996 resultados para indirizzo :: 711 :: Curriculum C: Ambiente marino


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Gli pteropodi sono molluschi marini planctonici diffusi globalmente a tutte le latitudini e hanno una storia geologica che abbraccia quasi tutto il Cenozoico. Rappresentano una parte consistente dello zooplancton marino e, un gruppo sistematico capace di estrarre una notevole quantità di carbonato di calcio dalle masse oceaniche. Da qui l’importanza che hanno ricevuto negli ultimi anni con gli studi sull’acidificazione e su come questa agisca sulle loro fragili conchiglie. Per questo motivo è importante conoscere anche i meccanismi eodiagenetici che possono permetterne o meno la conservazione nei fondali marini. L’analisi di un set mirato di campioni provenienti da profondità batiali del Mar Tirreno e del Mar Ionio fornisce alcuni elementi interessanti nell’ambito di questa tematica. L'analisi di dettaglio al microscopio ottico e a scansione sulla struttura dei gusci permette di individuare modificazioni microstrutturali imputabili a processi diagenetici precoci e l’utilizzo di materiale subfossile permette di escluderne una causa antropica.

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L’emissione spontanea di fluidi profondi in superficie è stata storicamente oggetto d’interesse, soprattutto per le informazioni che può fornire per l’esplorazione d’idrocarburi presenti in diverse tipologie di reservoirs associati a tale fenomeno. In questo lavoro di tesi è stato esplorato il fenomeno legato all’emissione spontanea di fluidi ricchi di metano in ambiente sottomarino che genera la precipitazione di carbonati autigeni metano-derivati (MDAC), come conseguenza dell’ossidazione anaerobica del metano da parte di consorzi formati da batteri solfato-riducenti e Archaea. In particolar modo sono state studiate le caratteristiche geochimiche e mineralogiche di una concrezione carbonatica (camino EN5) fossile campionata nell’Appennino settentrionale e dei sedimenti incassanti, che sono peliti di ambiente di piattaforma continentale. Questo perché è stato dimostrato che le concrezioni carbonatiche possono avere relazioni con i sedimenti in cui sono contenute. La scansione XRD ha evidenziato che il camino è composto all’80% da dolomite, poi contiene quarzo, plagioclasi e calcite ma soltanto nella fascia esterna (a contatto con il sedimento). Il sedimento invece è composto da quarzo, plagioclasi (in quantità maggiori rispetto al camino), calcite (di origine biogenica) e dolomite soltanto in tracce. L’analisi elementare del TOC mostra una concentrazione media di 0,5% comune sia al camino sia al sedimento. Le concentrazioni assolute degli altri elementi investigati sono minori nel camino che nei sedimenti, anche se i valori normalizzati all’Al mostrano un arricchimento di alcuni elementi nella parte interna del camino. Questo studio ha permesso di stabilire che la formazione di carbonati autigeni metano-derivati in un ambiente di piattaforma, è possibile solo quando sono presenti le giuste condizioni sedimentarie e un flusso di metano piuttosto intenso. Inoltre la formazione dei carbonati non risente, se non in minima parte, della composizione dei sedimenti ospitanti, ma è regolata dai processi accoppiati di solfato-riduzione e ossidazione del metano.

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Organotin compounds are worldwide diffused environmental contaminants, mainly as consequence of their extensive past use as biocides in antifouling paints. In spite of law restrictions, due to unwanted effects, organotin still persist in waters, being poorly degraded, easily resuspended from sediments and bioaccumulated in exposed organisms. The widespread toxicity and the possible threat to humans, likely to be organotin-exposed through contaminated seafood, make organotin interactions with biomolecules an intriguing biochemical topic, apart from a matter of ecotoxicological concern. Among organotins, tributyltin (TBT) is long known as the most dangerous and abundant chemical species in the Mediterranean Sea. Due to its amphiphilic nature, provided by three lipophilic arms and an electrophilic tin core, TBT can be easily incorporated in biomembranes and affect their functionality. Accordingly, it is known as a membrane-active toxicant and a mitochondrial poison. Up to now the molecular action modes of TBT are still partially unclear and poorly explored in bivalve mollusks, even if the latter play a not neglectable role in the marine trophic chain and efficiently accumulate organotins. The bivalve mollusk Mytilus galloprovincialis, selected for all experiments, is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean and currently used in ecotoxicological studies. Most work of this thesis was devoted to TBT effects on mussel mitochondria, but other possible targets of TBT were also considered. A great deal of literature points out TBT as endocrine disrupter and the masculinization of female marine gastropods, the so-called imposex, currently signals environmental organotin contamination. The hormonal status of TBT-exposed mussels and the possible interaction between hormones and contaminants in modulating microsomal hydroxilases, involved in steroid hormone and organotin detoxification, were the research topics in the period spent in Barcelona (Marco Polo fellowship). The variegated experimental approach, which consisted of two exposure experiments and in vitro tests, and the choice of selected tissues of M. galloprovincialis, the midgut gland for mitochondrial and microsomal preparations for subsequent laboratory assays and the gonads for the endocrine evaluations, aimed at drawing a clarifying pattern on the molecular mechanisms involved in organotin toxicity. TBT was promptly incorporated in midgut gland mitochondria of adult mussels exposed to 0.5 and 1.0 μg/L TBT, and partially degraded to DBT. TBT incorporation was accompanied by a decrease in the mitochondrial oligomycin-sensitive Mg-ATPase activity, while the coexistent oligomycin-insensitive fraction was unaffected. Mitochondrial fatty acids showed a clear rise in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after 120 hr of TBT exposure, mainly referable to an increase in 22:6 level. TBT was also shown to inhibit the ATP hydrolytic activity of the mitochondrial F1FO complex in vitro and to promote an apparent loss of oligomycin sensitivity at higher than 1.0 μM concentration. The complex dose-dependent profile of the inhibition curve lead to the hypothesis of multiple TBT binding sites. At lower than 1.0 μM TBT concentrations the non competitive enzyme inhibition by TBT was ascribed to the non covalent binding of TBT to FO subunit. On the other hand the observed drop in oligomycin sensitivity at higher than 1.0 μM TBT could be related to the onset of covalent bonds involving thiolic groups on the enzyme structure, apparently reached only at high TBT levels. The mitochondrial respiratory complexes were in vitro affected by TBT, apart from the cytocrome c oxidase which was apparently refractory to the contaminant. The most striking inhibitory effect was shown on complex I, and ascribed to possible covalent bonds of TBT with –SH groups on the enzyme complexes. This mechanism, shouldered by the progressive decrease of free cystein residues in the presence of increasing TBT concentrations, suggests that the onset of covalent tin-sulphur bonds in distinct protein structures may constitute the molecular basis of widespread TBT effects on mitochondrial complexes. Energy production disturbances, in turn affecting energy consuming mechanisms, could be involved in other cellular changes. Mussels exposed to a wide range of TBT concentrations (20 - 200 and 2000 ng/L respectively) did not show any change in testosterone and estrogen levels in mature gonads. Most hormones were in the non-biologically active esterified form both in control and in TBT-treated mussels. Probably the endocrine status of sexually mature mussels could be refractory even to high TBT doses. In mussel digestive gland the high biological variability of microsomal 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-O-Debenzyloxylase (BFCOD) activity, taken as a measure of CYP3A-like efficiency, probably concealed any enzyme response to TBT exposure. On the other hand the TBT-driven enhancement of BFCOD activity in vitro was once again ascribed to covalent binding to thiol groups which, in this case, would stimulate the enzyme activity. In mussels from Barcelona harbour, a highly contaminated site, the enzyme showed a decreased affinity for the 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BCF) substrate with respect to mussel sampled from Ebro Delta, a non-polluted marine site. Contaminant exposure may thus alter the kinetic features of enzymes involved in detoxification mechanisms. Contaminants and steroid hormones were clearly shown to mutually interact in the modulation of detoxification mechanisms. The xenoestrogen 17α-ethylenyl estradiol (EE2) displayed a non-competitive mixed inhibition of CYP3A-like activity by a preferential bond to the free enzyme both in Barcelona harbour and Ebro Delta mussels. The possible interaction with co-present contaminants in Barcelona harbour mussels apparently lessened the formation of the ternary complex enzyme-EE2-BCF. The whole of data confirms TBT as membrane toxicant in mussels as in other species and stresses TBT covalent binding to protein thiols as a widespread mechanism of membrane-bound-enzyme activity modulation by the contaminant.

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In questo lavoro di tesi sono stati utilizzati profili sismici a riflessione a varie scale, acquisiti nel Golfo di Corigliano (Margine Ionico della Calabria) con lo scopo di studiare la deformazione tettonica e l’organizzazione dei depositi superficiali (tardo Pleistocenici) di quest’area di transizione tra il fronte di collisione Appenninico e il retroarco della subduzione Calabra. Lo studio della Dorsale dell’Amendolara si è dimostrato essere un elemento chiave per la comprensione geologica di questo settore crostale, considerato relativamente stabile ma sede di una significativa sismicità. L’analisi dei profili sismici ha rivelato la presenza di un fronte tettonico attivo (Faglia dell’Amendolara) che corre lungo il fianco occidentale dell’omonima Dorsale e che, secondo numerose evidenze geologico-strutturali, sembrerebbe caratterizzato attualmente da una cinematica trascorrente sinistra. L’attuale regime si è probabilmente sovraimposto ai fronti compressivi Neogenico-Quaternari, legati alla convergenza Appenninica. Queste evidenze fanno ipotizzare che la genesi della depressione confinata tra la costa calabrese e la Dorsale dell’Amendolara, coincidente con il Bacino di Sibari-Corigliano, sia stata causata da flessura della litosfera in seguito all’avanzamento delle coltri compressive da NNE. I dati a disposizione mostrano che la depressione del Bacino di Sibari-Corigliano, si trova attualmente in una situazione di riempimento “passivo” da parte dei depositi provenienti dal Fiume Crati e da fenomeni di instabilità gravitativa, probabilmente innescati da terremoti localizzati soprattutto lungo il fianco occidentale della Dorsale dell’Amendolara.

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La presente tesis doctoral surge ante la necesidad de completar el estudio sobre la corrosión en el hormigón armado expuesto al ambiente marino iniciado por D. Miguel Ángel Bermúdez Odriozola en 2007 con la tesis doctoral con título “Corrosión de las armaduras del hormigón armado en ambiente marino: zona de carrera de mareas y zona sumergida”. Una vez realizado el estudio bibliográfico, se ha planteado un estudio experimental en el que se analizan cuatro muelles de distintas edades y localizados en distintos lugares de la geografía española. Uno de ellos contiene adiciones en el hormigón. Una vez inspeccionados, se extraen testigos de cada uno de ellos con el fin de realizar ensayos de caracterización y se analizan sus resultados en paralelo con los coeficientes de difusión. Uno se los objetivos ha sido comprobar el mejor método de ensayo que permita controlar la durabilidad del hormigón en ambiente IIIa. La tesis que se presenta ha demostrado la efectividad del ensayo de penetración de agua para discriminar los hormigones que presentarán un buen comportamiento frente a la difusión de cloruros y por tanto para predecir la vida útil de la estructura. Asimismo, otro objetivo ha sido valorar el uso de adiciones en el hormigón y cómo afectan a la mejora del comportamiento del hormigón expuesto al ambiente marino. Se han obtenido valores del coeficiente de eficacia de cenizas volantes y humo de sílice frente a la difusión de cloruros, muy superiores a los actualmente considerados en términos de resistencia. El ambiente marino aéreo engloba estructuras situadas en primera línea de costa así como aquellas que se sitúan hasta 5km de distancia de la línea del mar. La investigación realizada ha demostrado la necesidad de establecer una nueva subdivisión en este ambiente introduciendo la zona Spray, siguiendo criterios internacionales, que permita diferenciar la zona más desfavorable del mismo que comprende las estructuras ubicadas sobre el nivel del mar tal como los tableros de pantalanes portuarios estudiados. Se han analizado en profundidad los valores del contenido de cloruros en superficie de hormigón en los diferentes tipos de ambiente marino recogidos por la Instrucción EHE- 08 contrastando los requisitos normativos. Como conclusión se han hecho nuevas propuestas normativas que afectan al ambiente sumergido y al ambiente marino aéreo (zona spray). Asimismo se ha realizado un análisis en profundidad de la concentración crítica de cloruros recogida por la Instrucción EHE-08, a partir de los datos obtenidos en estructuras reales. Se ha evaluado el ensayo de resistividad para estimar el valor del coeficiente de difusión de cloruros. Este ensayo ha demostrado su efectividad para discriminar hormigones con adiciones y con muy baja penetración de agua, si bien no resulta sensible para detectar hormigones con elevada permeabilidad. Finalmente en la tesis se ha obtenido un modelo de difusión de cloruros (a/c-D) en ambiente marino aéreo a fin de poder estimar la difusión de cloruros en el hormigón a partir de un requisito normativo como es la relación a/c. This Thesis is focussed to complete the previous study on the corrosion of reinforced concrete exposed to marine environment, carried out by Dr. Miguel Ángel Bermúdez Odrizola in 2007. That Thesis title was “Corrosion of concrete reinforcement located in marine environment: tidal zone and submerged zone”. After the literature review presented in the State of the Art, an experimental programme was carried out. Four docks of different ages and locations have been studied, one of them was a fly ash concrete. The structures were inspected on site and several cores extracted in order to develop characterization tests and obtain diffusion profiles at the laboratory. One of the objectives has been to check the best laboratory test method to control concrete durability when exposed to atmospheric marine environment. This Thesis has proven the effectiveness of the water penetration test to differentiate concretes well behaved against chloride diffusion and also to predict the structure service life. Another objective has been to study the effect of mineral additions in concrete and how they improve the durability of concrete in this environment. Efficiency factors have been obtained for fly ashes and silica fume, much higher than those consider for strength. According to the Spanish Concrete Code EHE 08, the atmospheric marine environment includes structures located at the cost, from the sea line up to 5km inland. The research conducted has shown the need to consider a spray zone which is the most unfavourable area of the atmospheric environment, affecting structures over the sea level as the decks of the wharves here studied. Surface chloride contents of structures in the different marine environments have been deeply analysed, checking the actual standard limits. As a conclusion, new normative values have been proposed for submerged and atmospheric zone (spray zone). A complete analysis of the chloride threshold concentration from the data obtained in real structures has also been performed. It has been evaluated the resistivity test as a tool to estimate the chloride diffusion coefficient. This test has proven effectiveness to discriminate concrete with mineral additions and low water penetration values, while it is not sensitive to detect concretes with high permeability. Finally, a chloride diffusion model (w/c) has been obtained in atmospheric marine environment in order to estimate the chloride diffusion of the concrete knowing a normative requirement as w/c.