947 resultados para kaolin waste


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Ultramarine pigments were successful synthesized from zeolite A obtained from kaolin waste. This waste has been used as an excellent source of silicon and aluminum for zeolite synthesis because of its high kaolinite concentrations and low contents of other accessory minerals. The cost is naturally less than the industrialized product. Color additives (Sulfur and Sodium Carbonate) were mixed with different proportions of zeolite A and further calcined for 5 h at 500 °C. They were characterized by XRD and XRF in addition to visual classification by color and shade. These products show colors from blue to green at different shades, both influenced by the amount of additives and cooling rate after calcination. Thus, a different quantity of the same additives in the same zeolitic matrix provides an increase in the color intensity. Cooling rate after calcination induces the color change which is substantially important in the pigments production.

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The synthesis of zeolite NaP using kaolin waste, from the Amazon region, as a predominant source of silicon and aluminum has been studied. The zeolitisation process occurred in hydrothermal conditions using static autoclaving and the effects of time, temperature, and the Si/Al ratio were investigated. The starting material and the phases formed as reaction products were characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR. The results showed that pure zeolite NaP is hydrothermally synthesized, at 100 °C for 20 hours, using metakaolin waste material in alkaline medium in presence of additional silica. The XRD and SEM analyses indicate that the synthesized zeolite presents good crystallinity.

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Basic sodalite was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method using kaolin waste as source of Aluminum and Silicon. This waste is mainly composed by kaolinite and is produced in large amount by kaolin processing industries for paper coating from the Amazon region. Initially, the waste has been calcined at 700 ºC for 2 h and then reacted with the following solutions: Na2CO3 and mixture of Na2CO3 + NaOH to 150 ºC with autogenous pressure for 24 h. The raw materials and transformed materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM. In both studied media, well-crystallized, basic sodalite was the only phase synthesized, while in the literature usually a mixture of zeolites is obtained.

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This study assesses the adsorption of Pb(II) on natural kaolin waste (KRnatural) and on that treated with 3 mol L-1 H2SO4 and HCl. Equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters were determined. The results indicate that the values of CEC, specific area and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (4.6-6.0 cmol kg-1, 14.0-16.0 m² g-1 and 1.16-1.30, respectively) vary only slightly for the adsorbents; the concentration of Pb2+ is much higher than that of other species (PbOH+ and Pb(OH)2). The values of R L, ΔGº, ΔHº and ΔSº are typical of feasible, spontaneous, exothermic and ordered adsorption. The chemisorption on KRnatural is more feasible and ordered.

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VARELA, M. L. et al. Influência da adição de resíduo de caulim nas propriedades tecnológicas de uma massa padrão de porcelanato produzido em escala industrial. Cerâmica, v.55, n.334 p.209-215. 2009.ISSN 0366-6913.Disponível em: . Acesso em: 06 out. 2010.

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Over recent years the structural ceramics industry in Brazil has found a very favorable market for growth. However, difficulties related to productivity and product quality are partially inhibiting this possible growth. An alternative for trying to solve these problems and, thus, provide the pottery industry the feasibility of full development, is the substitution of firewood used in the burning process by natural gas. In order to contribute to this process of technological innovation, this paper studies the effect of co-use of ceramic phyllite and kaolin waste on the properties of a clay matrix, verifying the possible benefits that these raw materials can give to the final product, as well as the possibility of such materials to reduce the heat load necessary to obtain products with equal or superior quality. The study was divided into two steps: characterization of materials and study of formulations. Two clays, a phyllite and a residue of kaolin were characterized by the following techniques: laser granulometry, plasticity index by Atterberg limits, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, mineralogical composition by Rietveld, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. To study the formulations, specifically for evaluation of technological properties of the parts, was performed an experimental model that combined planning involving a mixture of three components (standard mass x phyllite x kaolin waste) and a 23 factorial design with central point associated with thermal processing parameters. The experiment was performed with restricted strip-plot randomization. In total, 13 compositional points were investigated within the following constraints: phyllite ≤ 20% by weight, kaolin waste ≤ 40% by weight, and standard mass ≥ 60% by weight. The thermal parameters were used at the following levels: 750 and 950 °C to the firing temperature, 5 and 15 °C/min at the heating rate, 15 and 45min to the baseline. The results showed that the introduction of phyllite and/or kaolin waste in ceramic body produced a number of benefits in properties of the final product, such as: decreased absorption of water, apparent porosity and linear retraction at burn; besides the increase in apparent specific mass and mechanical properties of parts. The best results were obtained in the compositional points where the sum of the levels of kaolin waste and phyllite was maximal (40% by weight), as well as conditions which were used in firing temperatures of 950 °C. Regarding the prospect of savings in heat energy required to form the desired microstructure, the phyllite and the residue of kaolin, for having small particle sizes and constitutions mineralogical phases with the presence of fluxes, contributed to the optimization of the firing cycle.

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The production of red ceramic is an industrial activity that causes an intense impact. The manufacture of its products considerably increases the demand for natural resources, mainly with the extraction of raw material. The ceramic material produced generates waste, such as ash firewood and chamote. The residue from the beneficiation of kaolin is deposited in a poor, degrades the environment and contaminate water sources and soil, constituting in this manner, ecological disasters. The main objective of this work is to develop the formulation of a ceramic product consisting solely of industrial solid wastes, from ceramic tiles, (chamote) residue of kaolin and ash firewood. It is assumed that this product made in the laboratory can be used in coatings, wall and floor. The aim is to facilitate the replacement of the raw material of original composition of a ceramic body, for waste, while the process of production equal to the conventionally used, so that the properties of the product are reproduced. This work is characterized waste as its chemical composition, analysis of particle size, X-ray diffraction and thermal behavior. Several formulations were studied. The mass of waste was prepared by dry process, pressed to 25 MPa, and then burned in muffle type oven to 850, 950, 1050 and 1150 °C. The results showed that it is technically possible to produce porous tiles only with waste. It was found that the formulations of bodies play a key role in the properties of the final product, as well as the sintering temperature and heating rates. RN in the waste of kaolin is estimated at 15,000 t/month, about 3,000 gray t/month and chamote with 10 million pieces/month damaged. The presence of carbonates of calcium and magnesium at 1050 ° C results in an appropriate porosity and mechanical strength. The formulation M3JE, composed of 69% waste of kaolin, 7.7% and 23.3% of chamote of gray, became suitable for porous materials with the strength and absorption within the level of national and international standards

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Three studies were performed using tailings kaolin for the synthesis of zeolite A. The first synthesis of zeolite A was performed using a kaolin waste generated from the beneficiation of kaolin for paper production process was studied. The kaolin waste was thermally activated at a temperature range of 550-800°C. For comparison was performed a synthesis pattern of Zeolite A(procedure IZA). The prepared materials were characterized by 27Al MAS NMR, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with microprobe rays. The pre-tramento proved to be the most appropriate and suitable temperatures are between 600 and 700°C. Observed the formation of zeolite A in all materials, reaching 52% crystallinity, and the presence of phase sodalite and amorphous material. The second study was the use of a highly reactive metakaolin originating from the Jari region in the synthesis of zeolite A by a new method of hydrothermal synthesis. The zeolite is obtained pure and highly crystalline employing the Jari kaolin calcined at 600 ° C for 2h when the transformation to metakaolin occurs. Get to zeolite phase A at 4pm. The best crystallization time was of 24 h afforded a crystallinity of 67.9%. The third study was the evaluation of the NaOH / metakaolin and crystallization time on the synthesis of zeolite NaA from a sample of kaolin waste, named Kaolin Coverage. The experiments were performed using statistical design (axial points) and rejoinder the center point. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning microscopic analysis and chemical analysis using an EPMA microprobe. The results showed that a relationship exists between the amount of NaOH added and the crystallization time. The experiment performed using the lowest ratio NaOH / metakaolin (0.5) and shorter (4 h) produced an amorphous material. The increase ratio of NaOH / metakaolin and crystallization time leads to formation of a more crystalline NaA phase, but the presence of phase with sodalite as impurities

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Empresas beneficiadoras de caulim geram resíduo caulinítico que é armazenado em lagoas de sedimentação, e ocupam grandes áreas físicas. O´aproveitamento deste resíduo é um fator importante do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental. Aqui é apresentado um estudo da síntese de zeólitas A, X e sodalita utilizando como matéria-prima um resíduo de caulim da Região Amazônica. O resíduo foi pré-tratado para a eliminação de matéria orgânica, cominuído e ativado termicamente a 750 °C por 2 horas. Ensaios de pré-zeolitização foram realizados em várias frações granulométricas do caulim ativado (metacaulim) a fim de se determinar a granulometria de síntese. Após esta etapa, empregou-se comparativamente dois métodos hidrotermais de obtenção de zeólitas: dinâmico e estático. Para a mistura reacional, utilizou-se a relação SiO2/Al2O3 de 2/1 e 3/1 para obtenção das zeólitas. Análises de caracterização por Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectrometria de Fluorescência de Raios-X (FRX) mostraram uma boa formação da fase zeolítica NaA para a razão 2/1, em ambos os métodos de síntese e sem envelhecimento da mistura, e boa formação da fase NaX para a razão 3/1, em síntese estática com envelhecimento de 12 horas. A fase sodalita foi obtida na mesma estequiometria da zeólita NaX, porém empregando síntese estática e sem envelhecimento.

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This study assesses the adsorption of Pb(II) on natural kaolin waste (KRnatural) and on that treated with 3 mol L-1 H2SO4 and HCl. Equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters were determined. The results indicate that the values of CEC, specific area and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (4.6-6.0 cmol kg-1, 14.0-16.0 m² g-1 and 1.16-1.30, respectively) vary only slightly for the adsorbents; the concentration of Pb2+ is much higher than that of other species (PbOH+ and Pb(OH) 2). The values of RL, ΔGº, ΔHº and ΔSº are typical of feasible, spontaneous, exothermic and ordered adsorption. The chemisorption on KR natural is more feasible and ordered.

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Este estudo avalia a eficiência, viabilidade e espontaneidade de processos de adsorção do íon nitrato em caulinita sem tratamento e modificada com uréia, empregando como material de partida o rejeito de processamento de caulim do rio Jari. Os materiais foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, fluorescência de raios X e espectroscopia IV (DRX, FRX e FTIR). As medidas de pH de equilíbrio foram efetuadas por potenciometria e as concentrações de equilíbrio (Ce) de nitrato medidas por cromatografia iônica. Quantidades adsorvidas no equilíbrio (qe), constantes de distribuição (Kd=qe/Ce), fator de separação (RL) e variação de energia livre de Gibbs (ΔGº), foram calculados com base nos dados experimentais de adsorção. Os resultados de DRX e FTIR confirmaram a formação do complexo caulinita-uréia a partir do tratamento efetuado no rejeito de caulim. Os seguintes dados foram obtidos nos processos de adsorção de nitrato, no rejeito de caulim natural e tratado com uréia: qMax= 18,17 e 14,1 mmol kg-1; Kd=0,7-2,2 e 0,45-1,5 L Kg-1; RL= 0,35-0,85 e 0,25-0,80; ΔGº= -9,3 a -5,8 e -9,1 a -5,4 kJ mol-1, respectivamente. Os valores de Kd, ΔGº e RL são típicos de processos de adsorção física (fisissorção), viáveis e espontâneos e os de qMax indicam que a retenção de nitrato em rejeito de caulim natural é mais eficiente do que em rejeito modificado com uréia.

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Basic sodalite was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method using kaolin waste as source of Aluminum and Silicon. This waste is mainly composed by kaolinite and is produced in large amount by kaolin processing industries for paper coating from the Amazon region. Initially, the waste has been calcined at 700 ºC for 2 h and then reacted with the following solutions: Na2CO3 and mixture of Na2CO3 + NaOH to 150 ºC with autogenous pressure for 24 h. The raw materials and transformed materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM. In both studied media, well-crystallized, basic sodalite was the only phase synthesized, while in the literature usually a mixture of zeolites is obtained.

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Na região norte do Brasil são encontradas grandes reservas minerais, as quais tem sido exploradas nas últimas décadas gerando normalmente grande volume de rejeito para o meio ambiente. No caso específico do caulim, o principal produto exportado é para cobertura de papel (commodity) que apresenta baixo valor agregado. Sua produção, também gera um rejeito volumoso composto essencialmente de caulinita, de elevada pureza, porem fora de especificação para cobertura de papel que é descartado e ou utilizado em outras aplicações menos nobre. Como as zeólitas são materiais mais nobres e apresentam na sua estrutura cristalina sílica e alumina este trabalho teve como um dos objetivos o desenvolvimento de processo de produção da zeólita analcima a partir de um rejeito de caulim menos nobre, diatomito e solução de hidróxido de sódio. Por outro lado, os métodos descritos na literatura para obtenção de zeólitas são desenvolvidos em meio alcalino e utilizam normalmente um excesso de hidróxido de sódio no meio reacional ocasionado problema econômico e ambiental. Assim este trabalho descreve o processo de síntese da zeólita analcima semi-contínuo, no qual o excesso de hidróxido utilizado foi recuperado e reutilizado em um novo ciclo de processo. O processo foi desenvolvido em cinco ciclos consecutivos em autoclave através da reação de caulim calcinado, diatomito como fonte de sílica adicional, solução aquosa de hidróxido de sódio fresco e solução de hidróxido de sódio reciclada. A reação do processo foi desenvolvida a 210 °C por 24 h. O produto obtido no final de cada ciclo foi a zeólita analcima caracterizada por fluorescência de raios X, difração de raios, análise termogravimétrica-térmica diferencial, e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O processo de produção de analcima apresentou elevado rendimento e o reaproveitamento do hidróxido de sódio por meio de reciclo mostrou-se tecnicamente viável.

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Materiais zeolíticos foram sintetizados utilizando como fonte principal de silício e alumínio um rejeito industrial gerado durante o beneficiamento do caulim para cobertura de papel; o material de partida e as fases formadas como produtos de reação foram caracterizados por difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de refletância difusa no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier. O processo de síntese ocorreu em condições hidrotermais através de autoclavagem estática e os efeitos tempo-temperatura, assim como também as relações Si/Al e Na/Al foram considerados. Os resultados mostram que na metodologia desenvolvida com o rejeito de caulim, inicialmente calcinado a 700 ºC por 2 h, submetido em seguida à reação em meio alcalino a 90 ºC por 48 h na presença de uma fonte adicional de sílica foi obtida zeólita do tipo faujasita com boa cristalinidade como fase predominante no produto de síntese.

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Zeólita A foi calcinada nas temperaturas de 200, 400, 600, 800 e 1000 °C/2 h para estudar sua estabilidade térmica. A síntese foi feita a partir de um rejeito de beneficiamento de caulim para a produção de papel de uma empresa mineradora localizada na região Amazônica. A caracterização da zeólita A calcinada nas diferentes temperaturas foi realizada por difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A zeólita A permaneceu estável até 600 °C, havendo apenas variações nas intensidades dos picos em função da temperatura. A 800 °C o padrão de difração apresentado pelo material continuava sendo da zeólita A mas com ausência de alguns picos. A 1000 °C foi constatado que o produto de calcinação era constituído de nefelina, mulita e provavelmente sodalita. Essa zeólita também foi aquecida em mais duas temperaturas, 900 e 950 °C, com o objetivo de confirmar os dois picos exotérmicos observados em curva de análise térmica diferencial. Os produtos de calcinação nessas temperaturas eram constituídos de nefelina, sodalita e mulita.