Contraintes et conditions d’émergence de l’engagement des jeunes en situation de marginalité

Cette recherche doctorale vise à comprendre et interpréter les conditions d’émergence d’un engagement chez des jeunes en situation de marginalité. Des études ont montré que cette situation peut-être un frein important à l’engagement, en raison d’un manque de ressources personnelles, organisationnelles, ou culturelles. Généralement, on a tendance à insister sur le fait que « les jeunes » ne veulent plus militer. Pourtant, d’importantes actions collectives (mouvements étudiants ou communautaires) ou initiatives citoyennes personnelles (écriture de blogues ou signature de pétitions) viennent contredire cette affirmation. En fait, certaines prises de position, dans la sphère privée notamment, échappent à toute analyse classique et sont prises pour un non-engagement, de l’individualisme voire de l’apathie. À partir d’une approche qualitative, exploratoire et interprétative, le dispositif méthodologique de cette thèse privilégie l’observation participante et les entretiens de groupe afin de recueillir le point de vue des jeunes et d’observer un certain nombre d’actions collectives. C’est par le truchement d’organismes communautaires de jeunesse (OCJ) montréalais qu’une centaine de jeunes ont été rencontrés, de septembre 2010 à décembre 2011. L’analyse itérative du corpus de données s’est inspirée des principes de la théorisation ancrée (grounded theory). Un premier niveau d’analyse descriptive a permis de mettre en exergue les contraintes et les conditions d’émergence de l’engagement ainsi que les performances des jeunes en situation de marginalité. Les différentes formes d’engagement ont ensuite été explorées puis mises en perspective dans différents espaces : « original », « intermédiaire » et « négatif ». L’espace original correspond, dans cette thèse, aux moyens d’actions traditionnels (vote, militantisme politique). Nos résultats montrent que le positionnement des jeunes dans ce cadre est très tranché. En fait, non seulement ces modes d’actions émergent rarement mais, s’ils existent, sont le plus souvent soutenus par des intervenants. Dans un autre espace, les jeunes développent parfois des postures particulières, plus radicales ou, au contraire, des postures de retrait, de non-engagement. Cela se rapporte à ce qu’il conviendrait d’appeler l’espace négatif. Dans ce cas, les contraintes de la situation de marginalité poussent certains jeunes à mettre à distance l’engagement et à se situer aux marges des espaces de participation. L’opposition à toutes formes traditionnelles d’engagement amène des jeunes à envisager des moyens d’action plus radicaux que l’on peut également circonscrire dans cet espace négatif. On trouve au final une tout autre dynamique selon laquelle des jeunes prennent position au sein de ce que l’on a appelé l’espace intermédiaire. Les territoires et les modes d’action sont alors aussi éclectiques que la rue, l’entourage personnel, ou la création artistique underground. Si les rapports à l’engagement des jeunes rencontrés sont complexes, parfois ambivalents, ils révèlent toutefois la recherche d’une alternative, la construction de modes d’action particuliers. Une analyse dynamique des contraintes et des conditions d’émergence de l’engagement des jeunes en difficulté montre que leurs prises de position dépassent la simple dialectique engagement/non-engagement. Ainsi, ce que l’on pourrait appeler un « alter-engagement » se dessine à travers les prises de position de ces jeunes, particulièrement au sein de l’espace intermédiaire. Ce concept est développé pour mettre en évidence les formes d’engagement plus intimes, plus communautaires ou plus artistiques. L’alter-engagement se définit alors comme une forme de prise de position critique, impolitique, en réaction à la fois à l’engagement traditionnel, à une posture de retrait et à une posture plus radicale.

Art spaces in community and economic development : connections to neighborhoods, artists, and the cultural economy

There is growing interest in the arts in community and economic development, yet little research examines the dynamics of community-based arts institutions to inform urban planning and policy. Drawing on interviews with participants and organizers of small and midsized art spaces, the study explores the factors that influence their involvement in neighborhood revitalization and outreach, support for artistic communities, and efforts to build bridges to commercial cultural sectors. Art spaces function as a conduit for building social networks that contribute to both community revitalization and artistic development. But issues pertaining to the location, organization, and management of art spaces may limit their community and economic development potential. The article concludes with proposals to craft stronger arts-based community and economic development programs.

The Habitual Rhythms of Becoming-Involved: Insights into Participation Experiences in Urban Spaces by Children with Diverse Mobility

This chapter reports on a study that reveals the essence of participation in urban spaces by ten children who live with various physical conditions: Muscular Dystrophy, Cerebral Palsy, and Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. These conditions affect muscle and movement differently resulting in diverse ways in which children move through space (personal mobility). The children at the time of the research were 9-12 years of age residing in South-east Queensland, Australia. The approach and methods selected for this study, interpretive phenomenological inquiry and grounded theory, were chosen for their capacity to capture the complexity and multiple interactions of the child’s urban living. The confronting and poignant accounts by children and their families of their experiences produced a new way of understanding the concept of participation, as a ‘journey of becoming involved.’ Their accounts of performing everyday routines (e.g. leaving home, getting in and out of the car, and entering places) in urban spaces (neighbourhood streets, schools, open spaces, shopping centres, and hospitals) revealed differences in the way settings were experienced. These differences were associated with the interplay between the body, space and context. Where interplays were problematic, explicit decisions about children’s involvement were made. These decisions were described in terms of ‘avoid going’, ‘pick and choose’, ‘discontinue’, ‘accept’, or ‘contest.’ What these decisions mean is some spaces are avoided, some journeys are discontinued, and some barriers encountered in journeys are normalised as everyday experiences, i.e. ‘tolerable discrimination’. These actions resulted in experiences of non-participation or partial–tokenistic participation. The key substantive contribution of the research lies in the identification of points in children’s journeys that shape participation experience. These points identify where future interventions in policy, programming and design can be made to make real and sustaining changes to lives of children and their families in geographies crucial to urban living.

Involvement and emancipation of the worker. Action research in a university hospital

The present action research article is linked to an ergonomics project in a university hospital. The author's proposal is to focus action on the effective worker involvement required for the creation of spaces / mechanisms within organizations where people can enhance cooperation and deliberation on matters relating to work. For this purpose, a committee was introduced to assist in finding problems and solutions directly in work situations, so that workers could experience relative autonomy allowing them to develop procedures and choose tools appropriate to their own real needs. Based on this organizational implementation and on subsequent interviews, the practical results are analyzed and related to employee involvement. One can conclude that workers in all areas of the organization can be active elements for improving working conditions and productivity in companies.

Community involvement in urban nature conservation : case studies of the Urban Wildlife Group 1980-85

The effectiveness of the strategies employed by the Urban Wildlife Group (a voluntary conservation organisation) to provide and manage three urban nature parks has been evaluated, using a multiple methods methodology. Where the level of community interest and commitment to a project is high, the utilisation of the community nature park strategy (to maximise benefits to UWG and the community) is warranted. Where the level of interest and commitment of the local community is low, a strategy designed to encourage limited involvement of the community is most effective and efficient. The campaign strategy, whereby the community and UWG take direct action to oppose a threat of undesirable development on a nature park, is assessed to be a sub-strategy, rather than a strategy in its own right. Questionnaire surveys and observations studies have revealed that urban people appreciate and indeed demand access to nature parks in urban areas, which have similar amenity value to that provided by countryside recreation sites. Urban nature parks are valued for their natural character, natural features (trees, wild flowers) peace and quiet, wildlife and openness. People use these sites for a mixture of informal and mainly passive activities, such as walking and dog walking. They appear to be of particular value to children for physical and imaginative play. The exact input of time and resources that UWG has committed to the projects has depended on the level of input of the local authority. The evidence indicates that the necessary technical expertise needed to produce and manage urban nature parks, using a user-oriented approach is not adequately provided by local authorities. The methods used in this research are presented as an `evaluation kit' that may be used by practitioners and researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of a wide range of different open spaces and the strategies employed to provide and manage them.

MiLK: Transforming everyday places into dynamic learning spaces with mobile and web technologies

This paper explores how game authoring tools can teach processes that transform everyday places into engaging learning spaces. It discusses the motivation inherent in playing games and creating games for others, and how this stimulates an iterative process of creation and reflection and evokes a natural desire to engage in learning. The use of MiLK at the Adelaide Botanic Gardens is offered as a case in point. MiLK is an authoring tool that allows students and teachers to create and share SMS games for mobile phones. A group of South Australian high school students used MiLK to play a game, create their own games and play each other’s games during a day at the gardens. This paper details the learning processes involved in these activities and how the students, without prompting, reflected on their learning, conducted peer assessment, and engaged in a two-way discussion with their teacher about new technologies and their implications for learning. The paper concludes with a discussion of the needs and requirements of 21st century learners and how MiLK can support constructivist and connectivist teaching methods that engage learners and will produce an appropriately skilled future workforce.