Parámetros físicos del suelo en condiciones no perturbadas y bajo laboreo

Se estudió el efecto de dos sistemas de labranza sobre algunas propiedades del suelo y el rendimiento de soja. La experiencia se realizó sobre un Argiudol típico durante 1996. Los tratamientos fueron: siembra directa (SD), labranza vertical (LV) y un control no laboreado (T). Sedeterminó: densidad del suelo (DS); densidad máxima (DSMAX); compactación relativa (CR); porosidad estructural (PE); carbono orgánico total (COT), humificado (COH) y libre (COL) y humedad gravimétrica (HG). Se realizó el perfil cultural en LV y SD. La DS en SD fue significativamente mayor (P<=0,01) en superficie y en profundidad (1,22 y 1,37 Mg m-3, respectivamente). La PE en superficie fue LV>T>SD, mientras que en profundidad fue T>LV>SD. Hubo relación inversa entre CR y PE (r²=0,87). El perfil cultural mostró un 40% de agregados sin porosidad interna enSD. En superficie T presentó mayor COT, COH y COL. La DSMAX se correlacionó negativamente con el COT (r²=0,88). Al inicio del cultivo, SD presentó mayor HG (P<=0,01) que LV; en floración LV presentó mayor HG (P<=0,01). Si bien SD presentó mayor COT, COH y COL que LV, la mayor compactación observada en SD pudo incidir negativamente en el rendimiento del cultivo (fue el 50% de LV).

Distribución vertical del banco de semillas de Euphorbia davidii Subils, en lotes agrícolas de la zona centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

Euphorbia davidii Subils, es una maleza anual que está presente en la zona centro de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se realizaron estudios para determinar el banco de semillas de esta especie y su distribución vertical en lotes agrícolas de Azul y Olavarría. Se extrajeron 240 muestras de suelo, provenientes de 60 puntos distribuidos al azar, a cuatro niveles de profundidad: 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm y 15-20 cm. Las extracciones se realizaron dos veces al año, en mayo y en septiembre. Las muestras fueron procesadas y las semillas separadas por tamizado en húmedo. Se evaluó germinación y viabilidad mediante la prueba de trifeniltetrazolio. Se cuantificaron 30.000 y 15.000 semillas m-2, para los lotes de Azul y Olavarría, respectivamente. En Olavarría, el 79% de las semillas se encontraron de 0-5 cm, de profundidad, el 14%, de 5-10 cm y el 7% restante de 10-20 cm. En Azul se observó una distribución vertical más homogénea. El 55 % de las semillas se encontraron de 0-5 cm de profundidad, un 24% de 5-10 cm, el 16% de 10-15 cm y el 5% en el muestreo más profundo. Las diferencias en la distribución se asociaron al manejo de los lotes. En ambas localidades la viabilidad de semillas, provenientes del estrato superficial, superó el 70%. Las semillas de estratos superficiales recolectadas en el lote de Olavarría, inmediatamente después de la dehiscencia, presentaron dormición, en cambio en las semillas provenientes del lote de Azul para el mismo momento de muestreo, no se observó dormición.

Estudio Energético y de Explotación de diferentes conjuntos de Labranza para el Cultivo de la Yuca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) en un Fluvisol

El trabajo se desarrolló en tres etapas de investigación, las dos primeras fueron realizadas en la Unidad Básica de Producción Cooperativa “El Palmar” perteneciente a la Empresa de Cultivos Varios "Paquito Rosales Benítez" del municipio de Yara, provincia de Granma, Cuba, el cual se llevó a cabo en el período de abril de 2005 a enero de 2008; y de noviembre de 2012 a febrero de 2013 respectivamente; la tercera se ejecutó de mayo a junio de 2013 en un canal de suelo ubicado en la nave de maquinaria del Departamento de Ingeniería Rural de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. En la primera etapa se evaluaron los conjuntos tractor-apero que intervienen en la realización de cuatro sistemas de labranza para el cultivo de la yuca, variedad Enana Rosada. Los sistemas de laboreo fueron: T1, labor de aradura (alzado) con un arado de discos seguidas de un pase de grada de discos un pase cruzado de un escarificador y un pase con una grada de discos (5 labores); T2, laboreo mínimo que comprende una labor profunda con un escarificador con saetas seguido por una labor de grada de discos (2 labores); T3, laboreo mínimo en el que se realizaron dos pases cruzados con escarificador y una labor de fresado con una fresadora de eje horizontal (3 labores) y; T4, dos labores cruzadas con la grada de discos seguidas por otras dos pases cruzados con el escarificador y una última labor con la grada de discos (5 labores). Se realizaron cinco observaciones de la jornada laboral para cada uno de los conjuntos tractorapero de cada sistema de laboreo en tres campañas, evaluando el consumo de combustible, las diferentes productividades, los índices y coeficientes tecnológicos y de explotación, el rendimiento del cultivo el balance energético del mismo, y la emisión de CO2 equivalente. En la segunda etapa se determinó la fuerza de tiro requerida por un órgano de trabajo de un escarificador con saetas en condiciones de campo, en tres profundidades (15, 25 y 35 cm) y a cuatro velocidades de trabajo (1,30; 1,49; 1,65 y 2,32 m s-1). En la tercera etapa se determinaron las fuerzas horizontales y verticales en una maqueta experimental de un órgano de trabajo de un escarificador con saetas (1:5 del tamaño real del apero) en cuatro contenidos de humedad (60, 90, 120 y 150 g kg-1), tres densidades del suelo (1,1; 1,2 y 1,3 Mg m-3) y una velocidad de 40 mm s-1. Se comparan los resultados del apero a tamaño real y la maqueta experimental. Los mejores resultados relacionados con los indicadores evaluados a la maquinaria correspondieron al sistema de laboreo mínimo T2, el cual presenta la mejor productividad por hora de tiempo limpio (1,34 ha h-1) y de tiempo operativo (1,27 ha h-1), con diferencias significativas respecto al resto de los sistemas de labranza evaluados; así como el menor consumo de combustible (32,4 L ha-1) y el mejor comportamiento energético, con diferencias significativas respecto a las demás, resultando inferior en un 63, 30 y 58 % con relación a T1, T3 y T4. La fuerza de tiro del órgano de trabajo del escarificador con saetas se incrementa con la densidad del suelo y con la profundidad, y velocidad de trabajo. Las fuerzas horizontales y verticales de la maqueta se incrementan linealmente con la densidad y humedad del suelo. Existe una relación lineal entre las fuerzas de tiro y horizontales medidas en el apero real y en el apero a escala con el contenido de humedad del suelo. ABSTRACT The work was developed in three stages of research, the first two were conducted in the Basic Unit of Cooperative Production "El Palmar" belonging to the agricultural farm "Paquito Rosales Benitez" in the municipality of Yara, Granma Province, Cuba, the which was conducted in the period from April 2005 to January 2008 and November 2012 and February 2013 respectively, the third from May to June 2013 on a soilbin located in the ship's machinery of Rural Engineering Department of the Technical University of Madrid. In the first stage were evaluated tractor-implement sets involved in the completion of four tillage systems for cassava, Pink Dwarf variety. Tillage systems were: T1, plowing (elevation) with a disk plow followed by a pass of disc harrow, a cross of scarifier and a pass with a disc harrow (5 labours), T2, minimum tillage comprising a deep work with a scarifier with a bolt followed by a disc harrow work (two labours); T3, minimum tillage which two crossed passes performed with scarifier and milling labour with a horizontal axis milling machine (three labours) and, T4, two crossed labours with disc harrow followed by two crossed passes with the scarifier and a final labour with disc harrow (5 labours). Five observations of the working day for each tractor-implement sets of each tillage system in three seasons were performed, evaluating fuel consumption, different productivities, indexes and technological and operational factors, the crop yield energy balance and the emission of CO2 equivalent. In the second stage we determined the draft force required by a working body of a scarifier with bolt under field conditions at three depths (15, 25 and 35 cm) and four operating speeds (1.30, 1.49 , 1.65 and 2.32 m s-1). In the third stage were determined horizontal and vertical forces on an experimental model of a working body of a scarifier with bolt (1:5 real scale of the implement) in four moisture contents (60, 90, 120 and 150 g kg -1), three soil densities (1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 Mg m-3) and a speed of 40 mm s-1.The results of real scale implement the experimental model were compared. The best results related to evaluated machinery indicators corresponded to T2 minimum tillage system, which presents the best productivity per hour clean time (1.34 ha h-1) and operating time (1.27 ha h-1), with significant differences compared to other tillage systems evaluated; as well as lower fuel consumption (32.4 L ha-1) and the best energy performance, with significant differences from the other, resulting lower by 63, 30 and 58% compared to T1, T3 and T4. The draft force of the working body of the scarifier with bolt increases with soil density and depth, and speed of work. The horizontal and vertical forces of the model increase linearly with density and soil moisture. A linear relationship exists between the shot and horizontal forces measured at the real implement and scale implement with the soil moisture content.

Diseño de herramientas de labranza combinando criterios biomiméticos y métodos numéricos.

El laboreo de conservación requiere el diseño de herramientas de labranza que cumplan criterios de calidad de la labor, resistencia al desgaste y reducción del consumo energético (debido fundamentalmente a la adherencia suelo/herramienta). La biomimética es la ciencia que refiere al estudio de la estructura y la función de los sistemas biológicos como modelos para el diseño y fabricación de materiales y máquinas, en un proceso de ingeniería inversa en que el ser humano saca provecho de los procesos evolutivos de la naturaleza. En este trabajo de revisión, 1998-2013, se describen las respuestas adaptativas de diversos seres vivos al problema de la adherencia, y se analiza el caso concreto de optimización de una vertedera, un brazo de subsolador y un disco de corte empleando modelos numéricos y criterios biomiméticos. En todos los casos las etapas llevadas a cabo por distintos investigadores son: formulación del modelo de elementos finitos del apero, para posteriormente (en función de las condiciones de contorno) y de propiedades del suelo, obtener los resultados de la simulación. Por último se verifica experimentalmente con datos reales (sólo en dos de los tres ejemplos). Como resultado, comprobamos que en el caso del disco de corte la tensión total que soporta el material se reduce en un 34% con un diseño optimizado, mientras que en el caso del subsolador biomimético la resistencia horizontal y vertical se reducen en un 7% y 24% respectivamente.

The Inadequacy Of The Y-axis Of Growth (sngn) For The Vertical Pattern Assessment In Patients With Sagittal Discrepancies.

The aim of this cephalometric study was to evaluate the influence of the sagittal skeletal pattern on the 'Y-axis of growth' measurement in patients with different malocclusions. Lateral head films from 59 patients (mean age 16y 7m, ranging from 11 to 25 years) were selected after a subjective analysis of 1630 cases. Sample was grouped as follows: Group 1 - class I facial pattern; group 2 - class II facial pattern; and Group 3 - class III facial pattern. Two angular measurements, SNGoGn and SNGn, were taken in order to determine skeletal vertical facial pattern. A logistic regression with errors distributed according to a binomial distribution was used to test the influence of the sagittal relationship (Class I, II, III facial patterns) on vertical diagnostic measurement congruence (SNGoGn and SNGn). RESULTS show that the probability of congruence between the patterns SNGn and SNGoGn was relatively high (70%) for group 1, but for groups II (46%) and III (37%) this congruence was relatively low. The use of SNGn appears to be inappropriate to determine the vertical facial skeletal pattern of patients, due to Gn point shifting throughout sagittal discrepancies. Clinical Significance: Facial pattern determined by SNGn must be considered carefully, especially when severe sagittal discrepancies are present.

Vertical Bone Measurements From Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images Using Different Software Packages.

This article aimed at comparing the accuracy of linear measurement tools of different commercial software packages. Eight fully edentulous dry mandibles were selected for this study. Incisor, canine, premolar, first molar and second molar regions were selected. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained with i-CAT Next Generation. Linear bone measurements were performed by one observer on the cross-sectional images using three different software packages: XoranCat®, OnDemand3D® and KDIS3D®, all able to assess DICOM images. In addition, 25% of the sample was reevaluated for the purpose of reproducibility. The mandibles were sectioned to obtain the gold standard for each region. Intraclass coefficients (ICC) were calculated to examine the agreement between the two periods of evaluation; the one-way analysis of variance performed with the post-hoc Dunnett test was used to compare each of the software-derived measurements with the gold standard. The ICC values were excellent for all software packages. The least difference between the software-derived measurements and the gold standard was obtained with the OnDemand3D and KDIS3D (-0.11 and -0.14 mm, respectively), and the greatest, with the XoranCAT (+0.25 mm). However, there was no statistical significant difference between the measurements obtained with the different software packages and the gold standard (p> 0.05). In conclusion, linear bone measurements were not influenced by the software package used to reconstruct the image from CBCT DICOM data.

Sistema de análise de movimento para avaliação da postura vertical durante a corrida no teste de esforço máximo incremental

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Performance da resistencia muscular de membros inferiores em praticantes da modalidade esportiva voleibol, atraves do salto vertical

Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação Física

Estudo do salto vertical : uma analise da relação de forças aplicadas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação Física

Effect of cyclic load on vertical misfit of prefabricated and cast implant single abutment

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate misfit alterations at the implant/abutment interface of external and internal connection implant systems when subjected to cyclic loading. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Standard metal crowns were fabricated for 5 groups (n=10) of implant/abutment assemblies: Group 1, external hexagon implant and UCLA cast-on premachined abutment; Group 2, internal hexagon implant and premachined abutment; Group 3, internal octagon implant and prefabricated abutment; Group 4, external hexagon implant and UCLA cast-on premachined abutment; and Group 5, external hexagon implant and Ceraone abutment. For groups 1, 2, 3 and 5, the crowns were cemented on the abutments and in group 4 crowns were screwed directly on the implant. The specimens were subjected to 500,000 cycles at 19.1 Hz of frequency and non-axial load of 133 N in a MTS 810 machine. The vertical misfit (μm) at the implant/abutment interface was evaluated before (B) and after (A) application of the cyclic loading. Data were analyzed statistically by using two-away ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Before loading values showed no difference among groups 2 (4.33±3.13), 3 (4.79±3.43) and 5 (3.86±4.60); between groups 1 (12.88±6.43) and 4 (9.67±3.08), and among groups 2, 3 and 4. However, groups 1 and 4 were significantly different from groups 2, 3 and 5. After loading values of groups 1 (17.28±8.77) and 4 (17.78±10.99) were significantly different from those of groups 2 (4.83±4.50), 3 (8.07±4.31) and 5 (3.81±4.84). There was a significant increase in misfit values of groups 1, 3 and 4 after cyclic loading, but not for groups 2 and 5. CONCLUSIONS: The cyclic loading and type of implant/abutment connection may develop a role on the vertical misfit at the implant/abutment interface.

Vertical alveolar crest bone maintenance around implants in two-stage surgery: an in situ study in dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate in situ changes in the alveolar crest bone height around immediate implant-supported crowns in comparison to tooth-supported crowns (control) with the cervical margins located at the bone crest level, without occlusal load. In Group I, after extraction of 12 mandibular premolars from 4 adult dogs, implants from Branemark System (MK III TiU RP 4.0 x 11.5 mm) were placed to retain complete acrylic crowns. In Group II, premolars were prepared to receive complete metal crowns. Sixteen weeks after placement of the crowns (38 weeks after tooth extraction), the height of the alveolar bone crest was measured with a digital caliper. Data were analyzed statistically by the Mann-Whitney test at 5% significance level. The in situ analysis showed no statistically significant difference (p=0.880) between the implant-supported and the tooth-supported groups (1.528 + 0.459 mm and 1.570 + 0.263 mm, respectively). Based on the findings of the present study, it may be concluded that initial peri-implant bone loss may result from the remodeling process necessary to establish the biological space, similar to which occurs with tooth-supported crowns.

Relation between implant/abutment vertical misfit and torque loss of abutment screws

This study investigated whether there is a direct correlation between the level of vertical misfit at the abutment/implant interface and torque losses (detorque) in abutment screws. A work model was obtained from a metal matrix with five 3.75 x 9 mm external hex implants with standard platform (4.1 mm). Four frameworks were waxed using UCLA type abutments and one-piece cast in commercially pure titanium. The misfit was analyzed with a comparator microscope after 20 Ncm torque. The highest value of misfit observed per abutment was used. The torque required to loose the screw was evaluated using a digital torque meter. The torque loss values, measured by the torque meter, were assumed as percentage of initial torque (100%) given to abutment screws. Pearson's correlation (α=0.05) between the misfit values (29.08 ± 8.78 µm) and the percentage of detorque (50.71 ± 11.37%) showed no statistically significant correlation (p=0.295). Within the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that great vertical misfits dot not necessarily implies in higher detorque values.

Integração vertical como estratégia de apropriação de valor: um estudo exploratório no canal de distribuição de produtos agrícolas

Neste artigo, investiga-se a adoção de canais alternativos para a comercialização de produtos agrícolas como forma de atenuar o poder, cada vez maior, exercido pelas grandes redes varejistas. O artigo investiga a decisão - e os efeitos daí decorrentes - de uma determinada empresa sediada no interior paulista, agrícola Pedra Branca, quanto à operacionalização verticalizada de uma butique de frutas, legumes e verduras (FLVs). Consciente dos novos padrões demandados pelo consumidor, a estratégia da empresa alvo do estudo foi combinar a oferta regular de produtos frescos, de qualidade intrínseca padronizada e preços atrativos, a um serviço diferenciado, baseado em um alto valor na experiência de compra. Esta estratégia fundamenta-se no anseio dos consumidores de, mais do que simplesmente adquirir produtos, experimentar sensações, as quais vividas em momentos de lazer exerceriam um grande poder de diferenciação. Realizou-se um estudo de caso baseado em entrevistas em profundidade semiestruturadas com diretores e gerentes da empresa. Como resultado, as evidências empíricas sugerem: 1) a verticalização (integração vertical) da atividade de comercialização como uma alternativa para a apropriação de valor da produção ao longo do canal de distribuição; e 2) o desafio da gestão do suprimento como requisito-chave para a adequada gestão do valor de uma marca. Considera-se oportuno lembrar, porém, que, em decorrência das limitações próprias da metodologia de estudos de caso, estas tais evidências devem ser entendidas como proposição a ser testada em trabalhos quantitativos futuros, ou mesmo melhor embasada via condução de estudos multicaso.

Estudo fotoelástico do controle vertical com o arco de dupla chave na técnica Straight wire

INTRODUÇÃO: em alguns casos, a extração de pré-molares torna-se necessária e nem sempre os espaços são completamente fechados após o alinhamento e nivelamento. O arco de dupla chave, ou Double Key Loop (DKL), é um arco retangular de aço para retração, com duas alças - uma mesial e outra distal ao canino. OBJETIVOS: este trabalho propôs-se a estudar o local onde a força é exercida, após a ativação desse arco, utilizando ativação na alça distal, ativação entre as alças e na alça distal, e ativação com Gurin®. MÉTODOS: foram montados nove modelos fotoelásticos de um arco dentário inferior, sem os primeiros pré-molares e os terceiros molares, com braquetes In-Ovation e arco DKL. O arco foi ativado e a região de incisivos, caninos e dentes posteriores foi fotografada, com interposição de filtros polarizadores de luz. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: após a análise do modelo fotoelástico, concluiu-se que a ativação com Gurin® pode produzir movimento de retração anterior com componente extrusivo; a ativação na alça distal pode produzir movimento de retração anterior sem componente extrusivo; e a ativação entre as alças e na alça distal pode produzir movimento de retração anterior com componente intrusivo.

Probing the Galactic thick disc vertical properties and interfaces

Aims. This work investigates the properties (metallicity and kinematics) and interfaces of the Galactic thick disc as a function of height above the Galactic plane. The main aim is to study the thick disc in a place where it is the main component of the sample. Methods. We take advantage of former astrometric work in two fields of several square degrees in which accurate proper motions were measured down to V-magnitudes of 18.5 in two directions, one near the north galactic pole and the other at a galactic latitude of 46 degrees and galactic longitude near 0 degrees. Spectroscopic observations have been acquired in these two fields for a total of about 400 stars down to magnitude 18.0, at spectral resolutions of 3.5 to 6.25 angstrom. The spectra have been analysed with the code ETOILE, comparing the target stellar spectra with a grid of 1400 reference stellar spectra. This comparison allowed us to derive the parameters effective temperature, gravity, [Fe/H] and absolute magnitude for each target star. Results. The Metallicity Distribution Function (MDF) of the thin-thick-disc-halo system is derived for several height intervals between 0 and 5 kpc above the Galactic plane. The MDFs show a decrease of the ratio of the thin to thick disc stars between the first and second kilo-parsec. This is consistent with the classical modelling of the vertical density profile of the disc with 2 populations with different scale heights. A vertical metallicity gradient, partial derivative[Fe/H]/partial derivative z = -0.068 +/- 0.009 dex kpc(-1), is observed in the thick disc. It is discussed in terms of scenarios of formation of the thick disc.