25 resultados para kyla


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Högskolan Dalarna har i samråd med Borlänge Energi utfört en förstudie angående möjligheten att utnyttja kyla från förångningsstationen av naturgas vid SSAB Borlänge för fjärrkyla till närliggande, nyetablerade, kunder i form av en bandyhall samt en datalagringshall. En potentiell plats för placering är Savelgärdet, som ligger i nära anslutning till kylproduktionen på SSAB. Överskottet av kyla från SSAB är väldigt beroende av produktionstakten vilket gör att det är många avbrott i varierande längd. En uppskattning baserad på 2013 års driftdata visar att naturgasförångningen skulle kunna generera cirka 8-9 GWh kyla vid 4 °C och en medeleffekt på 1 MW. Till detta tillkommer kyla från förångning av syrgas. Förstudien visar att kylbehovet för en bandyhall är begränsat vid de temperaturer på kyla som kommer att kunna produceras vid SSAB. En datalagringshall å andra sidan kan, beroende på storlek, potentiellt utnyttja all kyla som produceras. Här blir även återvinning av värme en relevant fråga. En annan intressant diskussion är hur fjärrkyla från SSAB samt de kylmaskiner som kommer att krävas vid en bandyhall samt en datalagringshall kan kombineras för att få en sådan optimal produktion av kyla som möjligt. Detta blir än mer intressant ifall Borlänge Energi i framtiden väljer att expandera ett fjärrkylsystem till övriga kunder runt Borlänge Centrum, eftersom man kan tänka sig att kylmaskinerna vid en bandyhall och datalagringshall kan användas som en del i hela fjärrkylsystemet och Borlänge Energi inte ensamt behöver investera i reservkapacitet.

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Background Aphasia is an acquired language disorder that can present a significant barrier to patient involvement in healthcare decisions. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are viewed as experts in the field of communication. However, many SLP students do not receive practical training in techniques to communicate with people with aphasia (PWA) until they encounter PWA during clinical education placements. Methods This study investigated the confidence and knowledge of SLP students in communicating with PWA prior to clinical placements using a customised questionnaire. Confidence in communicating with people with aphasia was assessed using a 100-point visual analogue scale. Linear, and logistic, regressions were used to examine the association between confidence and age, as well as confidence and course type (graduate-entry masters or undergraduate), respectively. Knowledge of strategies to assist communication with PWA was examined by asking respondents to list specific strategies that could assist communication with PWA. Results SLP students were not confident with the prospect of communicating with PWA; reporting a median 29-points (inter-quartile range 17–47) on the visual analogue confidence scale. Only, four (8.2%) of respondents rated their confidence greater than 55 (out of 100). Regression analyses indicated no relationship existed between confidence and students‘ age (p = 0.31, r-squared = 0.02), or confidence and course type (p = 0.22, pseudo r-squared = 0.03). Students displayed limited knowledge about communication strategies. Thematic analysis of strategies revealed four overarching themes; Physical, Verbal Communication, Visual Information and Environmental Changes. While most students identified potential use of resources (such as images and written information), fewer students identified strategies to alter their verbal communication (such as reduced speech rate). Conclusions SLP students who had received aphasia related theoretical coursework, but not commenced clinical placements with PWA, were not confident in their ability to communicate with PWA. Students may benefit from an educational intervention or curriculum modification to incorporate practical training in effective strategies to communicate with PWA, before they encounter PWA in clinical settings. Ensuring students have confidence and knowledge of potential communication strategies to assist communication with PWA may allow them to focus their learning experiences in more specific clinical domains, such as clinical reasoning, rather than building foundation interpersonal communication skills.

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This study investigated occupational therapy and physiotherapy students' level of confidence and knowledge of strategies for communicating with people with aphasia (PWA) before and after a communication partner-training (CPT) program. Twenty-eight physiotherapy and occupational therapy students participated in a pre–post CPT program. Students completed a customized mixed-methods questionnaire before and after the intervention. The CPT program involved a lecture about effective communication strategies followed by a conversation with PWA to practice strategies learnt. Before CPT, students were not confident with the possibility of communicating with PWA. Students demonstrated rudimentary knowledge of supported conversation, identifying a maximum of five strategies for communicating effectively with PWA. Following intervention, students demonstrated increased confidence. Students' knowledge of effective communication strategies improved, with students identifying a maximum of 16 suitable strategies post-training. The results suggest that occupational therapy and physiotherapy students have potential to benefit from practical training in supported communication with PWA, which may assist them during placements in clinical settings with neurological patients or subsequent employment.

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There has been much debate about the relationship between international trade, the environment, biodiversity protection, and climate change.The Obama Administration has pushed such issues into sharp relief, with its advocacy for sweeping international trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. There has been much public concern about the impact of the mega-trade deals upon the protection of the environment. In particular, there has been a debate about whether the Trans-Pacific Partnership will promote dirty fracking. Will the Trans-Pacific Partnership transform the Pacific Rim into a Gasland?There has been a particular focus upon investor-state dispute settlement being used by unconventional mining companies. Investor-state dispute settlement is a mechanism which enables foreign investors to seek compensation from national governments at international arbitration tribunals. In her prescient 2009 book, The Expropriation of Environmental Governance, Kyla Tienhaara foresaw the rise of investor-state dispute resolution of environmental matters. She observed:'Over the last decade there has been an explosive increase of cases investment arbitration. This is significant in terms of not only the number of disputes that have arisen and the number of states that have been involved, but also the novel types of dispute that have emerged. Rather than solely involving straightforward incidences of nationalization or breach of contract, modern disputes often revolve around public policy measures and implicate sensitive issues such as access to drinking water, development on sacred indigenous sites and the protection of biodiversity.'In her study, Kyla Tienhaara observed that investment agreements, foreign investment contracts and investment arbitration had significant implications for the protection for the protection of the environment. She concluded that arbitrators have made it clear that they can, and will, award compensation to investors that claim to have been harmed by environmental regulation. She also found that some of the cases suggest that the mere threat of arbitration is sufficient to chill environmental policy development. Tienhaara was equally concerned by the possibility that a government may use the threat of arbitration as an excuse or cover for its failure to improve environmental regulation. In her view, it is evident that arbitrators have expropriated certain fundamental aspects of environmental governance from states. Tienhaara held: As a result, environmental regulation has become riskier, more expensive, and less democratic, especially in developing countries. This article provides a comparative analysis of the battles over fracking, investment, trade, and the environment in a number of key jurisdictions including the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Part 1 focuses upon the United States. Part 2 examines the dispute between the Lone Pine Resources Inc. and the Government of Canada over a fracking moratorium in Quebec. Part 3 charts the rise of the Lock the Gate Alliance in Australia, and its demands for a moratorium in respect of coal seam gas and unconventional mining. Part 4 focuses upon parallel developments in New Zealand. This article concludes that Pacific Rim countries should withdraw from investor-state dispute settlement procedures, because of the threat posed to environmental regulation in respect of air, land, and water.

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Winter is a significant period for the seasonality of northern plants, but is often overlooked when studying the interactions of plants and their environment. This study focuses on the effects of overwintering conditions, including warm winter periods, snow, and snowmelt on boreal and sub-Arctic field layer plants. Wintertime photosynthesis and related physiological factors of evergreen dwarf shrubs, particularly of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, are emphasised. The work combines experiments both in the field and in growth chambers with measurements in natural field conditions. Evergreen dwarf shrubs are predominantly covered by snow in the winter. The protective snow cover provides favourable conditions for photosynthesis, especially during the spring before snowmelt. The results of this study indicate that photosynthesis occurs under the snow in V. vitis-idaea. The light response of photosynthesis determined in field conditions during the period of snow cover shows that positive net CO2 exchange is possible under the snow in the prevailing light and temperature. Photosynthetic capacity increases readily during warm periods in winter and the plants are thus able to replenish carbohydrate reserves lost through respiration. Exposure to low temperatures in combination with high light following early snowmelt can set back photosynthesis as sustained photoprotective measures are activated and photodamage begins to build up. Freezing may further decrease the photosynthetic capacity. The small-scale distribution of many field layer plants, including V. vitis-idaea and other dwarf shrubs, correlates with the snow distribution in a forest. The results of this study indicate that there are species-specific differences in the snow depth affinity of the field and ground layer species. Events and processes taking place in winter can have a profound effect on the overall performance of plants and on the interactions between plants and their environment. Understanding the processes involved in the overwintering of plants is increasingly important as the wintertime climate in the north is predicted to change in the future.

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Colombia es un país que gracias a sus características topográficas y ubicación privilegiada se destaca por su amplia variedad de ganado en las diferentes regiones del país, esto le ha permitido tener diversas ventajas frente a otros países. Sin embargo, desde el año 2012 entro en vigencia el Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos, en donde se demostró que debido a los subsidios y al bajo costo en la producción ganadera, este país ofrece precios inferiores a los de Colombia, con los cuales es más difícil disputar. Por esto es importante que Colombia logré implementar estrategias para competir con precios como los de Estados Unidos y a su vez debe buscar la admisibilidad sanitaria para lograr exportar nuestros productos a esta Potencia. Además, Colombia debe identificar las oportunidades, fortalezas y amenazas que se tienen con el Tratado de Libre comercio, para establecer diferentes proyectos y programas los cuales permitan potencializar el subsector ganadero colombiano.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized in part by the presence of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) rich intracellular inclusions (Lewy bodies). Mutations and multiplication of the alpha-synuclein gene (SNCA) are associated with familial PD. Since Ca2+ dyshomeostasis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD, we used fluorimetry in fura-2 loaded SH-SY5Y cells to monitor Ca2+ homeostasis in cells stably transfected with either wild-type alpha-syn, the A53T mutant form, the S129D phosphomimetic mutant or with empty vector (which served as control). Voltage-gated Ca2+ influx evoked by exposure of cells to 50 mM K+ was enhanced in cells expressing all three forms of alpha-syn, an effect which was due specifically to increased Ca2+ entry via L-type Ca2+ channels. Mobilization of Ca2+ by muscarine was not strikingly modified by any of the alpha-syn forms, but they all reduced capacitative Ca2+ entry following store depletion caused either by muscarine or thapsigargin. Emptying of stores with cyclopiazonic acid caused similar rises of [Ca2+](i) in all cells tested (with the exception of the S129D mutant), and mitochondrial Ca2+ content was unaffected by any form of alpha-synuclein. However, only WT alpha-syn transfected cells displayed significantly impaired viability. Our findings suggest that alpha-syn regulates Ca2+ entry pathways and, consequently, that abnormal alpha-syn levels may promote neuronal damage through dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis.

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We investigate the processes responsible for the intraseasonal displacements of the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool (WPEE), which appear to play a role in the onset and development of El Niño events. We use 25 years of output from an ocean general circulation model experiment that is able to accurately capture the observed displacements of the WPEE, sea level anomalies, and upper ocean zonal currents at intraseasonal time scales in the western and central Pacific Ocean. Our results confirm that WPEE displacements driven by westerly wind events (WWEs) are largely controlled by zonal advection. This paper has also two novel findings: first, the zonal current anomalies responsible for the WPEE advection are driven primarily by local wind stress anomalies and not by intraseasonal wind-forced Kelvin waves as has been shown in most previous studies. Second, we find that intraseasonal WPEE fluctuations that are not related to WWEs are generally caused by intraseasonal variations in net heat flux, in contrast to interannual WPEE displacements that are largely driven by zonal advection. This study hence raises an interesting question: can surface heat flux-induced zonal WPEE motions contribute to El Niño–Southern Oscillation evolution, as WWEs have been shown to be able to do?

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Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder en sjuksköterska kan utföra för att minska smärta, samt att undersöka vad föräldrarna kan bidra med för att underlätta smärtan hos sitt barn.Metoden som använts är en systematisk litteraturstudie, där 15 artiklar granskades. Det finns många olika omvårdnadsåtgärder för att lindra smärtan hos ett barn, detta kan göras med hjälp av avledning, förberedande information, sensorisk fokusering, kyla, visualisering, andningsteknik, avslappning och emotionellt stöd. Sjuksköterskan kan även hjälpa genom att stötta föräldrarna. Föräldrarna kan hjälpa sina barn genom emotionellt stöd, massage, avledning och lägesändringar. Enligt uppsatsförfattarna finns det enkla sätt för sjuksköterskan att underlätta barns smärta, som inte kräver barnspecialistutbildning från sjuksköterskan. Sjuksköterskan kan t.ex. tala med barnet om något positivt i barnets liv och genom detta avleda barnet från smärtan. Uppsatsförfattarna tror att genom att stödja föräldrarna ges de modet att utföra åtgärder som kan lindra smärtan hos barnen.

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Syftet med denna skrift är att sammanställa den kunskap som finns beträffande kombinerade pellet- och solvärmesystem för att på så sätt stödja företagen i deras systemutveckling. Denna skrift behandlar erfarenheter som gjorts inom forskning på sol och pellet och omsätter dessa i praktiska råd för systemutformning. Förslag ges på systemutformning, olika tekniska lösningar samt hur systemen bör styras.När solvärme och pellet skall kombineras finns det många möjligheter att koppla ihop systemen. Det finns olika traditioner i olika länder, vilket gör att systemlösningarna varierar från land till land. En generell slutsats är dock att konventionella svenska pannor med inbyggd varmvattenberedning inte är lämpliga i konventionella solvärmesystem. Det ger komplicerade systemlösningar och det är svårt att åstadkomma bra skiktning i tanken.I ett solvärmesystem är det viktigt att tanken kan laddas ur på ett sådant sätt att kraftig skiktning erhålls. Det betyder att tankens botten skall kylas ner till temperaturen på ingående kallvatten och att tankens mellersta del skall kylas till samma temperatur som radiatorreturen. Om solfångaren även vintertid kan arbeta med att förvärma kallvatten av 10 till 20ºC fås en betydligt bättre verkningsgrad på solfångaren än om radiator returen skall förvärmas, som i bästa fall ligger på en temperaturnivå på mellan 30 och 40ºC. Av denna anledning skall radiator returen placeras en bra bit upp från botten i ackumulatortanken och tappvattnet skall förvärmas i en slinga som börjar i tankens botten. Om det finns ett VVC-system måste systemet anslutas på ett speciellt sätt så att inte tankens skiktning störs.En annan viktig parameter i tankens utformning är att värmeförlusterna hålls låga, detta är viktigt för att klara tappvattenlasten mulna perioder och för att hålla energianvändningen låg. I moderna hus där tanken placeras i boutrymmet blir det också en komfortfråga för att undvika över-temperaturer i rummet där tanken placeras. För att få en bra isolering måste man se till att det finns ett lufttätt skikt över hela isoleringen som dessutom sluter tätt mot röranslutningar. Ofrivillig själv-cirkulation i anslutande kretsar som kan kyla av och blanda om ackumulatortanken skall förhindras med backventiler.Vid design av solfångarkretsen måste överhettning och stagnation kunna klaras utan glykolnedbrytning eller andra skador. Partiell förångning innebär att man låter solfångaren koka på ett kontrollerat sätt så att endast ånga blir kvar i solfångaren. Vätska samlas i ett större expansionskärl och systemet återfylls när vätskan kondenserar. Dränerande system med enbart vatten är också en möjlighet, men kräver större noggrannhet vid installationen så att sönderfrysning undviks.Pelletkaminer (luftburna) ger god komfort och lågt elbehov i direktelvärmda hus med öppen planlösning, dvs. om värmen från kaminen kan spridas till alla rum utan att behöva passera genom mer än en dörröppning. Även i lågenergihus kan den luftburna kaminen vara lämplig. I hus med mer sluten planlösning krävs en vattenmantlad kamin med hög andel värme till vattenkretsen och ett vattenburet värmesystem. Det är viktigt att sådana system utformas korrekt för att komforten skall bli hög och elanvändningen låg. Brukarens aspekter och komfortkrav måste beaktas vid användning av kaminer, eftersom det krävs en temperaturskillnad mellan olika rum för att få värmespridning från det rum där kaminen är placerad.

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Följande sammanfattar erfarenheterna inom projektet:- Besparing av primärenergi är väldigt beroende av ett fåtal faktorer där primärenergi faktor för generering av el till nätet är avgörande. I projektet använde man termen ”non-renewable primary energy” där förnybara källor som bioenergi och även sopförbränning har väldigt låga värden. Om man använder den europeiska mixen för elproduktion ger enbartkraftvärme nästan alltid besparing av primär energi. Det samma gäller system där man använder förnybar energi eller sopförbränning. För system med trigenerering som använder fossila bränslen måste man ha både hög andel elproduktion från kraftvärmeaggregatet och relativt hög COP för den värmedrivna kylmaskinen om man ska få en besparing av primärenergi.- Systemen är komplexa och man har lärt sig mycket inom projektet. Dock har man inte kommit så långt som standard systempaket.- Elförbrukning är oftast högre än förväntat och i verklighet högre än specificerat.- Värmesänkan i systemet är en nyckelkomponent som är kritiskt för bra systemprestanda. Mer FoU krävs för att få fram komponenter som lämpar sig väl till sådana system (och som skulle också gynna andra system).- Mätning av systemet med tillhörande analys har behövts för att förbättra systemprestanda, vilket är kopplat till att system är komplexa och att det inte fanns en grundläggande kompetens i början av projektet hos alla partners.- Lovande nischmarknader har identifierats men de kräver förmodligen paketlösningar som inte finns på marknaden än.- Man ska enbart täcka baslasten med trigenereringssystem.- Koppling med fjärrvärme kan fungera bra men leverantören måste acceptera relativt höga returtemperaturer.

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The need for heating and cooling in buildings constitutes a considerable part of the total energy use in a country and reducing this need is of outmost importance in order to reach national and international goals for reducing energy use and emissions. One important way of reaching these goals is to increase the proportion of renewable energy used for heating and cooling of buildings. Perhaps the largest obstacle with this is the often occurring mismatch between the availability of renewable energy and the need for heating or cooling, hindering this energy to be used directly. This is one of the problems that can be solved by using thermal energy storage (TES) in order to save the heat or cold from when it is available to when it is needed. This thesis is focusing on the combination of TES techniques and buildings to achieve increased energy efficiency for heating and cooling. Various techniques used for TES as well as the combination of TES in buildings have been investigated and summarized through an extensive literature review. A survey of the Swedish building stock was also performed in order to define building types common in Sweden. Within the scope of this thesis, the survey resulted in the selection of three building types, two single family houses and one office building, out of which the two residential buildings were used in a simulation case study of passive TES with increased thermal mass (both sensible and latent). The second case study presented in the thesis is an evaluation of an existing seasonal borehole storage of solar heat for a residential community. In this case, real measurement data was used in the evaluation and in comparisons with earlier evaluations. The literature reviews showed that using TES opens up potential for reduced energy demand and reduced peak heating and cooling loads as well as possibilities for an increased share of renewable energy to cover the energy demand. By using passive storage through increased thermal mass of a building it is also possible to reduce variations in the indoor temperature and especially reduce excess temperatures during warm periods, which could result in avoiding active cooling in a building that would otherwise need it. The analysis of the combination of TES and building types confirmed that TES has a significant potential for increased energy efficiency in buildings but also highlighted the fact that there is still much research required before some of the technologies can become commercially available. In the simulation case study it was concluded that only a small reduction in heating demand is possible with increased thermal mass, but that the time with indoor temperatures above 24 °C can be reduced by up to 20%. The case study of the borehole storage system showed that although the storage system worked as planned, heat losses in the rest of the system as well as some problems with the system operation resulted in a lower solar fraction than projected. The work presented within this thesis has shown that TES is already used successfully for many building applications (e.g. domestic hot water stores and water tanks for storing solar heat) but that there still is much potential in further use of TES. There are, however, barriers such as a need for more research for some storage technologies as well as storage materials, especially phase change material storage and thermochemical storage.

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Uppsatta mål för kraftigt minskad mängd köpt energi inom byggnadssektorn öppnar upp för alternativa tekniker när både befintliga och nya byggnader ska energieffektiviseras. Genom att lagra värme och/eller kyla kan tillgänglig energi flyttas i tid och bidra till energieffektivisering genom t.ex. en ökad andel förnyelsebar energi eller minskad toppeffekt.