淹水对三峡库区几种植物的生理生态影响

自然界木本植物在某些情况下可能面对淹水带来的胁迫伤害，木本植物对淹水的生理生态响应及适应机制的研究，不仅可以从机理上解释河岸带和消落区树种分布的规律，对于大型水库消落区的治理也能起到理论依据的作用，因此，木本植物对淹水的生理生态响应及适应机制历来是植物生理生态研究领域的热点问题之一。 三峡水库蓄水造成库区部分陆地岛屿化，这将对岛屿优势植物带来深远影响。短柄枹栎(Quercus glandulifera)、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)是这些岛屿上的三种优势树种。在岛屿形成初期，应用生理生态学手段，在7月和9月分别对其水势和叶绿素荧光进行了野外测定，从而为岛屿化对植物生理生态影响的研究和监测提供重要的本底数据。研究结果表明马尾松较其它两种植物更耐旱。水势和Fv/Fm在清晨高中午低，经过一个晚上可以基本恢复，因此就目前状况看岛上的三种优势植物均生长健康。但是库区蓄水后，在淹水胁迫下植物的生理生态过程将如何变化，还需要后期的连续观测。 枫杨（Pterocarya stenoptera）、池杉（Taxodium ascendens）和栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）是三峡库区河岸带和库塘消落区常见的植物，对于河岸带和库塘消落区的水土保持和水源涵养具有十分重要的作用。通过设计模拟淹水实验，研究了这三种植物对淹水的生理生态响应及适应机制。淹水对枫杨和栓皮栎生理生态过程的早期影响是快速降低了二者的最大净光合速率、气孔导度、最大光化学量子效率（Fv/Fm）。但经过最初的下降后，枫杨的最大净光合速率、气孔导度和最大光化学量子效率逐渐恢复，而栓皮栎的则持续下降。在试验过程中，枫杨和池杉均产生了有利于吸收氧气的不定根和肥大的皮孔，而栓皮栎没有产生不定根。随淹水时间的增加枫杨的叶绿素含量与对照没有显著差异;而栓皮栎的叶绿素含量在第33天后大幅降低，Chla/Chlb的比值下降。淹水后第10天和70天测定的清晨水势，受淹栓皮栎比对照高，而受淹枫杨比对照低。淹水导致池杉和栓皮栎的根/茎/叶膜质过氧化状态均呈现动态变化。淹水处理的栓皮栎根的MDA含量低于对照而池杉的高于对照，比如：淹水24天后，栓皮栎根的丙二醛含量是对照的73％;而池杉是对照的111.5％。淹水处理第10天和第24天两个种的叶和茎MDA含量均高于对照但第50天则略低于对照。淹水导致池杉和栓皮栎两个种的根/茎/叶可溶性糖含量呈现动态变化。持续淹水导致栓皮栎叶片可溶性糖含量相比于对照先略下降后上升，茎可溶性糖含量显著上升而根可溶性含量先下降后上升。而池杉根/茎/叶可溶性糖含量对照和处理之间差异不显著。淹水导致栓皮栎的比叶重（Leaf dry mass per area）持续升高，池杉的与对照没有显著差异。淹水导致栓皮栎的根系活力持续下降，池杉则开始时下降后又升高，这可能与池杉在淹水过程中产生了有利于吸收氧气的不定根，而栓皮栎没有产生不定根有关。 以上生理生态的实验结果说明相对枫杨和池杉，栓皮栎应属于对淹水较敏感的树种。并得到以下一些结论：1）间接支持了“长期淹水导致不耐淹种（如栓皮栎）库量减小，进而导致光合速率下降的负反馈效应”假说;2）淹水对不耐淹种光合速率下降的影响至少包括气孔开度降低、光化学量子效率降低和库尺寸下降导致的光合速率下调的负反馈效应（长期）三个生理生态原因;3）淹水对水势的影响与树种相关;4）淹水并未导致不耐淹种（如栓皮栎）根膜质过氧化状态上升，而是导致其下降。导致其下降的主要原因是根系缺氧造成的;5）淹水胁迫初期耐淹种（如枫杨和池杉）和不耐淹种（栓皮栎）均出现部分生理生态过程的下调，持续时间大概在1－10天内。随后耐淹种生理过程逐渐恢复而不耐淹种在略为恢复1－2天后逐渐下降到较低水平。耐淹种恢复的关键原因可能是不定根和肥大的皮孔的出现。 令人意外的是70天的淹水过程并没有导致栓皮栎的死亡，这说明该树种对淹水具有一定的忍耐能力。因此，栓皮栎分布于河岸带和消落区较高海拔处并很少受到季节性淹水影响的生理生态原因可能还包括其他方面。淹水后可能要面对土壤透气性恢复带来的生理干旱胁迫可能对栓皮栎的生理过程造成影响。因此进一步研究淹水后恢复过程中三个种的生理生态过程对于深刻理解河岸带和消落区树种分布的生理生态原因无疑具有十分重要的理论意义。

Forest fragmentation and island biogeography : a summary and bibliography /

Technical report NPS/NRUW/NRTR-92/08.

Deterioration and fragmentation of rivers in Malta

Malta, situated in the Mediterranean Sea south of Sicily, is a small island of less than 300 km2. Two hundred years ago Malta was a wet and sodden country. The limestone was like a sponge, with numerous perennial springs, great and small, and so full of water that most flat areas did not drain, but were marsh. Water from springs, rivers and marshes was in ample supply. In the space of two centuries, Malta's rivers have passed from being good, spring-regulated watercourses with a mixed community of clean limewater plants, to the present-day situation where many if not all are on the verge of extinction. This is the result of human impact, not climate change, and is set to continue and increase. Unfortunately the best wetland-type valley communities were scheduled to be destroyed in 1997 but, after a change of Government and vigorous representations, these may now be spared. However, there is at least a great opportunity to prevent further fragmentation of remaining rivers and to reclaim some of the fragmented portions.

Habitat Isolation Reduces the Temporal Stability of Island Ecosystems in the Face of Flood Disturbance

Natural ecosystems are increasingly exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors, including land-use change, deforestation, agricultural intensification, and urbanisation, all of which have led to widespread habitat fragmentation, which is also likely to be amplified further by predicted climate change. The potential interactive effects of these different stressors cannot be determined by studying each in isolation, although such synergies have been largely ignored in ecological field studies to date. Here, we use a model system of naturally fragmented islands in a braided river network, which is exposed to periodic inundation, to investigate the interactive effects of habitat isolation and flood disturbance. Food web structure was similar across the islands during periods of hydrological stability, but several key properties were altered in the aftermath of flood disturbance, based on distance of the islands from the regional source pool of species: taxon richness and mean food chain length declined with habitat isolation after flooding, while the proportion of basal species increased. Greater species turnover through time reflected the slower process of re-colonisation on the more distant islands following disturbance. Increased variability of several food web properties over a 1-year period highlighted the reduced temporal stability of isolated habitat fragments. Many of these effects reflected the differential successes of predator and prey species at re-colonising the islands: even though larger, more mobile consumers may reach the more distant islands first, they cannot establish populations until the lower trophic levels have successfully reassembled. These results highlight the susceptibility of fragmented ecosystems to environmental perturbations. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Phenotypic changes and small mammal impoverishment on a Brazilian Atlantic Forest Island

Faunal impoverishment and distorted species compositions are common phenomena in oceanic islands; however, many land-bridge islands are poorly inventoried, especially in the Neotropics. We sampled a small mammal community on a land-bridge island (Anchieta Island) along the Brazilian coast. We found only one marsupial Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826) and two rodent species Oligoryzomys nigripes (Olfers, 1818) and Trinomys iheringi (Thomas, 1911) during 12 months of live trapping and 9195 trap-nights. The diversity of rodents and marsupials was not explained by species-area relations, indicating possible past extinctions. The abundance of D. aurita and O. nigripes was approximately three times higher, while the abundance of T. iheringi was approximately four times lower than abundances reported from other Brazilian Atlantic Forest sites. The population of D. aurita exhibited many phenotypic changes; males were on average 8 % smaller and females produced 30 % less litters than those from the mainland and other land-bridge islands. The long history of forest disturbance, habitat loss, reduction in forest productivity, and the recent introduction of mesopredators may be the major drivers that explain the small mammal community composition on this island. © 2013 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

Shell beds from the Low Head Member (Polonez Cove Formation, early Oligocene) at King George Island, west Antarctica: new insights on facies analysis, taphonomy and environmental significance

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Stable isotope record and planktonic foraminiferal fragmentation of the late Pleistocene section of ODP Hole 134-828A

A high-resolution record of foraminiferal fragmentation (a dissolution indicator) for the last 250 k.y. (isotopic Stages 1 to 7) is identified in the upper 61.9 m of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 828A, west Vanuatu. This record is comparable in detail to the atmospheric CO2 record and the d18O stack. Phase shifts between preservation spikes and maximum ice volumes (d18O of Globigerinoides sacculifer) are analogous to those on Ontong Java Plateau. Mass spectrometer (AMS14C) dating of a sample taken at the base of dissolution cycle B1 and the position of the last glacial maximum indicates a lag in time of ~8 k.y. in the Vanuatu region for the last glacial termination. When dissolution spikes are compared with minimum ice volumes there is no phase shift for the last two glacial terminations. The difference between Vanuatu and Ontong Java Plateau may be explained by local CO2 sinks and the interplay between intermediate and deep water masses. Terrigenous input increasingly affected sediment of Hole 828A on the North d'Entrecasteaux Ridge (NDR) as it approached Espiritu Santo Island. Mud and silt suspended in mid-water flows become important after 125 ka, while turbidites bypass the New Hebrides Trench only towards the last glacial maximum (LGM). Terrigenous supply seems to affect the lysocline profile that changed from an "open ocean" to a "near continent" type, thus favoring dissolution. Fragmentation of planktonic foraminifers is a more sensitive indicator of lysocline variations than is foraminiferal susceptibility to dissolution, the foraminiferal dissolution index, the abundance of benthic foraminifers, or CaCO3 content. A modern foraminiferal lysocline for the neighboring area (between 10°S and 30°S, and 160°E and 180°E) is found at 3.1 km below sea level, compared to west Vanuatu where it is shallower. The past lysocline level was deeper than 3086 m during intervals of dissolution minima, and ranged from ~2550 to 3000 m during intervals of dissolution maxima. The high sedimentation rates (in the order of 10 to 50 cm/k.y.) found in Hole 828A offer a great potential for future high-resolution studies either in this hole or other western localities along the NDR. Areas of high sedimentation near continental regions have been discarded for paleoceanographic and/or paleoclimatic studies. Nonetheless, conditions analogous to those found in Hole 828A are expected to occur in many trench areas around the world where mid-water flows have preserved as yet undiscovered fine high-resolution sedimentary records.

Habitat selection and breeding success in a forest-nesting Alcid, the marbled murrelet, in two landscapes with different degrees of forest fragmentation

We studied habitat selection and breeding success in marked populations of a protected seabird (family Alcidae), the marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), in a relatively intact and a heavily logged old-growth forest landscape in south-western Canada. Murrelets used old-growth fragments either proportionately to their size frequency distribution (intact) or they tended to nest in disproportionately smaller fragments (logged). Multiple regression modelling showed that murrelet distribution could be explained by proximity of nests to landscape features producing biotic and abiotic edge effects. Streams, steeper slopes and lower elevations were selected in both landscapes, probably due to good nesting habitat conditions and easier access to nest sites. In the logged landscape, the murrelets nested closer to recent clearcuts than would be expected. Proximity to the ocean was favoured in the intact area. The models of habitat selection had satisfactory discriminatory ability in both landscapes. Breeding success (probability of nest survival to the middle of the chick rearing period), inferred from nest attendance patterns by radio-tagged parents, was modelled in the logged landscape. Survivorship was greater in areas with recent clearcuts and lower in areas with much regrowth, i.e. it was positively correlated with recent habitat fragmentation. We conclude that marbled murrelets can successfully breed in old-growth forests fragmented by logging.

Fungal spore fragmentation as a function of airflow rates and fungal generation methods

The aim of this study was to characterise and quantify the fungal fragment propagules derived and released from several fungal species (Penicillium, Aspergillus niger and Cladosporium cladosporioides) using different generation methods and different air velocities over the colonies. Real time fungal spore fragmentation was investigated using an Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (UVASP) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The study showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.01) in the fragmentation percentage between different air velocities for the three generation methods, namely the direct, the fan and the fungal spore source strength tester (FSSST) methods. The percentage of fragmentation also proved to be dependant on fungal species. The study found that there was no fragmentation for any of the fungal species at an air velocity ≤ 0.4 m/s for any method of generation. Fluorescent signals, as well as mathematical determination also showed that the fungal fragments were derived from spores. Correlation analysis showed that the number of released fragments measured by the UVAPS under controlled conditions can be predicted on the basis of the number of spores, for Penicillium and Aspergillus niger, but not for Cladosporium cladosporioides. The fluorescence percentage of fragment samples was found to be significantly different to that of non-fragment samples (p < 0.0001) and the fragment sample fluorescence was always less than that of the non-fragment samples. Size distribution and concentration of fungal fragment particles were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively, by both UVAPS and SMPS, and it was found that the UVAPS was more sensitive than the SMPS for measuring small sample concentrations, and the results obtained from the UVAPS and SMAS were not identical for the same samples.

Cross-cultural consumer/consumption research : dealing with issues emerging from globalization and fragmentation

To understand the effects of globalization and fragmentation, macromarketing scholars need insights about links between individual consumer behavior and societal outcomes. The challenge in this regard is to create a program of macrooriented cross-cultural research. This article offers a crosscultural consumer behavior research framework for this purpose. The framework encompasses four key areas of consumer behavior that are related to the forces of globalization and fragmentation, including the environment, identity, wellbeing,and market structure and policy. A discussion of these substantive areas is followed by a suggested macro-microoriented research agenda and a call for paradigm plurality in pursuing this agenda.

The effects of habitat fragmentation on the demography and population genetic structure of Uromys Caudimaculatus

Habitat fragmentation can have an impact on a wide variety of biological processes including abundance, life history strategies, mating system, inbreeding and genetic diversity levels of individual species. Although fragmented populations have received much attention, ecological and genetic responses of species to fragmentation have still not been fully resolved. The current study investigated the ecological factors that may influence the demographic and genetic structure of the giant white-tailed rat (Uromys caudimaculatus) within fragmented tropical rainforests. It is the first study to examine relationships between food resources, vegetation attributes and Uromys demography in a quantitative manner. Giant white-tailed rat densities were strongly correlated with specific suites of food resources rather than forest structure or other factors linked to fragmentation (i.e. fragment size). Several demographic parameters including the density of resident adults and juvenile recruitment showed similar patterns. Although data were limited, high quality food resources appear to initiate breeding in female Uromys. Where data were sufficient, influx of juveniles was significantly related to the density of high quality food resources that had fallen in the previous three months. Thus, availability of high quality food resources appear to be more important than either vegetation structure or fragment size in influencing giant white-tailed rat demography. These results support the suggestion that a species’ response to fragmentation can be related to their specific habitat requirements and can vary in response to local ecological conditions. In contrast to demographic data, genetic data revealed a significant negative effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic diversity and effective population size in U. caudimaculatus. All three fragments showed lower levels of allelic richness, number of private alleles and expected heterozygosity compared with the unfragmented continuous rainforest site. Populations at all sites were significantly differentiated, suggesting restricted among population gene flow. The combined effects of reduced genetic diversity, lower effective population size and restricted gene flow suggest that long-term viability of small fragmented populations may be at risk, unless effective management is employed in the future. A diverse range of genetic reproductive behaviours and sex-biased dispersal patterns were evident within U. caudimaculatus populations. Genetic paternity analyses revealed that the major mating system in U. caudimaculatus appeared to be polygyny at sites P1, P3 and C1. Evidence of genetic monogamy, however, was also found in the three fragmented sites, and was the dominant mating system in the remaining low density, small fragment (P2). High variability in reproductive skew and reproductive success was also found but was less pronounced when only resident Uromys were considered. Male body condition predicted which males sired offspring, however, neither body condition nor heterozygosity levels were accurate predictors of the number of offspring assigned to individual males or females. Genetic spatial autocorrelation analyses provided evidence for increased philopatry among females at site P1, but increased philopatry among males at site P3. This suggests that male-biased dispersal occurs at site P1 and female-biased dispersal at site P3, implying that in addition to mating systems, Uromys may also be able to adjust their dispersal behaviour to suit local ecological conditions. This study highlights the importance of examining the mechanisms that underlie population-level responses to habitat fragmentation using a combined ecological and genetic approach. The ecological data suggested that habitat quality (i.e. high quality food resources) rather than habitat quantity (i.e. fragment size) was relatively more important in influencing giant white-tailed rat demographics, at least for the populations studied here . Conversely, genetic data showed strong evidence that Uromys populations were affected adversely by habitat fragmentation and that management of isolated populations may be required for long-term viability of populations within isolated rainforest fragments.