Elokuvien ennakkotarkastus, 3K hyl.

Puhe

Hylē anthrōpinē. Pars I. De internarum humani corporis partium cognitione Aristotelis cum Platonis sententiis comparata. Pars II. Philosophorum veterum usque ad Theophrastum doctrina de sensu. Theophrasti de sensu et sensilibus fragmentum ... Aristotelis Doctrina de sensibus. Theophrasti fragmenta de sensu, phantasia et intellectu e Prisciani metaphrasi primum excerpta.

Part I was author's thesis, Berlin, 1830.

Prevalence and characterization of Enterococcus spp. isolated from Brazilian foods

Enterococci can be used in the food industry as starter or probiotic cultures. However, enterococci are also implicated in severe multi-resistant nosocomial infections. In this study, the prevalence of enterococci in selected Brazilian foodstuffs (raw and pasteurized milk, meat products, cheeses and vegetables) was evaluated. Phenotypic and PCR protocols were used for species identification. Tests for production of gelatinase, haemolysin, bacteriocin and bile salt hydrolysis were done with all enterococci isolates, whereas molecular determination of virulence markers (genes esp, gel, ace, as, efaA, hyl and cylA) and antibiotic resistance was checked only for Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates. The antibiotic-resistant isolates were assayed for biofilm formation and adhesion to mammalian cells. From the 120 food samples analyzed, 52.5% were positive for enterococci, meat and cheese being the most contaminated. E. faecium was the predominant species, followed by E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum. Phenotypic tests indicated that 67.7% of isolates hydrolyzed bile salts, 15.2% produced bacteriocin, 12.0% were beta-hemolytic and 18.2% produced gelatinase. Antibiotic resistance (gentamicin, tetracycline and erythromycin) and genes encoding for virulence traits were more frequent in E. faecalis than in E. faecium. Three E. faecium isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Among antibiotic-resistant isolates, 72.4% of E. faecalis were able to form biofilm and 13.8% to adhere to Caco-2 cells. Antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were grouped by RAPD-PCR and a scattered distribution was noted, indicating that resistance was not related to a particular clone. The spread of virulence/resistance traits in isolates of the two species and different RAPD-types suggest the pathogenic potential of both species. By contrast, the recovery of bacteriocinogenic E. faecium isolates with no virulence traits suggests their potential for biotechnological applications. In conclusion, our results showed that enterococci from Brazilian foods present important dualist aspects for food safety. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aspekteja [Peltoniemen Hintrikin surumarssista, Jousikvartetto nro 3 op. 19]

Soitinnus: viulut (2), alttoviulu, sello.

Étude de la résistance aux antibiotiques des entérocoques d'origine animale du Québec

Les entérocoques font partie de la flore normale intestinale des animaux et des humains. Plusieurs études ont démontré que les entérocoques d’origine animale pouvaient représenter un réservoir de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques pour la communauté humaine et animale. Les espèces Enterococcus faecalis et Enterococcus faecium sont importantes en santé publique; elles sont responsables d’environ 12% de toutes les infections nosocomiales aux États-Unis. Au Canada, les cas de colonisation et/ou d’infections à entérocoques résistants à la vancomycine ont plus que triplé de 2005 à 2009. Un total de 387 isolats E. faecalis et E. faecium aviaires, et 124 isolats E. faecalis porcins ont été identifiés et analysés pour leur susceptibilité aux antibiotiques. De hauts pourcentages de résistance envers les macrolides et les tétracyclines ont été observés tant chez les isolats aviaires que porcins. Deux profils phénotypiques prédominants ont été déterminés et analysés par PCR et séquençage pour la présence de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques. Différentes combinaisons de gènes de résistance ont été identifiées dont erm(B) et tet(M) étant les plus prévalents. Des extractions plasmidiques et des analyses par hybridation ont permis de déterminer, pour la première fois, la colocalisation des gènes erm(B) et tet(M) sur un plasmide d’environ 9 kb chez des isolats E. faecalis porcins, et des gènes erm(B) et tet(O) sur un plasmide de faible poids moléculaire d’environ 11 kb chez des isolats E. faecalis aviaires. De plus, nous avons démontré, grâce à des essais conjugatifs, que ces plasmides pouvaient être transférés. Les résultats ont révélé que les entérocoques intestinaux aviaires et porcins, lesquels peuvent contaminer la viande à l’abattoir, pouvaient représenter un réservoir de gènes de résistance envers la quinupristine-dalfopristine, la bacitracine, la tétracycline et les macrolides. Afin d’évaluer l’utilisation d’un antisérum polyclonal SA dans l’interférence de la résistance à de fortes concentrations de bacitracine (gènes bcrRAB), lors d’un transfert conjugatif répondant aux phéromones, un isolat multirésistant E. faecalis aviaire a été sélectionné. Après induction avec des phéromones produites par la souche réceptrice E. faecalis JH2-2, l’agrégation de la souche donatrice E. faecalis 543 a été observée ainsi que des fréquences de transfert élevées en bouillon lors d’une courte période de conjugaison. Le transfert conjugatif des gènes asa1, traB et bcrRAB ainsi que leur colocalisation a été démontré chez le donneur et un transconjugant T543-1 sur un plasmide de 115 kb par électrophorèse à champs pulsé (PFGE) et hybridation. Une CMI de > 2 048 µg/ml envers la bacitracine a été obtenue tant chez le donneur que le transconjuguant tandis que la souche réceptrice JH2-2 démontrait une CMI de 32 µg/ml. Le séquençage des gènes asa1, codant pour la substance agrégative, et traB, une protéine régulant négativement la réponse aux phéromones, a révélé une association de cet élément génétique avec le plasmide pJM01. De plus, cette étude présente qu’un antisérum polyclonal SA peut interférer significativement dans le transfert horizontal d’un plasmide répondant aux phéromones codant pour de la résistance à de fortes doses de bacitracine d’une souche E. faecalis aviaire multirésistante. Des isolats cliniques E. faecium d’origine humaine et canine ont été analysés et comparés. Cette étude rapporte, pour la première fois, la caractérisation d’isolats cliniques E. faecium résistants à l’ampicilline (EFRA) d’origine canine associés à CC17 (ST17) au Canada. Ces isolats étaient résistants à la ciprofloxacine et à la lincomycine. Leur résistance envers la ciprofloxacine a été confirmée par la présence de substitutions dans la séquence en acides aminés des gènes de l’ADN gyrase (gyrA/gyrB) et de la topoisomérase IV (parC/parE). Des résistances élevées envers la gentamicine, la kanamycine et la streptomycine, et de la résistance envers les macrolides et les lincosamides a également été observées. La fréquence de résistance envers la tétracycline était élevée tandis que celle envers la vancomycine n’a pas été détectée. De plus, aucune résistance n’a été observée envers le linézolide et la quinupristine-dalfopristine. Les données ont démontré une absence complète des gènes esp (protéine de surface des entérocoques) et hyl (hyaluronidase) chez les isolats canins EFRA testés tandis qu’ils possédaient tous le gène acm (adhésine de liaison au collagène d’E. faecium). Aucune activité reliée à la formation de biofilm ou la présence d’éléments CRISPR (loci de courtes répétitions palindromiques à interespaces réguliers) n’a été identifiée chez les isolats canins EFRA. Les familles de plasmide rep6 and rep11 ont significativement été associées aux isolats d’origine canine. Les profils PFGE des isolats d’origine humaine et canine n'ont révélé aucune relation (≤ 80%). Ces résultats illustrent l'importance d'une utilisation judicieuse des antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire afin d’éviter la dissémination zoonotique des isolats EFRA canins. Nous pensons que ces résultats contribueront à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de résistance aux antibiotiques et de leurs éléments mobiles ainsi qu’à de nouvelles stratégies afin de réduire le transfert horizontal de la résistance aux antibiotiques et des facteurs de virulence.

Bacteriocinogenic and virulence potential of Enterococcus isolates obtained from raw milk and cheese

Aims To provide molecular and phenotypical characterization of Enterococcus isolates obtained from raw milk and cheese, regarding their bacteriocinogenic and virulence activity. Methods and Results Forty-three bacteriocinogenic enterococci isolates were identified by 16s rDNA, fingerprinted by RAPD-PCR analysis and tested by PCR for the presence of genes for lantibiotics (lanM, lanB and lanC) and enterocins (entA, entB, entP, entL50AB and entAS48) and by phenotypical methods for bacteriocin production and inhibitory spectrum. Also, the virulence of the isolates was evaluated by PCR for genes gelE, hyl, asa1, esp, cylA, efaA, ace, vanA, vanB, hdc1, hdc2, tdc and odc and by phenotypical tests for gelatinase, lipase, DNAse and a- and beta-haemolysis. Most isolates (93.0%) harboured at least one lantibiotic or enterocin gene and were positive for several tested virulence genes, mainly asa1 (100%), gelE (93.0%) and efaA (83.7%). 53.5% of the isolates presented beta-haemolysis. Conclusions Enterococcus spp. isolates presented an interesting potential application for food preservation because of bacteriocin production; however, virulence-related genes were identified in all RAPD profiles. Significance and Impact of the Study The study demonstrated the contradictory characteristics of the tested Enterococcus isolates: they presented a good potential for application in food biopreservation but contained several virulence factors.

Analysis of clonality and antibiotic resistance among early clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium in the United States.

BACKGROUND: The Enterococcus faecium genogroup, referred to as clonal complex 17 (CC17), seems to possess multiple determinants that increase its ability to survive and cause disease in nosocomial environments. METHODS: Using 53 clinical and geographically diverse US E. faecium isolates dating from 1971 to 1994, we determined the multilocus sequence type; the presence of 16 putative virulence genes (hyl(Efm), esp(Efm), and fms genes); resistance to ampicillin (AMP) and vancomycin (VAN); and high-level resistance to gentamicin and streptomycin. RESULTS: Overall, 16 different sequence types (STs), mostly CC17 isolates, were identified in 9 different regions of the United States. The earliest CC17 isolates were part of an outbreak that occurred in 1982 in Richmond, Virginia. The characteristics of CC17 isolates included increases in resistance to AMP, the presence of hyl(Efm) and esp(Efm), emergence of resistance to VAN, and the presence of at least 13 of 14 fms genes. Eight of 41 of the early isolates with resistance to AMP, however, were not in CC17. CONCLUSIONS: Although not all early US AMP isolates were clonally related, E. faecium CC17 isolates have been circulating in the United States since at least 1982 and appear to have progressively acquired additional virulence and antibiotic resistance determinants, perhaps explaining the recent success of this species in the hospital environment.

Molecular epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: a prospective, multicenter study in South American hospitals.

Enterococcus faecium has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen worldwide, and this trend has been associated with the dissemination of a genetic lineage designated clonal cluster 17 (CC17). Enterococcal isolates were collected prospectively (2006 to 2008) from 32 hospitals in Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Venezuela and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Genotyping was performed with all vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREfm) isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing. All VREfm isolates were evaluated for the presence of 16 putative virulence genes (14 fms genes, the esp gene of E. faecium [espEfm], and the hyl gene of E. faecium [hylEfm]) and plasmids carrying the fms20-fms21 (pilA), hylEfm, and vanA genes. Of 723 enterococcal isolates recovered, E. faecalis was the most common (78%). Vancomycin resistance was detected in 6% of the isolates (74% of which were E. faecium). Eleven distinct PFGE types were found among the VREfm isolates, with most belonging to sequence types 412 and 18. The ebpAEfm-ebpBEfm-ebpCEfm (pilB) and fms11-fms19-fms16 clusters were detected in all VREfm isolates from the region, whereas espEfm and hylEfm were detected in 69% and 23% of the isolates, respectively. The fms20-fms21 (pilA) cluster, which encodes a putative pilus-like protein, was found on plasmids from almost all VREfm isolates and was sometimes found to coexist with hylEfm and the vanA gene cluster. The population genetics of VREfm in South America appear to resemble those of such strains in the United States in the early years of the CC17 epidemic. The overwhelming presence of plasmids encoding putative virulence factors and vanA genes suggests that E. faecium from the CC17 genogroup may disseminate in the region in the coming years.

Cotransfer of antibiotic resistance genes and a hylEfm-containing virulence plasmid in Enterococcus faecium.

The hyl(Efm) gene (encoding a putative hyaluronidase) has been found almost exclusively in Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates, and recently, it was shown to be on a plasmid which increased the ability of E. faecium strains to colonize the gastrointestinal tract. In this work, the results of mating experiments between hyl(Efm)-containing strains of E. faecium belonging to clonal cluster 17 and isolated in the United States and Colombia indicated that the hyl(Efm) gene of these strains is also carried on large plasmids (>145 kb) which we showed transfer readily from clinical strains to E. faecium hosts. Cotransfer of resistance to vancomycin and high-level resistance (HLR) to aminoglycosides (gentamicin and streptomycin) and erythromycin was also observed. The vanA gene cluster and gentamicin resistance determinants were genetically linked to hyl(Efm), whereas erm(B) and ant(6)-I, conferring macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance and HLR to streptomycin, respectively, were not. A hyl(Efm)-positive transconjugant resulting from a mating between a well-characterized endocarditis strain [TX0016 (DO)] and a derivative of a fecal strain of E. faecium from a healthy human volunteer (TX1330RF) exhibited increased virulence in a mouse peritonitis model. These results indicate that E. faecium strains use a strategy which involves the recruitment into the same genetic unit of antibiotic resistance genes and determinants that increase the ability to produce disease. Our findings indicate that the acquisition of the hyl(Efm) plasmids may explain, at least in part, the recent successful emergence of some E. faecium strains as nosocomial pathogens.