Maternal factors regulating preterm infants' responses to pain and stress while in maternal kangaroo care

The relationship between maternal factors and the response of preterm infants to pain and stress experienced during heel puncture while in maternal kangaroo care was investigated. This descriptive study included 42 mothers and their preterm infants cared for in a neonatal unit. Data were collected in the baseline, procedure, and recovery phases. We measured the neonates' facial actions, sleep and wake states, crying, salivary cortisol levels, and heart rate, in addition to the mothers' behavior, salivary cortisol levels, and mental condition. The influence of the maternal explanatory variables on the neonatal response variables were verified through bivariate analysis, ANOVA, and multiple regression. The mothers' behavior and depression and/or anxiety did not affect the neonates' responses to pain and stress, though the mothers' levels of salivary cortisol before the procedure explained the variance in the neonates' levels of salivary cortisol after the procedure (p=0.036). Additionally, the mothers' baseline levels of salivary cortisol along with the neonates' age explained the variance in the neonates' heart rate (p=0.001). The ability of mothers to regulate their own stress contributed to the infants' responses to pain and stress.

The impact of parent participation in a hospital-based kangaroo care program on time spent with their preterm infant in the neonatal intensive care unit

Occupational therapists and other health professionals are faced with the challenge of helping parents cope with the birth of their preterm infant and fostering parent-infant bonding and attachment. Kangaroo care, or skin to skin contact, has the potential to minimize the delay in the parent-infant attachment process and facilitate more normal infant growth and development. The present study investigated the impact of parent participation in a hospital-based kangaroo care program on time spent with their preterm infant in the NICU. Fourteen parents with preterm infants in the NICU participated in the study. The results indicated that parents who participated in the kangaroo care program spent significantly more time with their infant than the parents who did not participate in the program (p $<$.022). In addition, parents in the kangaroo care group visited their infant more frequently than the control group (p $<$.037). However, the mean time with baby per day did not show a significant difference between the groups (p $<$.194). This information may assist occupational therapists in developing family-centered early intervention programs beginning in the NICU. ^

KANGAROO CARE: MATERNAL PERCEPTION OF THE EXPERIENCE IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Objective: To investigate the maternal perception of the experience in the first phase of the Kangaroo Mother Care Method in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Methods: Descriptive, exploratory and qualitative study, conducted in the period from August to October 2014, with 10 mothers of newborn preterm (NP) infants, who were admitted to the Maternity School Assis Chateaubriand (MEAC) in Fortaleza, Brazil, and had received skin-to-skin contact through the Kangaroo Care Method during hospitalization in the NICU. Data was collected by semi-structured interview, directed by guiding questions. Content analysis was used for processing the data, being established four categories: “The bond and the attachment”, “Maternal competence”, “The fear of losing the baby” and “The importance of the multidisciplinary team”. Results: The Kangaroo Care Method is a safe and pleasurable practice for mothers and relatives, in addition to providing social and psychoaffective benefits, found in the imagery of the method institutionalization and in the mothers’ experience when properly supported. The meanings of the maternal feelings of apprehension as a result of the first physical contact with the hospitalized child can be evidenced. Regarding the evaluation of its clinical practice, this method has provided better development of the newborn infant and a reduction in hospital stay. Conclusion: The study shows relevance, since the evidence of the maternal perception of this method supports its establishment as a mandatory practice in maternity hospitals, in view of the benefits to the mother and the neonate.

Kenguruhoidon toteuttaminen vastasyntyneiden teho-osastolla

Tutkimushanke liittyi Helsingin ja Uudenmaan sairaanhoitopiirin Lasten ja nuorten sairaalan vastasyntyneiden teho-osastolla tehtävään kenguruhoidon kehittämisprojektiin. Interventiotutkimuksen keinoin selvitettiin kenguruhoidon toteutusohjeiden toimeenpanon ja siihen liittyvän systemaattisen koulutuksen vaikutuksia vastasyntyneiden teho-osastolla annettavaan kenguruhoidon toteutumiseen. Interventiona tutkimuksessa olivat toteusohjeet ja koulutus. Tavoitteena oli vahvistaa moniammatillisen työryhmän tietoisuutta kenguruhoidosta ja varhaisesta vuorovaikutuksesta sekä antaa valmiuksia niiden toteuttamiseen ja tukemiseen. Tarkastelemalla kenguruhoitoa koskevaa kirjaamista potilaspapereista, annettua koulutusta ja kenguruhoidon toteutumisesta kerättyä kuukausitilastoa voitiin selvittää intervention vaikutuksia. Tutkimuskysymykset olivat: 1.Miten kenguruhoito toteutui ennen interventiota? 2.Miten interventioon liittyvä koulutus toteutui? 3.Miten kenguruhoito toteutui toteutusohjeiden antamisen jälkeen ja koulutuksen aikana? Osaston sähköiseen potilastietojärjestelmään luotiin ennen tutkimuksen alkamista kenguruhoidon seurantasivu, josta suurin osa tutkimukseen käytetyistä tiedoista oli saatavissa. Tulokset analysoitiin tilastollisin menetelmin ja sisällön analyysilla. Tarve kenguruhoidon toteuttamista edistävän toiminnan kehittämiselle oli merkittävä ja osaston toiminnan, henkilökunnan ammattitaidon sekä potilaiden ja heidän perheidensä kannalta keskeinen. Julkaistut kenguruhoidon toteutusohjeet ja annettu koulutus lisäsivät kenguruhoidon toteutumista osastolla aikaisempaa useamman potilasryhmän osalta. Tutkimuksessa tuli esille osaston tiloista ja niiden vanhanaikaisuudesta nousevia kenguruhoidon toetuttamisen esteitä. Tutkimuksessa osaston kuormitusprosentti vaikutti kenguruhoidon toteutumiseen siten, että kuormituksen olessa vähäisempää kenguruhoitoa toteutettiin enemmän.

Terapias no farmacológicas en el manejo del dolor en neonatos pretérmino. revisión sistemática de la literatura

Antecedentes El dolor en neonatos ha sido un problema poco explorado. Se ha propuesto el uso de las terapias no farmacológicas para su tratamiento, sin embargo existen pocas aproximaciones sistemáticas para la evaluación de su eficacia. Objetivos Determinar la eficacia de las terapias no farmacológicas en el manejo del dolor en neonatos pretérmino a través de una revisión sistemática. Metodología Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura para evaluar la eficacia de las terapias no farmacológicas en el manejo del dolor en el recién nacido petérmino. La búsqueda se realizó a través de las bases de datos Embase, Cochrane, Bireme y Embase. Se identificaron estudios publicados inglés y español. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. Resultados Se incluyeron 10 ensayos clínicos. La solución de sacarosa administrada por vía oral mostró reducir la intensidad del dolor en el recién nacido. La intubación y toma de muestras facilitada por el cuidador mostró también reducir la intensidad del dolor. Conclusión Se recomienda la administración solución de sacarosa y acompañamiento del cuidador durante los procedimientos como medidas para reducir el dolor en el recién nacido pretérmino.

Avaliação dos resultados neonatais do método canguru no Brasil

Objective: To evaluate the results of the kangaroo mother method in Brazil. Methods: A prospective cohort study comparing 16 units that have or do not have the second phase of the kangaroo mother method: eight were national centers of excellence for the kangaroo mother method (study group) and eight were part of the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (control group). A total of 985 newborn infants with birth weights of 500 to 1,749 g were enrolled. Multivariate analyses employedmultiple linear regression and Poisson regression with robust adjustment. Results: The adjusted analysis (controlled for birth weight, gestational age, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension II, Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System, and maternal age and educational level) demonstrated that mean length of hospital stay (p = 0.14) and intercurrent clinical conditions in the intermediate or kangaroo unit were equal for both groups. Weight (p = 0.012), length (p = 0.039) and head circumference (p = 0.006) at 36 weeks' corrected gestational age were all lower at the kangaroo units. The kangaroo units exhibited superior performance in relation to exclusive breastfeeding at discharge (69.2 vs. 23.8%, p=0.022). Conclusions: The evidence suggests that the humanization strategy adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health is a safe alternative to conventional treatment and a good strategy for promoting breastfeeding. Copyright © 2008 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.

Maternidade e práticas de saúde: o instituído e o possível

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

The efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions in the management of procedural pain in preterm and term neonates. A systematic literature review

BACKGROUND: Neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit are exposed to a high number of painful procedures. Since repeated and sustained pain can have consequences for the neurological and behaviour-oriented development of the newborn, the greatest attention needs to be paid to systematic pain management in neonatology. Non-pharmacological treatment methods are being increasingly discussed with regard to pain prevention and relief either alone or in combination with pharmacological treatment. AIMS: To identify effective non-pharmacological interventions with regard to procedural pain in neonates. METHODS: A literature search was conducted via the MedLine, CINAHL, Cochrane Library databases and complemented by a handsearch. The literature search covered the period from 1984 to 2004. Data were extracted according to pre-defined criteria by two independent reviewers and methodological quality was assessed. RESULTS: 13 randomised controlled studies and two meta-analyses were taken into consideration with regard to the question of current nursing practice of non-pharmacological pain management methods. The selected interventions were "non-nutritive sucking", "music", "swaddling", "positioning", "olfactory and multisensorial stimulation", "kangaroo care" and "maternal touch". There is evidence that the methods of "non-nutritive sucking", "swaddling" and "facilitated tucking" do have a pain-alleviating effect on neonates. CONCLUSIONS: Some of the non-pharmacological interventions have an evident favourable effect on pulse rate, respiration and oxygen saturation, on the reduction of motor activity, and on the excitation states after invasive measures. However, unambiguous evidence of this still remains to be presented. Further research should emphasise the use of validated pain assessment instruments for the evaluation of the pain-alleviating effect of non-pharmacological interventions.

OS BENEFÍCIOS DO MÉTODO CANGURU PARA OS PAIS DE RECÉM-NASCIDOS PREMATUROS INTERNADOS NUMA UCIN

Introdução O nascimento de um bebé prematuro pode ter efeitos adversos na saúde mental dos pais. As dificuldades emocionais são transversais a todos os pais durante o internamento do bebé numa UCIN (Diaz, Fernandes & Correia (2014). Este internamento é um acontecimento stressante, pois a separação pais/bebé prejudica o processo de adaptação à parentalidade. Atualmente nas UCIN's é colocado em prática o método canguru, com relatos de benefícios (Morelius, Ortenstrand, Theodorsson & Frostell, 2014), mas estas evidências não estão suficientemente evidenciadas. Objetivos O método canguru é uma intervenção que consiste no contacto pele-a-pele entre a mãe ou pai, e o recém-nascido, promovendo o contacto e ligação. Embora utilizado em algumas unidades, carece de maior generalização sendo que a síntese de evidências acerca dos benefícios potenciará esta intervenção. Neste contexto, o objetivo central desta investigação consistiu em sintetizar os principais benefícios do método canguru para os pais de recém-nascidos prematuros internados numa UCIN. Metodologia Foi efetuada uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Para tal, foi realizada pesquisa nas bases de dados online: Medline With Full Text; Cinahl plus with full text; MedicLatina; Academic Search Complete. A expressão de pesquisa selecionada foi a seguinte: parent* stress OR depression or anxiety AND kangaroo care AND premature OR preterm. Através da estratégia PICOD, elaborámos uma questão de pesquisa e definimos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Após, leitura de títulos, abstract, e leitura integral, constituíram a amostra final nove artigos, com os quais respondemos à questão de investigação. Resultados Há evidências de que o método canguru tem benefícios para a díade e para o casal em todo o processo de adaptação à parentalidade e à ligação com o bebé, particularmente importante também por ser uma situação de risco. De acordo com a análise dos artigos que constituíram a mostra registamos como significativo que: Em três estudos esta experiência foi vivenciada como experiência calmante e positiva, que favorece a ligação mãe-filho. Noutro estudo, as mães manifestaram sentimentos de utilidade nos cuidados ao filho. Noutro estudo especialmente as mães expressaram um aumento de confiança, ajudando ao conhecimento das particularidades do bebé. Outros estudos concluíram da redução da incidência da depressão pós-parto ou uma melhoria da depressão pós-parto, se instalada. Noutro estudo foi verificado um efeito positivo nos problemas conjugais quando aplicado por ambos os elementos do casal e um maior entendimento e suporte entre os mesmos. Conclusões Podemos concluir que é positivo o uso do método canguru nas unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatais com bebés prematuros. Há evidências de que pode atenuar as dificuldades sentidas pelos pais durante o internamento, promovendo maior confiança e adaptação ao seu papel. A redução do stress parental, particularmente da ansiedade materna, torna de facto mais ajustada a presença, envolvimento e parceria neste contexto. Este quadro de bebé de risco potencia a depressão pós-parto mas esta pode melhorar com o uso deste método. Em suma é uma intervenção promotora da vinculação fazendo emergir nos pais um sentimento de maior felicidade.

Os benefícios do método canguru para os pais de recém-nascidos prematuros, internados numa UCIN

Introdução O nascimento de um bebé prematuro pode ter efeitos adversos na saúde mental dos pais. As dificuldades emocionais são transversais a todos os pais durante o internamento do bebé numa UCIN (Diaz, Fernandes & Correia (2014). Este internamento é um acontecimento stressante, pois a separação pais/bebé prejudica o processo de adaptação à parentalidade. Atualmente nas UCIN's é colocado em prática o método canguru, com relatos de benefícios (Morelius, Ortenstrand, Theodorsson & Frostell, 2014), mas estas evidências não estão suficientemente evidenciadas. Objetivos O método canguru é uma intervenção que consiste no contacto pele-a-pele entre a mãe ou pai, e o recém-nascido, promovendo o contacto e ligação. Embora utilizado em algumas unidades, carece de maior generalização sendo que a síntese de evidências acerca dos benefícios potenciará esta intervenção. Neste contexto, o objetivo central desta investigação consistiu em sintetizar os principais benefícios do método canguru para os pais de recém-nascidos prematuros internados numa UCIN. Metodologia Foi efetuada uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Para tal, foi realizada pesquisa nas bases de dados online: Medline With Full Text; Cinahl plus with full text; MedicLatina; Academic Search Complete. A expressão de pesquisa selecionada foi a seguinte: parent* stress OR depression or anxiety AND kangaroo care AND premature OR preterm. Através da estratégia PICOD, elaborámos uma questão de pesquisa e definimos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Após, leitura de títulos, abstract, e leitura integral, constituíram a amostra final nove artigos, com os quais respondemos à questão de investigação. Resultados Há evidências de que o método canguru tem benefícios para a díade e para o casal em todo o processo de adaptação à parentalidade e à ligação com o bebé, particularmente importante também por ser uma situação de risco. De acordo com a análise dos artigos que constituíram a mostra registamos como significativo que: Em três estudos esta experiência foi vivenciada como experiência calmante e positiva, que favorece a ligação mãe-filho. Noutro estudo, as mães manifestaram sentimentos de utilidade nos cuidados ao filho. Noutro estudo especialmente as mães expressaram um aumento de confiança, ajudando ao conhecimento das particularidades do bebé. Outros estudos concluíram da redução da incidência da depressão pós-parto ou uma melhoria da depressão pós-parto, se instalada. Noutro estudo foi verificado um efeito positivo nos problemas conjugais quando aplicado por ambos os elementos do casal e um maior entendimento e suporte entre os mesmos. Conclusões Podemos concluir que é positivo o uso do método canguru nas unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatais com bebés prematuros. Há evidências de que pode atenuar as dificuldades sentidas pelos pais durante o internamento, promovendo maior confiança e adaptação ao seu papel. A redução do stress parental, particularmente da ansiedade materna, torna de facto mais ajustada a presença, envolvimento e parceria neste contexto. Este quadro de bebé de risco potencia a depressão pós-parto mas esta pode melhorar com o uso deste método. Em suma é uma intervenção promotora da vinculação fazendo emergir nos pais um sentimento de maior felicidade.

Kangaroo mother care diminishes pain from heel lance in very preterm neonates: a crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Skin-to-skin contact, or kangaroo mother care (KMC) has been shown to be efficacious in diminishing pain response to heel lance in full term and moderately preterm neonates. The purpose of this study was to determine if KMC would also be efficacious in very preterm neonates. METHODS: Preterm neonates (n = 61) between 28 0/7 and 31 6/7 weeks gestational age in three Level III NICU's in Canada comprised the sample. A single-blind randomized crossover design was employed. In the experimental condition, the infant was held in KMC for 15 minutes prior to and throughout heel lance procedure. In the control condition, the infant was in prone position swaddled in a blanket in the incubator. The primary outcome was the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP), which is comprised of three facial actions, maximum heart rate, minimum oxygen saturation levels from baseline in 30-second blocks from heel lance. The secondary outcome was time to recover, defined as heart rate return to baseline. Continuous video, heart rate and oxygen saturation monitoring were recorded with event markers during the procedure and were subsequently analyzed. Repeated measures analysis-of-variance was employed to generate results. RESULTS: PIPP scores at 90 seconds post lance were significantly lower in the KMC condition (8.871 (95%CI 7.852-9.889) versus 10.677 (95%CI 9.563-11.792) p < .001) and non-significant mean differences ranging from 1.2 to1.8. favoring KMC condition at 30, 60 and 120 seconds. Time to recovery was significantly shorter, by a minute(123 seconds (95%CI 103-142) versus 193 seconds (95%CI 158-227). Facial actions were highly significantly lower across all points in time reaching a two-fold difference by 120 seconds post-lance and heart rate was significantly lower across the first 90 seconds in the KMC condition. CONCLUSION: Very preterm neonates appear to have endogenous mechanisms elicited through skin-to-skin maternal contact that decrease pain response, but not as powerfully as in older preterm neonates. The shorter recovery time in KMC is clinically important in helping maintain homeostasis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: (Current Controlled Trials) ISRCTN63551708.

Enhanced kangaroo mother care for heel lance in preterm neonates: a crossover trial.

OBJECTIVE: To test if enhancing maternal skin-to-skin contact, or kangaroo mother care (KMC) by adding rocking, singing and sucking is more efficacious than simple KMC for procedural pain in preterm neonates. STUDY DESIGN: Preterm neonates (n=90) between 32 0/7 and 36 0/7 weeks' gestational age participated in a single-blind randomized crossover design. The infant was held in KMC with the addition of rocking, singing and sucking or the infant was held in KMC without additional stimulation. The Premature Infant Pain Profile was the primary outcome with time to recover as the secondary outcome. A repeated-measures analysis of covariance was employed for analyses. RESULT: There were no significant differences in any of the 30 s time periods over the 2 min of blood sampling nor in time to return to baseline. Compared to historical controls of the same age in incubator, the pain scores were lower and comparable to other studies of KMC. There were site differences related to lower scores with the use of sucrose in one site and higher scores in younger, sicker infants in another site. CONCLUSION: The sensorial stimulations from skin-to-skin contact that include tactile, olfactory sensations from the mother are sufficient to decrease pain response in premature neonates. Other studies showing that rocking, sucking and music were efficacious were independent of skin-to-skin contact, which, when used alone has been shown to be effective as reported across studies.

Kangaroo Mother Care in a Mozambican perinatal ward : a clinical case study

Kangaroo mother care (KMC) was first introduced in Mozambique in 1984. The aim of this study was to describe Mozambican mothers’ experiences of going through admission, passing from an intensive care ward to a nursery ward with their premature baby, undergoing KMC training before early discharge. A clinical case study was conducted, involving naturalistic observations and a face-to-face interview with 41 mothers participating to complete a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and manifest content analysis were used in this study. The results show that the mothers were of low socio-economic standing and felt that they did not have enough information on KMC. The hierarchical organization within the hospital setting as well as communalistic behaviours influenced the mothers’ support of KMC, including information, communication, relationships and actions. The conclusion is that there is an important challenge for trained neonatal nurses to improve the guidelines for KMC and to empower mothers and their families to adopt KMC.

Length of stay in a neonatal intensive care unit and its association with low rates of exclusive breastfeeding in very low birth weight infants

OBJECTIVE: To identify the inpatient maternal and neonatal factors associated to the weaning of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. METHODS: One hundred nineteen VLBW (<1500 g) infants were monitored from July 2005 through August 2006, from birth to the first ambulatory visit after maternity discharge. This maternity unit uses the Kangaroo Method and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. Out of 119 VLBW infants monitored until discharge, 88 (75%) returned to the facility, 22 (25%) were on exclusive breastfeeding (EB), and 66 (75%) were weaned (partial breastfeeding or formula feeding). RESULTS: Univariate analysis found an association between weaning and lower birth weight, longer stays in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and longer hospitalization times, in addition to more prolonged enteral feeding and birth weight recovery period. Logistic regression showed length of NICU stay as being the main determinant of weaning. CONCLUSION: The negative repercussion on EB of an extended stay in the NICU is a significant challenge for health professionals to provide more adequate nutrition to VLBW infants.