L'instruction de l'Assemblée nationale, sur l'organisation civile du clergé, arguée de mauvaise foi, d'inconséquence et d'injustice ([Reprod.])

Collection : Les archives de la Révolution française ; 8.64

What role do just-world beliefs play in harmful responses to injustice?

Research suggests that employees sometimes retaliate and sometimes refrain from retaliation for the same reason, namely because they care about justice. In two studies, we seek to solve this apparent inconsistency. Drawing on just world theory, we argue that retaliatory, harmful behavioral strategies to deal with injustice are associated to individual differences in personal belief in a just world (personal BJW). In contrast, individual differences in believing that the world is just in general (general BJW) are linked to the inhibition of these reactions. As a consequence, the relation between injustice and harmful behaviors is stronger for people with a high personal BJW than for those with a low one. General BJW is associated with their inhibition such that the relation between injustice and harmful reactions is weaker for people with a high general BJW than for those with a low one. We found evidence for our hypotheses in a cross-sectional field study and an experiment. We discuss our findings in light of their implications for just-world theory and suggest avenues for future research integrating organizational justice literature.

Role Differences in the Perception of Injustice

The current dissertation examined role differences in the perception of injustice; specifically, differences in how victims and offenders respond to a situation that they both agree is unfair. Past research has demonstrated that role affects reactions to transgressions and injustice, including recall of transgressions, and attributions of blame and responsibility (e.g., Baumeister, Stillwell, & Wotman, 1990; Mikula, Athenstaedt, Heschgl, & Heimgartner, 1998). However, to date, little work has examined role differences in perceptions of why an event is perceived as unfair (i.e., how an injustice is framed) or how justice should be restored. These were the perceptions I focused on in the present thesis. I also examined potential concerns that may motivate victims' and offenders' justice reactions, as well as the potential interaction between role and relationship quality in predicting justice reactions. In Studies 1 and 2, several of the predicted role differences in concerns were found; however, these did not lead to the expected differences in framing and restoration. In Study 1, using a vignette methodology, I found differences primarily in how victims and offenders believed justice should be restored. Overall, the significant role effects showed an accommodating response pattern (e.g., offenders proposed punishment more than did victims and neutral observers, whereas victims recommended minimal compensation more than did offenders and neutral observers), inconsistent with previous research and my hypotheses. Study 2, which employed a sample of romantic couples, substantiated the accommodating pattern found in Study 1. Study 3, which sampled a broader range of relationships, also showed i \ examples of accommodating reactions. In addition, Study 3 provided some support for the hypothesized interaction between role and relationship quality, such that responses were more accommodating as relationship quality increased. For example, offenders more strongly endorsed methods of restoration such as offender apology and recognition of the relationship with increasing relationship quality. Overall, the results from this dissertation support the general notion that victims and offenders respond to injustice differently, and, in-line with previous research on other justice-related responses (e.g., Mikula et at, 1998), suggest that victims and offenders show an other-serving, accommodating tendency in justice reactions when relationship quality is high.

Une injustice programmée? : le point de vue des personnes itinérantes sur leur judiciarisation et leur incarcération

Cette recherche s'intéresse aux perceptions des personnes itinérantes sur leur judiciarisation et leurs incarcérations. La judiciarisation s'opère suite à la remise de constats d'infractions en lien avec les règlementations municipales de la ville, celles de la Société des Transports de Montréal ainsi que le Code de Sécurité Routière. Elle relève donc de la procédure pénale, par opposition au code criminel et concerne des infractions mineures, souvent en lien avec des incivilités. Ultimement, la judiciarisation conduit à l'emprisonnement faute de paiement de l'amende. L'objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre les perceptions à partir d'une compréhension des effets au plan matériel, des relations entretenues avec les différents acteurs socio-judiciaires et du regard que les personnes portent sur la justice à partir de leur expérience. Ancrée dans un cadre théorique fondé sur la reconnaissance (Honneth, 2000), l'expérience de judiciarisation et de l'incarcération est conçue et révélatrice d'un rapport entre la personne itinérante et le système de justice. Pour réaliser cette étude, deux méthodologies complémentaires ont été utilisées. La première s'appuie sur 29 entrevues réalisées avec des personnes itinérantes, portant sur leurs expériences de judiciarisation et sur leur expérience de rue. La seconde a consisté en une analyse statistique descriptive des dossiers judiciaires des 29 personnes, dossiers comprenant l'ensemble des infractions reprochées (criminelles et pénales) ainsi que le processus judiciaire suivi par chacune.

Why us? Perceived injustice is associated with more sexual and psychological distress in couples coping with genito-pelvic pain.

Introduction Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most frequent cause of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD) and is associated with negative psychological and sexual consequences for affected women and their partners. PVD is often misdiagnosed or ignored and many couples may experience a sense of injustice, due to the loss of their ability to have a normal sexual life. Perceiving injustice has been documented to have important consequences in individuals with chronic pain. However, no quantitative research has investigated the experience of injustice in this population. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between perceived injustice and pain, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression among women with PVD and their partners. Methods Women diagnosed with PVD (N = 50) and their partners completed questionnaires of perceived injustice, pain, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression. Main Outcome Measures (1) Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale; (2) Female Sexual Distress Scale; (3) Beck Depression Inventory-II; and (4) McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire. Results After controlling for partners' age, women's higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater sexual distress, and the same pattern was found for partners. Women's higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater depression, and the same pattern was found for partners. Women's higher perceived injustice was not associated with their own lower sexual satisfaction but partners' higher perceived injustice was associated with their own lower sexual satisfaction. Perceived injustice was not associated with women's pain intensity. Conclusion Results suggest that perceiving injustice may have negative consequences for the couple's sexual and psychological outcomes. However, the effects of perceived injustice appear to be intra-individual. Targeting perceived injustice could enhance the efficacy of psychological interventions for women with PVD and their partners.

Italian citizenship and the descendants of Italian citizens emigrated in Colombia. Removing a social injustice

Law is often the source of social discriminations, but, at the same time, it can be thekey to delete these social discriminations. The authors try to give an example of thisphenomenon, by analyzing the impact of the Italian citizenship’s rules over the descendantsof the Italian citizens emigrated abroad and, especially, in South America.Indeed, according to the former Italian law, only fathers could transmit iure sanguinisthe citizenship to their children: moreover, women automatically lost theItalian citizenship if they get a foreign citizenship by concluding a marriage witha foreign husband.These rules hardly discriminate the Italian women emigrated abroad and, especially,their descendants who were prevented to get the Italian’s citizenship.These discriminatory rules were finally deleted by the Italian Constitutional Courtin the Seventies and in the Eighties: however, the effects of those rules still persisted,since the decision of the Constitutional Court could not overcome the temporal limit of the entry into force of the Constitution (01.01.1948) and, therefore, could not“cover” the discriminatory facts occurred before that date.Finally in 2009, the Italian Supreme Court, by extending the effects ratione temporisof the decisions of the Constitutional Court, “reopened the doors” of the Italiancitizenship to a huge number of Italian citizenship born from Italian women beforethe 01.01.1948.Therefore, the authors focus on the social impact of this decision for all the potentialItalian citizens living in South America and try to assess its juridical effects overthe Italian law.

Organizational injustice : Third parties’ reactions to mistreatmentof employee

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Social representations of law, justice and injustice: A study with Argentinean and Brazilian adolescents

This study aims to analyze the main social representations of law, justice and injustice preseneted by Argentinean and Brazilian youngsters. The Brazilian group consisted of 621 polled of three different regions-Floriano/PI, Erechim/RS, and Marilia/SP. From Argentina, 200 youngsters of Avellanedacity (Buenos Aires metropolitan region) participated. All the samples were proportionally divided according to the kind of school (public or private) and the school year attented (8(th) grade and 11(th) grade, considering the equivalent grade in Argentina). The data collection technique consisted of semi directed questionnaire composed by the free evocation of words technique. The procedure used to evaluate the results was the Analysis Correspondence Method (ANACOR). The results demonstrate important variations related to the youngster' nationality and they were discussed so that the preseneted representations were contextualized.