UV Photodissociation Action Spectroscopy of Haloanilinium Ions in a Linear Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer

UV-vis photodissociation action spectroscopy is becoming increasingly prevalent because of advances in, and commercial availability of, ion trapping technologies and tunable laser sources. This study outlines in detail an instrumental arrangement, combining a commercial ion-trap mass spectrometer and tunable nanosecond pulsed laser source, for performing fully automated photodissociation action spectroscopy on gas-phase ions. The components of the instrumentation are outlined, including the optical and electronic interfacing, in addition to the control software for automating the experiment and performing online analysis of the spectra. To demonstrate the utility of this ensemble, the photodissociation action spectra of 4-chloroanilinium, 4-bromoanilinium, and 4-iodoanilinium cations are presented and discussed. Multiple photoproducts are detected in each case and the photoproduct yields are followed as a function of laser wavelength. It is shown that the wavelength-dependent partitioning of the halide loss, H loss, and NH3 loss channels can be broadly rationalized in terms of the relative carbon-halide bond dissociation energies and processes of energy redistribution. The photodissociation action spectrum of (phenyl)Ag-2 (+) is compared with a literature spectrum as a further benchmark.

Ozone-Induced Dissociation on a Modified Tandem Linear Ion-Trap : Observations of Different Reactivity for Isomeric Lipids

Ozone-induced dissociation (OzID) exploits the gas-phase reaction between mass-selected lipid ions and ozone vapor to determine the position(s) of unsaturation In this contribution, we describe the modification of a tandem linear ion-trap mass spectrometer specifically for OzID analyses wherein ozone vapor is supplied to the collision cell This instrumental configuration provides spatial separation between mass-selection, the ozonolysis reaction, and mass-analysis steps in the OzID process and thus delivers significant enhancements in speed and sensitivity (ca 30-fold) These improvements allow spectra revealing the double-bond position(s) within unsaturated lipids to be acquired within 1 s significantly enhancing the utility of OzID in high-throughput lipidomic protocols The stable ozone concentration afforded by this modified instrument also allows direct comparison of relative reactivity of isomeric lipids and reveals reactivity trends related to (1) double-bond position, (2) substitution position on the glycerol backbone, and (3) stereochemistry For cis- and trans-isomers, differences were also observed in the branching ratio of product ions arising from the gas-phase ozonolysis reaction, suggesting that relative ion abundances could be exploited as markers for double-bond geometry Additional activation energy applied to mass-selected lipid ions during injection into the collision cell (with ozone present) was found to yield spectra containing both OzID and classical-CID fragment ions This combination CID-OzID acquisition on an ostensibly simple monounsaturated phosphatidylcholine within a cow brain lipid extract provided evidence for up to four structurally distinct phospholipids differing in both double-bond position and sn-substitution U Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2010, 21, 1989-1999) (C) 2010 American Society for Mass Spectrometry

Reactions of the hydroperoxide anion with dimethyl methylphosphonate in an ion trap mass spectrometer : evidence for a gas phase alpha-effect

The gas phase degradation reactions of the chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), with the hydroperoxide anion (HOO(-)) were investigated using a modified quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The HOO(-) anion reacts readily with neutral DMMP forming two significant product ions at m/z 109 and m/z 123. The major reaction pathways correspond to (i) the nucleophilic substitution at carbon to form \[CH(3)P(O)(OCH(3))O](-) (m/z 109) in a highly exothermic process and (ii) exothermic proton transfer. The branching ratios of the two reaction pathways, 89% and 11% respectively, indicate that the former reaction is significantly faster than the latter. This is in contrast to the trend for the methoxide anion with DMMP, where proton transfer dominates. The difference in the observed reactivities of the HOO(-) and CH(3)O(-) anions can be considered as evidence for an a-effect in the gas phase and is supported by electronic structure calculations at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level of theory that indicate the S(N)2(carbon) process has an activation energy 7.8 kJ mol(-1) lower for HOO(-) as compared to CH(3)O(-). A similar alpha-effect was calculated for nucleophilic addition-elimination at phosphorus, but this process an important step in the perhydrolysis degradation of CWAs in solution - was not observed to occur with DMMP in the gas phase. A theoretical investigation revealed that all processes are energetically accessible with negative activation energies. However, comparison of the relative Arrhenius pre-exponential factors indicate that substitution at phosphorus is not kinetically competitive with respect to the S(N)2(carbon) and deprotonation processes.

Escape of high mass ions due to initial thermal energy and its implications for axially symmetric RF ion trap mass analyzer design

This paper investigates the loss of high mass ions due to their initial thermal energy in ion trap mass analyzers. It provides an analytical expression for estimating the percentage loss of ions of a given mass at a particular temperature, in a trap operating under a predetermined set of conditions. The expression we developed can be used to study the loss of ions due to its initial thermal energy in traps which have nonlinear fields as well as those which have linear fields. The expression for the percentage of ions lost is shown to be a function of the temperature of the ensemble of ions, ion mass and ion escape velocity. An analytical expression for the escape velocity has also been derived in terms of the trapping field, drive frequency and ion mass. Because the trapping field is determined by trap design parameters and operating conditions, it has been possible to study the influence of these parameters on ion loss. The parameters investigated include ion temperature, magnitude of the initial potential applied to the ring electrode (which determines the low mass cut-off), trap size, dimensions of apertures in the endcap electrodes and RF drive frequency. Our studies demonstrate that ion loss due to initial thermal energy increases with increase in mass and that, in the traps investigated, ion escape occurs in the radial direction. Reduction in the loss of high mass ions is favoured by lower ion temperatures, increasing low mass cut-off, increasing trap size, and higher RF drive frequencies. However, dimensions of the apertures in the endcap electrodes do not influence ion loss in the range of aperture sizes considered. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A modified auxiliary excitation signal for achieving unidirectional ion ejection in quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometers operating in the resonance ejection mode

This paper proposes a technique to cause unidirectional ion ejection in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer operated in the resonance ejection mode. In this technique a modified auxiliary dipolar excitation signal is applied to the endcap electrodes. This modified signal is a linear combination of two signals. The first signal is the nominal dipolar excitation signal which is applied across the endcap electrodes and the second signal is the second harmonic of the first signal, the amplitude of the second harmonic being larger than that of the fundamental. We have investigated the effect of the following parameters on achieving unidirectional ion ejection: primary signal amplitude, ratio of amplitude of second harmonic to that of primary signal amplitude, different operating points, different scan rates, different mass to charge ratios and different damping constants. In all these simulations unidirectional ejection of destabilized ions has been successfully achieved. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phosphoproteome analysis of mouse liver using immobilized metal affinity purification and linear ion trap mass spectrometry

Since protein phosphorylation is a dominant mechanism of information transfer in cells, there is a great need for methods capable of accurately elucidating sites of phosphorylation. In recent years mass spectrometry has become an increasingly viable alternative to more traditional methods of phosphorylation analysis. The present study used immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC coupled with a linear ion trap mass spectrometer to analyze phosphorylated proteins in mouse liver. A total of 26 peptide sequences defining 26 sites of phosphorylation were determined. Although this number of identified phosphoproteins is not large, the approach is still of interest because a series of conservative criteria were adopted in data analysis. We note that, although the binding of non-phosphorylated peptides to the IMAC column was apparent, the improvements in high-speed scanning and quality of MS/MS spectra provided by the linear ion trap contributed to the phosphoprotein identification. Further analysis demonstrated that MS/MS/MS analysis was necessary to exclude the false-positive matches resulting from the MS/MS experiments, especially for multiphosphorylated peptides. The use of the linear ion trap considerably enabled exploitation of nanoflow-HPLC/MS/MS, and in addition MS/MS/MS has great potential in phosphoproteome research of relatively complex samples. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Calibration of an audio-frequency ion trap mass spectrometer

A method for calibration of an audio-frequency (AF) ion trap mass spectrometer is described. The method is proposed to surmount the obstacle that there is a lack of a proper calibrant for mass spectrometers in the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) range of 10(6) to 10(10). To calibrate such mass spectra, we determine the point of ejection, q(eject), on the stability diagram of the ion trap operated in a mass-selective axial instability mode. This is accomplished by measuring the radial secular frequencies (and therefore, the m/z value) of a single trapped particle using a light scattering method, followed by monitoring the action of particle ejection in real time to obtain the q(eject). A delayed ejection with q(eject) = 0.949 +/- 0.004 is found at a trap driving frequency of Ohm/2pi = 200-600Hz. Theoretical analysis for the origin of the delayed ejection indicates that the delay is predominantly resulted from the existence of multipole components in the fields due to trap imperfections. Inclusion of -3% of the octopole with respect to the basic quadrupole field can satisfactorily account for our observations. An m/z accuracy approaching 0.1% is attainable after proper calibration of the AF ion trap mass spectrometer. (Int J Mass Spectrom 214 (2002) 63-73) (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Structural characterization and identification of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans in Fructus Schisandrae using electrospray ionization ion trap multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry

The electrospray ionization ion trap multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn) and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MSn) have been applied successfully to the direct investigation of a number of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan constituents from the methanol extracts of the Fructus Schisandrae in the positive ion mode. The detailed structural characterization of the same skeleton and different peripheral substituents had been studied and the precise elemental compositions of ions at high mass resolution had been obtained. So the fragmentation mechanisms could be clarified.

Cyclodextrin-catalyzed oxidation of glutathione in solution and in an ion trap

Incubated solutions containing glutathione (GSH) and alpha- or beta-cyclodextrins (CDs) were analyzed using electrospray mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, The results suggest that both CDs can catalyze oxidation of GSH to the oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the 1:1 and 1:2 (CD/GSH) and 1:1 (CD/GSSG) complexes reveals the strong interactions of the CDs with the peptides tested. The 1:2 (CD/GSH) complex is considered to be the oxidation reaction intermediate, which indicates that the three-dimensional structure of the complexed two GSHs in CD complexes Is different from that of the proton-bound GSH dimer, The oxidation product, GSSG, Is also observed in the CID spectrum of the singly charged 1:1 (CD/GSH) complex, suggesting that a complex ion-complex ion reaction occurs by forming a doubly charged complex dimer, as a result of the ability of ion trap to accumulate and activate ions. The observations indicate that ion trap mass spectrometry can be used to explore cyclodextrin-catalyzed reactions and to carry out complex gaseous chemistry research. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Determination of tetrodotoxin by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometry

Two methods for tetrodotoxin analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray iontrap mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) have been established with C,, reversed phase column and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column, respectively. Sensitivity and reproducibility of the methods were compared. The method using C-18 column in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode had a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 120 pg, and a good linearity of the calibration curve was obtained for tetrodotoxin (r = 0. 9992). High reproducibility of the method was observed, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 10%. The method using HILIC column in SIM mode and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode had detection limits (S/N = 3) of 15 and 3.75 pg, respectively. Good linearity of the calibration curves was obtained for tetrodotoxin (r = 0. 9996 and 0. 9998 in SIM and SRM mode, respectively). T he reproducibility was high in SIM mode but relatively poor in SRM mode. Based on the results, the method using HILIC column in SIM mode was suggested for the analysis of tetrodotoxin with LC-MS system.

Human plasma proteome analysis by multidimensional chromatography prefractionation and linear ion trap mass spectrometry identification

A resurgence of interest in the human plasma proteome has occurred in recent years because it holds great promise of revolution in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. As one of the most powerful separation techniques, multidimensional liquid chromatography has attracted extensive attention, but most published works have focused on the fractionation of tryptic peptides. In this study, proteins from human plasma were prefractionated by online sequential strong cation exchange chromatography and reversed-phase chromatography. The resulting 30 samples were individually digested by trypsin, and analyzed by capillary reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry. After meeting stringent criteria, a total of 1292 distinct proteins were successfully identified in our work, among which, some proteins known to be present in serum in < 10 ng/mL were detected. Compared with other works in published literatures, this analysis offered a more full-scale list of the plasma proteome. Considering our strategy allows high throughput of protein identification in serum, the prefractionation of proteins before MS analysis is a simple and effective method to facilitate human plasma proteome research.