Variable Speed Limits. Review and development of an aggregate indicator based on floating car data.

Changing factors (mainly traffic intensity and weather conditions) affecting road conditions require a suitable optimal speed at any time. To solve this problem, variable speed limit systems (VSL) ? as opposed to fixed limits ? have been developed in recent decades. This term has included a number of speed management systems, most notably dynamic speed limits (DSL). In order to avoid the indiscriminate use of both terms in the literature, this paper proposes a simple classification and offers a review of some experiences, how their effects are evaluated and their results This study also presents a key indicator, which measures the speed homogeneity and a methodology to obtain the data based on floating cars and GPS technology applying it to a case study on a section of the M30 urban motorway in Madrid (Spain).

Contributo da análise ergonómica do trabalho na avaliação do risco de lesões músculoesqueléticas ligadas ao trabalho

Mestrado em Segurança e Higiene no Trabalho

Sorting out measures and definitions of screening participation to improve comparability: The example of colorectal cancer.

Participation is a key indicator of the potential effectiveness of any population-based intervention. Defining, measuring and reporting participation in cancer screening programmes has become more heterogeneous as the number and diversity of interventions have increased, and the purposes of this benchmarking parameter have broadened. This study, centred on colorectal cancer, addresses current issues that affect the increasingly complex task of comparing screening participation across settings. Reports from programmes with a defined target population and active invitation scheme, published between 2005 and 2012, were reviewed. Differences in defining and measuring participation were identified and quantified, and participation indicators were grouped by aims of measure and temporal dimensions. We found that consistent terminology, clear and complete reporting of participation definition and systematic documentation of coverage by invitation were lacking. Further, adherence to definitions proposed in the 2010 European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Colorectal Cancer Screening was suboptimal. Ineligible individuals represented 1% to 15% of invitations, and variable criteria for ineligibility yielded differences in participation estimates that could obscure the interpretation of colorectal cancer screening participation internationally. Excluding ineligible individuals from the reference population enhances comparability of participation measures. Standardised measures of cumulative participation to compare screening protocols with different intervals and inclusion of time since invitation in definitions are urgently needed to improve international comparability of colorectal cancer screening participation. Recommendations to improve comparability of participation indicators in cancer screening interventions are made.

Attitudes of the public towards policies to address obesity

Key points Obesity and the related health burden is a growing problem in Ireland. Understanding public attitudes to policy interventions is important, as it provides a key indicator of the potential effectiveness of interventions and the readiness of the general public for policy implementation. The present research aimed to determine public acceptance of a range of policies to address obesity in Ireland. To this end, a survey of attitudes towards obesity-oriented policies among a nationally representative sample of the population of Irish adults was conducted. Strikingly high levels of public support were evident for a wide range of obesity-oriented interventions. The findings support prior research on behaviour change in key policy areas such as diet and smoking which demonstrates that support for interventions tends to decrease as the intrusiveness of interventions increases. Consistent with previous research, socio-demographic factors only explain a small portion (2 - 6%) of the variance in policy support. Overall, the findings indicate substantial public readiness for addressing obesity in Ireland, particularly through child-focused policies, informational measures, subsidies for healthy foods and co-operation between government and the food industry. - See more at: http://www.safefood.eu/Publications/Research-reports/Attitudes-of-the-public-towards-policies-to-addres

Sorting out measures and definitions of screening participation to improve comparability : the example of colorectal cancer.

Participation is a key indicator of the potential effectiveness of any population-based intervention. Defining, measuring and reporting participation in cancer screening programmes has become more heterogeneous as the number and diversity of interventions have increased, and the purposes of this benchmarking parameter have broadened. This study, centred on colorectal cancer, addresses current issues that affect the increasingly complex task of comparing screening participation across settings. Reports from programmes with a defined target population and active invitation scheme, published between 2005 and 2012, were reviewed. Differences in defining and measuring participation were identified and quantified, and participation indicators were grouped by aims of measure and temporal dimensions. We found that consistent terminology, clear and complete reporting of participation definition and systematic documentation of coverage by invitation were lacking. Further, adherence to definitions proposed in the 2010 European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Colorectal Cancer Screening was suboptimal. Ineligible individuals represented 1% to 15% of invitations, and variable criteria for ineligibility yielded differences in participation estimates that could obscure the interpretation of colorectal cancer screening participation internationally. Excluding ineligible individuals from the reference population enhances comparability of participation measures. Standardised measures of cumulative participation to compare screening protocols with different intervals and inclusion of time since invitation in definitions are urgently needed to improve international comparability of colorectal cancer screening participation. Recommendations to improve comparability of participation indicators in cancer screening interventions are made.

Elaboração de um modelo de previsão de falência nas empresas cotadas na bolsa de valores em Cabo Verde-Estudo empírico de ano 2010-2011

Ser capaz de prever a solidez financeira de uma empresa, tem levado a muitos trabalhos de pesquisa. Rácios financeiros são indicadores chave de solidez financeira de um negócio e ferramentas para determinar a eficiência operacional & financeira de empresas e negócios. Existe um grande número de relações, proposto por vários autores. Altman desenvolveu um modelo de z-score utilizando rácios como sua fundação. Com a ajuda do modelo Z - Score, Altman conseguia prever a eficiência financeira /Falência até 2-3 anos de antecedência. O trabalho de pesquisa a seguir descreve em detalhes os estudos realizados por Altman para prever a falência de empresas. Altman fez mudanças regulares para obter a equação perfeita que poderia prever a falência. O trabalho de pesquisa a seguir resume a pesquisa de Altman para desenvolver o modelo de Pontuação de Altman Z, aplicadas as empresas cotadas na bolsa de valores de Cabo Verde. Pode-se seguramente dizer que o modelo de Z-score de Altman pode ser aplicado a economia moderna para prever a angústia e a falência, dois e três anos de antecedência.Businesses are enterprises which produce goods or render services for profit motive. To be able to predict the financial soundness of a business has led to many research works. Financial ratios are a key indicator of financial soundness of a business. Financial ratios are a tool to determine the operational & financial efficiency of business undertakings. There exist a large number of ratios propounded by various authors. Altman developed a z-score model using ratios as its foundation. With the help of the Z- Score model, Altman could predict financial efficiency /Bankruptcy up to 2-3 years in advance. The following research paper describes in detail the studies carried out by Altman to predict business bankruptcy. Altman made regular changes to achieve the perfect equation which could predict bankruptcy. The The following research paper summaries the research of Altman that have being made to develop the model of Altman Z score, applied to companies listed on stock exchanges in Cape Verde. One can safely say that the model of Altman Z-Score can be applied to modern model economics to predict distress and bankruptcy, two and three years advance.

Tunnuslukujärjestelmän rakentaminen pelastuslaitokselle

Tutkimuksen tavoitteina oli rakentaa pelastuslaitoksen tuloksellisuuden arvioimiseen tasapainotettu mittaristo sekä valita mittareita, joiden avulla voidaan vertailla pelastuslaitoksia keskenään. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, miten julkisen sektorin palveluiden tuloksellisuutta arvioidaan erityisesti kuntasektorilla, mitä tarkoitukseen soveltuvia mittausjärjestelmiä on olemassa, miten tasapainotetun mittausjärjestelmän rakentamisprosessi etenee, miten henkilöstön aikaansaannoskyky voidaan ottaa huomioon kuntien tuloksellisuuden arvioinnissa, minkälaisilla mittareilla voidaan parhaiten arvioida pelastuslaitoksen toimintaa ja mitkä mittareista soveltuvat pelastuslaitosten vertailuun. Teoriaosuudessa käsitellään julkisten palvelujen erityispiirteitä, suositusta kunnallisten palvelujen tuloksellisuuden arvioimisesta sekä henkilöstön aikaansaannoskyvyn mittaamista. Työssä esitellään joitakin tasapainotetun mittaamisen malleja sekä kuvataan mittariston rakentamisprosessin vaiheita. Teorian pohjalta rakennettiin tasapainotettu tunnuslukujärjestelmä Etelä-Karjalan pelastuslaitokselle. Kunnalliselle organisaatiolle voidaan rakentaa tasapainotettu mittaristo, mutta yksittäisen pelastuslaitoksen osalta on lähdettävä sen omista kriittisistä menestystekijöistä ja noudatettava kunnallisen sektorin suosituksia. Yhteisiä mittareita pelastuslaitosten käyttöön löytyy, mutta pääosin yksikön tuloksellisuutta ohjaavat mittarit soveltuvat vain sisäiseen käyttöön.

Etäjohtaminen ja operatiivisten riskien hallinta finanssialalla

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tarkastella etäjohtamista finanssitoimialan johtamismallina ja sen vaikutuksia toimialan operatiivisten riskien hallintaan. Tutkimuksessa toteutetaan kvalitatiivinen tutkimus finanssialalla toimivalle Case yritys X:lle ja tutkimusmenetelmänä käytetään teemahaastatteluja. Tutkimuksella pyritään selvittämään miten etäjohtaminen vaikuttaa yrityksen operatiivisten riskien hallintaan ja mitä muutoksia etäjohtamismalliin tulisi tehdä operatiivisten riskien hallinnan tehostamiseksi. Teoriaosuudessa käydään läpi etäjohtamisen ja finanssialan riskienhallintaa aikaisempien tutkimusten ja kirjallisuuden pohjalta. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään yrityksen yleisimmät operatiiviset riskit, niiden hallintakeinot ja pyritään teoriaan nojaten kehittämään etäjohtamismalliin menetelmiä tehokkaampaan operatiivisten riskien hallintaan. Tuloksissa vedetään yhteen yrityksen tämänhetkinen tilanne operatiivisessa riskienhallinnassa ja teemahaastattelujen sekä teorian pohjalta pyritään löytämään kehitysehdotuksia etäjohtamismalliin, mitä voitaisiin tehdä toisin. Teoria painottaa mm. HR:n sisällyttämistä osaksi operatiivista riskienhallintaa, vastuuhenkilöiden ja mittareiden asettamista ja kehittämistä sekä leader-johtajuutta ja Basel-säännöksiin perustuvaa operatiivisten riskienhallinnan viitekehystä. Empiirisessä osiossa haastatteluista kerätyt vastaukset ohjaavat teorian kanssa samansuuntaisiin kehitysehdotuksiin. Avainasemassa yrityksen operatiivisessa riskienhallinnassa ovat reagoiminen, osaava etäjohtaminen sekä johdonmukainen perehdytyssuunnitelma. Yritys X on tehnyt huomattavia toimenpiteitä etäjohtamismalliin ja jatkuva kehittäminen kohti parempaa operatiivista riskienhallintaa on liiketoimintastrategian keskiössä.

Le loisir et la réadaptation gériatrique : étude de modèles pour la pratique et la recherche

La réadaptation gériatrique reconnaît le loisir comme un indicateur clé des résultats de la réadaptation. Cependant, les connaissances théoriques sur le loisir sont peu développées. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de décrire et critiquer des modèles en lien avec le loisir et publiés dans les écrits scientifiques afin d’en dégager les aspects les plus pertinents pour la réadaptation gériatrique. Dix modèles ont été sélectionnés à partir d’une stratégie de recherche bibliographique. Ils ont été analysés sur la base de six critères : 1) le processus de développement du modèle, 2) les concepts, 3) les interactions entre les concepts, 4) l’aspect pratique, 5) la littérature générée et 6) la compatibilité avec les concepts-clés de la réadaptation gériatrique. Les résultats révèlent quatre modèles particulièrement intéressants pour la réadaptation gériatrique, sans pouvoir en dégager un en particulier, chacun présentant des forces et des limites qui sont discutées. De plus, les concepts rattachés au loisir les plus pertinents à retenir selon l’ensemble des modèles concernent: 1) la participation dans les loisirs, 2) la perception de soi face aux loisirs, 3) la motivation dans les loisirs, 4) la satisfaction dans les loisir, 5) les capacités en lien avec les loisirs et 6) l’environnement physique et social. Les résultats de la présente étude se traduiront par une meilleure connaissance des déterminants, caractéristiques et effets du loisir auprès des personnes âgées en processus de réadaptation.

Suitability of pesticide risk indicators for less developed countries: a comparison

Pesticide risk indicators provide simple support in the assessment of environmental and health risks from pesticide use, and can therefore inform policies to foster a sustainable interaction of agriculture with the environment. For their relative simplicity, indicators may be particularly useful under conditions of limited data availability and resources, such as in Less Developed Countries (LDCs). However, indicator complexity can vary significantly, in particular between those that rely on an exposure–toxicity ratio (ETR) and those that do not. In addition, pesticide risk indicators are usually developed for Western contexts, which might cause incorrect estimation in LDCs. This study investigated the appropriateness of seven pesticide risk indicators for use in LDCs, with reference to smallholding agriculture in Colombia. Seven farm-level indicators, among which 3 relied on an ETR (POCER, EPRIP, PIRI) and 4 on a non-ETR approach (EIQ, PestScreen, OHRI, Dosemeci et al., 2002), were calculated and then compared by means of the Spearman rank correlation test. Indicators were also compared with respect to key indicator characteristics, i.e. user friendliness and ability to represent the system under study. The comparison of the indicators in terms of the total environmental risk suggests that the indicators not relying on an ETR approach cannot be used as a reliable proxy for more complex, i.e. ETR, indicators. ETR indicators, when user-friendly, show a comparative advantage over non-ETR in best combining the need for a relatively simple tool to be used in contexts of limited data availability and resources, and for a reliable estimation of environmental risk. Non-ETR indicators remain useful and accessible tools to discriminate between different pesticides prior to application. Concerning the human health risk, simple algorithms seem more appropriate for assessing human health risk in LDCs. However, further research on health risk indicators and their validation under LDC conditions is needed.

Realism of rainfall in a very high-resolution regional climate model

The realistic representation of rainfall on the local scale in climate models remains a key challenge. Realism encompasses the full spatial and temporal structure of rainfall, and is a key indicator of model skill in representing the underlying processes. In particular, if rainfall is more realistic in a climate model, there is greater confidence in its projections of future change. In this study, the realism of rainfall in a very high-resolution (1.5 km) regional climate model (RCM) is compared to a coarser-resolution 12-km RCM. This is the first time a convection-permitting model has been run for an extended period (1989–2008) over a region of the United Kingdom, allowing the characteristics of rainfall to be evaluated in a climatological sense. In particular, the duration and spatial extent of hourly rainfall across the southern United Kingdom is examined, with a key focus on heavy rainfall. Rainfall in the 1.5-km RCM is found to be much more realistic than in the 12-km RCM. In the 12-km RCM, heavy rain events are not heavy enough, and tend to be too persistent and widespread. While the 1.5-km model does have a tendency for heavy rain to be too intense, it still gives a much better representation of its duration and spatial extent. Long-standing problems in climate models, such as the tendency for too much persistent light rain and errors in the diurnal cycle, are also considerably reduced in the 1.5-km RCM. Biases in the 12-km RCM appear to be linked to deficiencies in the representation of convection.

Current status, uncertainty and future needs in soil organic carbon monitoring

Increasing human demands on soil-derived ecosystem services requires reliable data on global soil resources for sustainable development. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is a key indicator of soil quality as it affects essential biological, chemical and physical soil functions such as nutrient cycling, pesticide and water retention, and soil structure maintenance. However, information on the SOC pool, and its temporal and spatial dynamics is unbalanced. Even in well-studied regions with a pronounced interest in environmental issues information on soil carbon (C) is inconsistent. Several activities for the compilation of global soil C data are under way. However, different approaches for soil sampling and chemical analyses make even regional comparisons highly uncertain. Often, the procedures used so far have not allowed the reliable estimation of the total SOC pool, partly because the available knowledge is focused on not clearly defined upper soil horizons and the contribution of subsoil to SOC stocks has been less considered. Even more difficult is quantifying SOC pool changes over time. SOC consists of variable amounts of labile and recalcitrant molecules of plant, and microbial and animal origin that are often operationally defined. A comprehensively active soil expert community needs to agree on protocols of soil surveying and lab procedures towards reliable SOC pool estimates. Already established long-term ecological research sites, where SOC changes are quantified and the underlying mechanisms are investigated, are potentially the backbones for regional, national, and international SOC monitoring programs. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Hesitações na organização da frase entonacional na aquisição da linguagem

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

THE INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELD CLOSE TO THE SUN. II.

The magnetic field in the local interstellar medium (ISM) provides a key indicator of the galactic environment of the Sun and influences the shape of the heliosphere. We have studied the interstellar magnetic field (ISMF) in the solar vicinity using polarized starlight for stars within 40 pc of the Sun and 90 degrees of the heliosphere nose. In Frisch et al. (Paper I), we developed a method for determining the local ISMF direction by finding the best match to a group of interstellar polarization position angles obtained toward nearby stars, based on the assumption that the polarization is parallel to the ISMF. In this paper, we extend the analysis by utilizing weighted fits to the position angles and by including new observations acquired for this study. We find that the local ISMF is pointed toward the galactic coordinates l, b = 47 degrees +/- 20 degrees, 25 degrees +/- 20 degrees. This direction is close to the direction of the ISMF that shapes the heliosphere, l, b = 33 degrees +/- 4 degrees, 55 degrees +/- 4 degrees, as traced by the center of the "Ribbon" of energetic neutral atoms discovered by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission. Both the magnetic field direction and the kinematics of the local ISM are consistent with a scenario where the local ISM is a fragment of the Loop I superbubble. A nearby ordered component of the local ISMF has been identified in the region l approximate to 0 degrees -> 80 degrees and b approximate to 0 degrees -> 30 degrees, where PlanetPol data show a distance-dependent increase of polarization strength. The ordered component extends to within 8 pc of the Sun and implies a weak curvature in the nearby ISMF of +/- 0 degrees.25 pc(-1). This conclusion is conditioned on the small sample of stars available for defining this rotation. Variations from the ordered component suggest a turbulent component of +/- 23 degrees. The ordered component and standard relations between polarization, color excess, and H-o column density predict a reasonable increase of N(H) with distance in the local ISM. The similarity of the ISMF directions traced by the polarizations, the IBEX Ribbon, and pulsars inside the Local Bubble in the third galactic quadrant suggest that the ISMF is relatively uniform over spatial scales of 8-200 pc and is more similar to interarm than spiral-arm magnetic fields. The ISMF direction from the polarization data is also consistent with small-scale spatial asymmetries detected in GeV-TeV cosmic rays with a galactic origin. The peculiar geometrical relation found earlier between the cosmic microwave background dipole moment, the heliosphere nose, and the ISMF direction is supported by this study. The interstellar radiation field at +/- 975 angstrom does not appear to play a role in grain alignment for the low-density ISM studied here.