A construção do horizonte plurinacional: liberalismo, indianismo e nacional-popular na formação do Estado boliviano

A presente tese busca compreender e explicar a formação do Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia a partir do legado de símbolos, procedimentos e modelos de aquisição de legitimidade deixados ao longo de sua história e que podem ser agrupados em três grandes matrizes políticas: o liberalismo-constitucional, o indianismo-comunitário e o nacional-popular. Assim, o objetivo é analisar como o legado destas três matrizes políticas, através principalmente da evolução histórica de seus horizontes políticos e da memória de suas agendas e promessas inconclusas acerca do Estado e da nação na Bolívia, influenciam o atual experimento inaugurado em 2009 com a promulgação de sua atual Constituição Política do Estado (CPE). A hipótese subjacente é a de que o experimento plurinacional, em sua tentativa de resolver a forte crise de legitimidade estatal trazida pela conjuntura crítica dos anos 2000-2005, se nutre fortemente das agendas destas três matrizes seja intencional e deliberadamente como no caso do Indianismo e do Nacional-popular ou de maneira reticente como no caso do Liberalismo - de forma a tentar reconciliar o Estado com sua altamente heterogênea formação social. A fim de verificá-la, foi realizado um estudo de natureza eminentemente bibliográfica complementado por pesquisa de campo de seis meses a fim de traçar a evolução política das três matrizes em seus momentos constitutivos, horizontes e agendas e contrastá-las com as características institucionais assumidas pelo novo Estado Plurinacional, bem como a prática política dos principais atores bolivianos contemporâneos. Dessa maneira, foi possível perceber o quanto de fato persistem no experimento refundacionista atual e na prática política corrente do país uma mescla heterogênea e com distintas ênfases das agendas e práticas das três matrizes, representadas sobretudo no apego à democracia como valor e procedimento; no reconhecimento étnico-cultural trazido ao interior do Estado com a incorporação potencial pelo mesmo de formatos institucionais comunitários e a preservação de espaços autônomos de deliberação; e na busca por participação política mais direta por parte do povo e na ênfase relativa à soberania popular sobre os recursos naturais do país e um maior intervencionismo estatal na economia.

Native Spiritual Appropriation : Words of Power, Relations of Power - Creating Stories & Identities

L'appropriation culturelle possède une diffusion très large et est un phénomène essentiellement intemporel. L'appropriation culturelle est définie comme «the taking- from a culture that is not one’s own- of intellectual property, cultural expressions or artifacts, history and ways of knowledge» (Ziff et Rao 1997: 1). Cela comprend tous les aspects de la spiritualité, les objets sacrés, des valeurs, des histoires et des rites. L'appropriation est étroitement liée aux relations de pouvoir et à la politique. Avec la montée de la popularité du chamanisme et du néo-chamanisme dans la société occidentale, les peuples amérindiens de l'Amérique du Nord (ou d’Australie) expriment leurs inquiétudes et leur désapprobation en ce qui concerne l’appropriation de leurs cérémonies, rituels et croyances sacrées par les Occidentaux. Par le discours contre l'appropriation, les populations autochtones (re)gagnent et (re)créent une identité qui avait été négligée, supprimée et assimilée au cours de la colonisation. Cette création identitaire s’effectue par l'intermédiaire de l'écriture, dans les milieux universitaires, aussi non-académiques, et le partage des pratiques rituelles avec d'autres autochtones (pan amérindianisme). Les auteurs autochtones contestent le statu quo et désirent contribuer à faire avancer le débat concernant l'appropriation spirituelle, les relations de pouvoir et le néo-colonialisme. Les arguments et les opinions concernant l'appropriation spirituelle présentés ici traitent de génocide culturel, d’abus sexuels, de néo-colonialisme, de non-respect et d'inquiétude face aux dangers liés à une mauvaise utilisation des rituels et autres pratiques sacrées. Ce débat est lié au processus de guérison en contexte amérindien (Episkenew 2009). En participant à ce débat sur l'appropriation spirituelle, les peuples autochtones sont activement engagés dans la (re)définition de leur identité. C'est cet engagement actif qui permet à la guérison d’avoir lieu. Ce mémoire aborde quelques-uns des auteurs autochtones contemporains et examine leurs écrits. L'importance de l'histoire et du mot dans la création identitaire est explorée. L’analyse de certains textes portant sur la médecine, la sociologie, la religion et la culture de consommation rend explicite le lien entre identité et politique.

Análise das interpretações do governo Evo Morales: o legado histórico e o poder nacional-indígena

This work aims to analyze the interpretations about Evo Morales' government in Bolivia. For such, it proposes a theoretical reclaim of Marxism in Latin America, as well as of Bolivian political history since the 1952 Revolution, going through the crisis in Pacted Democracy intensified in the five-year conjuncture of struggles started in 2000 up to the election and reelection of Morales. It departs from an empirical prior conjecture taken from a qualitative analysis and a broad literature review to analyze the different interpretations of the Bolivian political process from Marxist theoretical matrices. After this historical recovery and this reading of contemporary Bolivia, it concludes with a consideration about the formation of a possible new block of power in the country, with the retaking of nationalism and Indianism as revolutionary reasons

Índios e Poetas: o Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro e a invenção do Indianismo Literário 1808- 1860

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Gonçalves Dias, o índio e a liberdade

This article presents a reading of the poem “O canto do guerreiro” written by Antonio Gonçalves Dias. The aim is to show the existence of a dialogue between the literary‘representation of the Brazilian‘indigenous and the concept of natural man, by Jean Jacques Rousseau. Going beyond a reading upon a romantic nationalism view, such dialogue makes explicit the poet’ conscience of his hole in Brazilian Romanticism and, at same time, gives a universal dimension to his poetic work.

The problematics of mestizaje in the Indigenist Peruvian novels of "Yawar Fiesta" (1941) by Jose Maria Arguedas, "El mundo es ancho y ajeno" (1941) by Ciro Algeria, and "Los rios profundos" (1958) by Jose Maria Arguedas

This study was a critical reassessment of the problematics of mestizaje in three representative texts pertaining to the Indigenist Peruvian narrative: Yawar Fiesta (1941) by José María Arguedas; El mundo es ancho y ajeno (1941) by Ciro Alegría; and Los ríos profundos (1958) by José María Arguedas. As this investigation demonstrated, Alegría's and Arguedas' writings went beyond the reach of Indianism and orthodox Indigenism, which were prevalent during the first decades of the twentieth century, to emphasize, the values of the Indian peasantry as well as those of the mestizo and mestiza: the products of Indian and white unions, who were also considered representatives of the Peruvian culture. ^ The first chapter traced the historical process of mestizaje and demonstrated how the discursive practice of this mestizaje was expressed in the Indigenist Peruvian narrative. The chronological organization of the chapters in this dissertation paralleled the evolution of this narrative.^ The relevance of my research lies on the important contribution it makes to the field of Indigenist literature, by seeing mestizaje as both a reconstruction and a reinterpretation of the idea of nation, identity and cultural interchange. In Alegría's and Arguedas' novels, the Indigenous reality was not only seen as an isolated phenomenon, but also as the dichotomy of European versus Indian values. As a result, Indigenist narrative presented a true and all encompassing world; therefore, Alegría's and Arguedas' narrative deepened our understanding of the aspects of a multicultural society.^ In order to accomplish this analysis, research was conducted in areas such as history, languages, ethnology, ethnography, anthropology, folklore, religion, and syncretism. My study was based on works such as Antonio Cornejo Polar's heterogeneous literatures, Mijail Bajtín's conception of dialogism and polyphony, Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities, Angel Rama's notion of transculturation, Homi Bhabha's liminal space, Walter Ong's study of orality and literacy, and Julia Kristeva's theory of abjection, among others.^