o principal objectivo deste trabalho foi perceber melhor qual a importância deste mecanismo nos níveis de tolerância de rizóbio ao Cd. Como já tinha sido descrito em trabalhos anteriores (Figueira et al., 2005; Lima et al., 2006), foi possível verificar que a estirpe mais tolerante ao metal apresenta níveis mais elevados de Cd e GSH intracelulares. Demonstrou-se ainda que a tolerância ao Cd está dependente da maior eficiência no mecanismo de complexação observada na estirpe tolerante, logo durante as primeiras 12 h de crescimento. Gomes et al. (2002) verificou que a acumulação de complexos GSH-Cd no citoplasma inibe a entrada de metal na célula. Como neste trabalho se observou um aumento nos níveis de Cd intracelular na estirpe tolerante ao longo do tempo, surgiu a hipótese dos complexos serem excretados para o espaço periplasmático. Os elevados níveis de GSH e de Cd determinados no espaço periplasmático corroboraram esta hipótese. Neste trabalho demonstrou-se ainda que a eficácia do mecanismo de complexação, depende da actividade enzimática de uma isoforma específica de GST, que apresentou um elevado acréscimo de actividade na presença do metal. Desta forma, os resultados desta tese indicam que, a maior tolerância de R. leguminosarum ao Cd, depende da capacidade das estirpes para induzir a síntese de GSH na presença de Cd e, simultaneamente aumentar a actividade enzimática da GST específica, optimizando assim o mecanismo de complexação de Cd intracelular.

Sucessão de cultivo de feijão-arroz com doses de adubação nitrogenada após adubação verde, em semeadura direta

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Early development and nutrition of cover crop species as affected by soil compaction

A good cover crop should have a vigorous early development and a high potential for nutrient uptake that can be made available to the next crop. In tropical areas with relatively dry winters drought tolerance is also very important. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the early development and nutrition of six species used as cover crops as affected by sub-superficial compaction of the soil. The plants (oats, pigeon pea, pearl millet, black mucuna, grain sorghum, and blue lupin) were grown in pots filled with soil subjected to different subsurface compaction levels (bulk densities of 1.12, 1.16, and 1.60 mg m(-3)) for 39 days. The pots had an internal diameter of 10 cm and were 33.5 cm deep. Grasses were more sensitive to soil compaction than leguminous plants during the initial development. Irrespective of compaction rates, pearl millet and grain sorghum were more efficient in recycling nutrients. These two species proved to be more appropriate as cover crops in tropical regions with dry winters, especially if planted shortly before spring.

Mechanical tillage of degraded mining areas at Jamari national forest (Amazonian forest, Rondônia - BR)

According to the environmental legislation enforced in Brazil and the process of marketing globalization, the commitment of the nations to the preservation of the environment is intensified. By reason of nature's negative responses to its intensive use, awareness then appears from enterprises and agencies about how the anthropic action over the environment needs to be minimized, becoming a challenge: development and sustainability. In this context, the present work made use of the Mechanical tillage of the soil, as a technique to apply, in a large scale, the strategies and methods to recover mined areas that were researched and developed experimentally by researchers on a theme project about the recovering of degraded areas. This work was conducted in the Amazon ecosystem, inside the Jamari National Forest - Rondônia (FLONA do Jamari), in deactivated cassiterite mines. The objectives of this work were to: Develop a computational program capable of managing a database and assist in the selection of machines and preparation methods to execute the operations of topographical reconstitution and tillage of surfaces in areas degraded by the mineral exploitation of cassiterite. Use the program that was developed in the planning of costs and operational development, for the operations required in the strategies for recovering the areas. Analyze the vegetable productivity in the mobilized areas and the quality of the superficial mobilization, making use of indicators and tillage methods. Evaluate, through biological indicators, the efficiency of the recovery strategies and techniques that were mechanized and applied on the location. The results showed that the developed computational program (SGMAD) served the methodological purposes (the analysis of costs and operational capacity) established for the planning and the selection of the tillage machines and methods in the areas of mineral exploitation of cassiterite. The applied methods and quality of the superficial mobilization were significant to the development of leguminous plants in the areas. The use of biological indicators (microbial biomass and enzymatic activity) in the evaluation of the adopted techniques and strategies revealed that the planting of leguminous plants and their posterior incorporation have been promoting gradually positive alterations in some of the analyzed soil/substract parameters. © 2010 WIT Press.

Caracterização estrutural de polissacarídeos produzidos por bactérias dos gêneros Rhizobium e Mesorhizobium

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desenvolvimento e produção de figueiras submetidas ao controle de nematóides

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Características agrometeorológicas da cultura de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) variedade Candeias em Paragominas – PA

O Município de Paragominas pertence à Mesorregião Sudeste Paraense (03° 00' 00” S e 47° 21' 30" W) onde há toda uma área já alterada por desmatamentos e pastagens apenas à espera de ser incorporada ao processo produtivo agrícola..A cultura da soja tem importância significativa para a economia nacional, sendo um dos principais produtos agrícolas de exportação e geração de divisas,, pertencente à família das leguminosas, se adapta em uma ampla faixa de climas, podendo ser cultivada em todos os tipos de solo. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as condições agrometeorológicas durante o ciclo vegetativo da soja em Paragominas - PA. Nesta área foi construída uma torre meteorológica automática de 4 metros de altura, sendo a fazenda Boi branco localizada a 03°02´15´´S e 47°17´56´´W e instalada uma estação com medidas a cada (5) cinco minutos das seguintes variáveis: temperatura do ar (Tar), umidade específica do ar (q), temperatura do solo (Tsolo), umidade do solo (Usolo), velocidade do vento (W), direção do vento (D), radiação solar incidente (Sin), radiação solar refletida (Sout), saldo de radiação (Rn) e fluxo de calor no solo (G) e precipitação. Variações microclimáticas têm efeitos bastante diretos no desenvolvimento da planta. As coletas realizadas entre fevereiro a início de junho de 2006 mostram que os dias 84, 98 e 126 foram os dias de maior precipitação e os dias 70 e 154 e 161 não houve chuva. De acordo com o desenvolvimento do plantio observamos que nos meses de fevereiro a início de abril a umidade específica máxima do ar se manteve elevada 21,0 g/Kg. A jornada da temperatura do ar máxima se manteve entre 23,5 ºC e 32,5 ºC acompanhando o desenvolvimento da cultura. A temperatura média do solo em três medidas (5, 10 e 20 cm), observou-se que as temperaturas estão entre 25 ºC a 35 ºC. No início do plantio a velocidade do vento estava por volta de 3 m/s decrescendo, e no final do cultivo encontrava-se 2,5 m/s. No período de floração a velocidade se manteve estável o que contribui para a dispersão de pólen e sementes. O vento vem de todas as direções, entretanto, o vento é predominante de nordeste. Quando o solo ainda se encontra completamente nu, o albedo é elevado, pois a radiação que entra no sistema é a mesma que sai. Quando o plantio começa a se desenvolver o albedo tende a diminuir, pois a quantidade de radiação solar que chega ao sistema parte é refletida e outra absorvida pela superfície. A umidade média do solo em três medidas (10, 20 e 30 cm), onde observamos que a umidade está entre 0,2 m⁄m³ a 0,45 m⁄m³. O fluxo de calor no solo a 10 cm apresentou picos em torno de -135 W/m2 e 55 W/m2 (7 as 18 h) e a 20 cm apresentou picos em torno de -25 W/m2 e 45 W/m2 (7 as 18 h). O sinal positivo representa transferência de calor do ar para o solo e o fluxo foi da superfície para as camadas mais internas do solo. Quando analisamos a evapotranspiração estimada notamos que foi inferior do que a evapotranspiração medida, sendo o pico da evapotranspiração estimada 4,0 mm⁄dia e a evapotranspiração medida 8,8 mm⁄dia. Quando analisamos a regressão linear a evapotranspiração estimada foi inferior a evapotranspiração medida.

Crescimento radicular de espécies utilizadas como cobertura decorrente da compactação do solo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Characterization of Bean Necrotic Mosaic Virus: A Member of a Novel Evolutionary Lineage within the Genus Tospovirus

Background: Tospoviruses (Genus Tospovirus, Family Bunyaviridae) are phytopathogens responsible for significant worldwide crop losses. They have a tripartite negative and ambisense RNA genome segments, termed S (Small), M (Medium) and L (Large) RNA. The vector-transmission is mediated by thrips in a circulative-propagative manner. For new tospovirus species acceptance, several analyses are needed, e. g., the determination of the viral protein sequences for enlightenment of their evolutionary history. Methodology/Principal Findings: Biological (host range and symptomatology), serological, and molecular (S and M RNA sequencing and evolutionary studies) experiments were performed to characterize and differentiate a new tospovirus species, Bean necrotic mosaic virus (BeNMV), which naturally infects common beans in Brazil. Based upon the results, BeNMV can be classified as a novel species and, together with Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus (SVNaV), they represent members of a new evolutionary lineage within the genus Tospovirus. Conclusion/Significances: Taken together, these evidences suggest that two divergent lineages of tospoviruses are circulating in the American continent and, based on the main clades diversity (American and Eurasian lineages), new tospovirus species related to the BeNMV-SVNaV clade remain to be discovered. This possible greater diversity of tospoviruses may be reflected in a higher number of crops as natural hosts, increasing the economic impact on agriculture. This idea also is supported since BeNMV and SVNaV were discovered naturally infecting atypical hosts (common bean and soybean, respectively), indicating, in this case, a preference for leguminous species. Further studies, for instance a survey focusing on crops, specifically of leguminous plants, may reveal a greater tospovirus diversity not only in the Americas (where both viruses were reported), but throughout the world.