Earthquakes, influenza and cycles of Indian kala-azar.

It is suggested that previous data indicate 3 major epidemics of kala-azar in Assam between 1875 and 1950, with inter-epidemic periods of 30-45 and 20 years. This deviates from the popular view of regular cycles with a 10-20 year period. A deterministic mathematical model of kala-azar is used to find the simplest explanation for the timing of the 3 epidemics, paying particular attention to the role of extrinsic (drugs, natural disasters, other infectious diseases) versus intrinsic (host and vector dynamics, birth and death rates, immunity) processes in provoking the second. We conclude that, whilst widespread influenza in 1918-1919 may have magnified the second epidemic, intrinsic population processes provide the simplest explanation for its timing and synchrony throughout Assam. The model also shows that the second inter-epidemic period is expected to be shorter than the first, even in the absence of extrinsic agents, and highlights the importance of a small fraction of patients becoming chronically infectious (with post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis) after treatment during an epidemic.

KERAL KI STHANEEYA SABDAVALI KE HINDI ANUVAD KI SAMASYAYEM: KALA AUR SANSKRITI KE VISESH SANDARBH MEIN

HINDI

Increased natural killer activity does not prevent progression of experimental kala-azar

Kala-azar is the visceral form of leishmaniasis and it is caused by intracellular parasites from the complex Leishmania donovani. Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) infected with Leishmania donovani develop a disease very similar to human Kala-azar. There is conspicuous hipergammaglobulinaemia and their T cells do not respond to stimulation with parasite antigens. We used this experimental model to evaluate the natural killer (NK) activity during the initial phase of the disease. Outbred hamsters infected by intravenous route with 5.106 amastigotes of L. donovani 1S showed a concurrent increase in the spleen weight and in the spleen cell number. Using the single cell assay we detected a significant increase in the percentage of NK effector cells on the 4th day of infection. Imprints from spleen and liver showed at days 14 and 28 a significant increase in the parasite burden. These results show that the increased NK activity in the beginning of the infection was not able to restrain the progression of the disease in this experimental model.

Genes that encodes NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 are not virulence factors for kala-azar caused by Leishmania infantum

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Studio analitico della cultura materiale fra VII e IX secolo d.C. nella Regione di Samarcanda (Uzbekistan): analisi morfo-tipologica, produzione e commercio della ceramica di Kafir Kala

Kafir Kala is a key-site to understand the historical dynamics of the Samarkand Region in the Early Middle Ages (5th - 8th centuries CE). The site is clearly associated with a Sogdian occupation, as both literature and archaeological research testify. But the chronological phase that follows the Sogdian period, as the Islamic occupation became stable, is still little known. Structures and finds (an hoard of 133 silver coins, in particular) clearly testify a new occupation of some parts of the citadel; and some rooms, dug in the northern side of it, present structures and materials connected with an Islamic activity. The study of material culture from these rooms, and from more ancient contexts, will help to understand the eventual continuity of traditions and the new productions. Besides the citadel, as a matter of fact, also some kilns have been dug, near the main site. Their material culture is very interesting because it represents an example of the typical Sogdian production (ceramics covered with white mica, and stamped). The work on the ceramic material has consisted in cataloguing and classifying all the diagnostics. Three main morphological classes have been individuated: cooking, coarse and table ware), and some other ones (lamps, ossuaries). A catalogue of the finds organized them in a typological system based on their morphology, function, fabric, and eventually decoration style. Crossing the stratigraphical data with information from this typological study, it has been possible to provide a chronological arrangement of the sites investigated by the italo-uzbek archaeological mission from 2001 to 2008.

Hādhā Kitāb Raḥīq al-kawthar min kalām al-Ghawth al-Rifāʻī al-akbar [microform] /

Microfilm.

Kitāb aḥsan al-kalām fīmā yataʻallaqu bi-al-sunnah wa-al-bidʻah min al-aḥkām [microform] /

Microfilm.

al-Jild al-awwal min Tafsīr al-kalām al-mubajjal al-musammá Durr al-asrār [microform] /

Microfilm.

Kalām sharīf = Koran /

Originally published: 3. izd. Kazanʹ : T͡Sentr. tip., 1907.

Kitābū ʼl-masāʼil fiʼl-ḫilāf bejn al-Baṣrijjīn wa ʼl-Baġ̣dād̲ijjīn al-kalām fiʼl ǵawāhir : die atomistische Substanzenlehre aus dem Buch der streitfragen zwischen Basrensern und Bagdadensern /

Arabic text.

Dustūr maʻālim al-ḥikam wa-maʼthūr makārim al-shiyam [microform] : min kalām Amīr al-Muʼminīn ʻAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib /

Microfilm.

al-Juzʾ al-awwal[-al-thānī] min Kitāb Tāj al-tafāsīr li-kalām al-malik al-kabīr [microform] /

Microfilm.

Boekoe Tjerita Dahoeloe Kala di Benoewa Negri Tjina Tersalin dari Boekoe Pek Hauw Thouw

Covers contains jang terpoedji seratoes ka bae-an di harap sekalian anak-anak misti menoeroet ini toeladan boeat menghormat dan Tjinta aken Iboe dan Bapa soepaja kamoe djoega nanti terpoedji Oehauw seperti ini tjerita.

Tjerita Dahoeloe kala di Negri Tjina Terpoengoet dari Tjerita'an Boekoe Menjanji-an Tjina ja-itoe - Sam Pik Ing Taij

5th print