Efeito da somatotropina recombinante bovina (rbst) no desempenho de novilhos alimentados com diferentes volumosos

O efeito da somatotropina recombinante bovina (rBST) no desempenho de novilhos alimentados com rações com diferentes volumosos foi avaliado. Quarenta novilhos cruzados e castrados, com 360,2 kg PV médio e 30 meses de idade, foram usados. Os animais foram alimentados com rações contendo diferentes volumosos (silagem de milho, cana-de-açúcar, silagem de milho + cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de cana hidrolisado) e receberam aplicação de 320 mg rBST a cada 28 dias e foram pesados a cada 14 dias durante um periodo experimental de 84 dias. Ganho de peso, consumo de matéria seca e proteína bruta por kg de ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, foram avaliados. Não houve diferença no ganho de peso entre os animais que receberam (1,210 kg/cab dia) ou não (1,062 kg/cab dia) rBST, apesar de os animais que receberam rBST terem apresentado maior ganho de peso nos períodos após a segunda e terceira aplicação. Não houve, também, diferença entre as rações contendo silagem de milho (1,100 kg/cab dia), cana-de-açúcar (1,240 kg/cab dia), cana+silagem (1,064 kg/cab dia) e bagaço hidrolisado (1,138 kg/cab dia). A conversão alimentar foi 9,43 e 9,69 kg MS/kg de ganho de peso para os animais que receberam ou não rBST, respectivamente. O consumo de proteína bruta reduziu com a aplicação de rBST e foi mais expressivo na ração contendo cana-de-açúcar. Não houve interação entre a aplicação do hormônio e o tipo de volumoso.

Digestibilidade e ganhos em peso de ovinos alimentados com diferentes fontes de volumosos e recebendo somatotropina recombinante bovina (rBST)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de 20 mg de somatotropina recombinante bovina (rBST) de liberação lenta, em períodos de 14 e 28 dias, sobre a ingestão de matéria seca, os coeficientes de digestibilidade de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB), o balanço de nitrogênio e o ganho de peso diário, em rações à base de silagem de milho, cana-de-açúcar ou bagaço hidrolisado e concentrado. Foi usado um total de 24 borregos mestiços, não-castrados, com média de 4 a 5 meses de idade e 22 ± 2 kg de PV. Não houve efeito da rBST na ingestão de matéria seca, nas digestibilidades de PB e FDA, no balanço de nitrogênio e no ganho de peso diário dos borregos. A digestibilidade da energia bruta foi influenciada pela aplicação de rBST, quando os diferentes volumosos ou períodos pós-aplicação hormonal foram considerados, porém, somente foi observado efeito da ação hormonal sobre a digestibilidade de MS nas dietas à base de silagem de milho.

Efeito de Diferentes Volumosos sobre a Degradabilidade in situ de Nutrientes e Variáveis da Fermentação Ruminal, Mediante a Aplicação da Somatotropina Bovina

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of diets with different forages (sugarcane, corn silage, hydrolyzed bagasse and sugarcane + corn silage) on the ruminal Fermentation and ruminal nutrients degradability, by the application of bovine somatotropin. Three bovines with ruminal cannulas were used in a factorial scheme (4 x 2). The pH, number of protozoa, ammonia and volatile fatty acids concentration were quantified. The potential and the effective degradability and degradation rate of dry matter and crude protein in each diet were evaluated, beyond gross energy disappearance. There were differences among diets on the effective degradability of dry matter and potential degradability, effective degradability and potentially degradable fraction of crude protein, being verified the same for the rBST application. There was effect of different forages on the variables of ruminal Fermentation. The treatments did not affect the gross energy disappearance. The rBST application did not affect the variables of ruminal fermentation.

Characterization and thermal behavior of residues from industrial sugarcane processing

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Desempenho e composição corporal de novilhas alimentadas com dois níveis de concentrado e bagaço de cana submetidos a diferentes processos de hidrólise

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar duas formas de hidrólise do bagaço de cana (com [17kgf/cm²]e sem [4kgf/cm²] rápida descompressão pós-hidrólise) e dois níveis de concentrado (25 e 45% MS) no desempenho e na composição corporal de novilhas em crescimento sob regime confinado durante 112 dias. Vinte e quatro novilhas Nelore e 12 Canchim foram distribuídas em delineamento de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2x2. Os resultados demonstraram que a omissão da explosão pós-hidrólise e o uso de níveis mais elevados de concentrado aumentaram o ganho de peso e o consumo de alimentos. Os resultados para ganho de peso e consumo de matéria seca, respectivamente, para tratamento sem vs com descompressão e 45 vs 25% de concentrado, foram 0,76 vs 0,67 e 0,76 vs 0,66 kg/d e 6,7 vs 5,8 e 6,8 vs 5,7 kg/dia. Entretanto, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para conversão alimentar. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos quanto à composição corporal determinada por meio do espaço de deutério ao final do período de confinamento, embora a taxa estimada de deposição de lipídios tenha sido maior para o tratamento sem explosão (216 vs 175 g/d) e o tratamento com 45% de concentrado (225 vs 166 g/d). Não foram observadas vantagens na descompressão rápida pós-hidrólise em alta pressão na eficiência de conversão de alimentos. Os resultados demonstram que animais alimentados com bagaço hidrolisado em níveis altos de ingestão (2,9% PV) e proporções baixas de concentrado apresentaram eficiência de utilização da dieta semelhante a dietas com níveis mais altos de concentrado.

Digestilidade in vitro do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar hidrolisado, submetido a diferentes tempos de estocagem e de adaptação ao bovino doador de fluido ruminal

An experiment was conducted to study the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and gross energy (IVGED) of hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse with different storage times and two periods of adaptation of the bovine to the diet. A completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications was used. Treatments A,B,C, and D which corresponded to the times of 0, 15, 30, and 45 days of storage time period of the bagasse, respectively. Each treatment was studied at 7 and 45 after adaptation of the bovine ruminal donor to the diet. After 30 days storage, the bagasse IVDMD was inpaired for both 7 and 45 days of adaptation. Averages values of 25.8; 25.9; 23.1 and 23.3% were obtained for IVDMD with seven days of adaptation, and 25.04; 21.6; 12.5 and 11.4% with 45 days of adaptation for storage periods of 0; 15; 30 and 45 days, respectively. For IVGED, the averages obtained were 33.4; 27.8; 30.9; and 27.2% with seven days, and 30; 26.6; 20.6 and 14.5% with 45 days of adaptation for storage periods of 0, 15, 30 and 45 days, respectively.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Chemithermomechanically Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse and Samples with Reduced Initial Lignin Content

Chemithermomechanical (CTM) processing was used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse with the aim of increasing cell wall accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes. Yields of the pretreated samples were in the range of 75-94%. Disk refining and alkaline-CTM and alkaline/sulfite-CTM pretreatments yielded pretreated materials with 21.7, 17.8, and 15.3% of lignin, respectively. Hemicellulose content was also decreased to some extent. Fibers of the pretreated materials presented some external fibrillation, fiber curling, increased swelling, and high water retention capacity. Cellulose conversion of the alkaline-CTM- and alkaline/sulfite-CTM-pretreated samples reached 50 and 85%, respectively, after 96 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. Two samples with low initial lignin content were also evaluated after the mildest alkaline-CTM pretreatment. One sample was a partially delignified mill-processed bagasse. The other was a sugarcane hybrid selected in a breeding program. Samples with lower initial lignin content were hydrolyzed considerably faster in the first 24 h of enzymatic digestion. For example, enzymatic hydrolysis of the sample with the lowest initial lignin content (14.2%) reached 64% cellulose conversion after only 24 h of hydrolysis when compared with the 30% observed for the mill-processed bagasse containing an initial lignin content of 24.4%. (C) 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 27: 395-401, 2011

Xylooligosaccharides Production from Alkali-Pretreated Sugarcane Bagasse Using Xylanases from Thermoascus aurantiacus

Sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose was isolated in a one-step chemical extraction using hydrogen peroxide in alkaline media. The polysaccharide containing 80.9% xylose and small amounts of L-arabinose, 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid and glucose, was hydrolyzed by crude enzymatic extracts from Thermoascus aurantiacus at 50 degrees C. Conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis leading to the best yields of xylose and xylooligosaccharides (DP 2-5) were investigated using substrate concentration in the range 0.5-3.5% (w/v), enzyme load 40-80 U/g of the substrate, and reaction time from 3 to 96 h, applying a 22 factorial design. The maximum conversion to xylooligosaccharides (37.1%) was obtained with 2.6% of substrate and xylanase load of 60 U/g. The predicted maximum yield of xylobiose by a polynomial model was 41.6%. Crude enzymatic extract of T. aurantiacus generate from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose 39% of xylose, 59% of xylobiose, and 2% of other xylooligosaccharides.

Purification and Biochemical Properties of a Glucose-Stimulated beta-D-Glucosidase Produced by Humicola grisea var. thermoidea Grown on Sugarcane Bagasse

The effect of several carbon sources on the production of mycelial-bound beta-glucosidase by Humicola grisea var. thermoidea in submerged fermentation was investigated. Maximum production occurred when cellulose was present in the culture medium, but higher specific activities were achieved with cellobiose or sugarcane bagasse. Xylose or glucose (1%) in the reaction medium stimulated beta-glucosidase activity by about 2-fold in crude extracts from mycelia grown in sugarcane bagasse. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, showing a single band in PAGE and SDS-PAGE. The beta-glucosidase had a carbohydrate content of 43% and showed apparent molecular masses of 57 and 60 kDa, as estimated by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature were 6.0 and 50 degrees C, respectively. The purified enzyme was thermostable up to 60 min in water at 55 degrees C and showed half-lives of 7 and 14 min when incubated in the absence or presence of 50 mM glucose, respectively, at 60 degrees C. The enzyme hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucopyranoside, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, lactose, and cellobiose. The best synthetic and natural substrates were p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-fucopyranoside and cellobiose, respectively. Purified enzyme activity was stimulated up to 2-fold by glucose or xylose at concentrations from 25 to 200 mM. The addition of purified or crude beta-glucosidase to a reaction medium containing Trichoderma reesei cellulases increased the saccharification of sugarcane bagasse by about 50%. These findings suggest that H. grisea var. thermoidea beta-glucosidase has a potential for biotechnological applications in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials.

SUGARCANE BAGASSE PULPING and BLEACHING: THERMAL and CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of the diet on in situ disappearance of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber of hydrolysed sugar cane bagasse

The effects of two diets based on hydrolysed sugarcane bagasse (HSB) and whole cottonseed (WCS), with or without oat hay, were analyzed for the in situ disappearance of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of HSB. Six mature castrated rams with a permanent T ruminai cannula were used in a complete randomized split plot design. The incubation times were 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72h. The diet with oat hay showed higher disappearance indexes for the NDF fraction. Furthermore, the maximum degradation of HSB constituents was reached around 48h of incubation. The diets were T1=64% hydrolyzed sugarcane + 36% whole cottonseed and T2=14% hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse + 36% cottonseed + 50% oat hay.

Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse with microwaves irradiation and its effects on the structure and on enzymatic hydrolysis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Multi-scale structural and chemical analysis of sugarcane bagasse in the process of sequential acid-base pretreatment and ethanol production by Scheffersomyces shehatae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Characterization of depolymerized residues from extremely low acid hydrolysis (ELA) of sugarcane bagasse cellulose: Effects of degree of polymerization, crystallinity and crystallite size on thermal decomposition

Sugarcane bagasse cellulose was subjected to the extremely low acid (ELA) hydrolysis in 0.07% H2SO4 at 190, 210 and 225 degrees C for various times. The cellulose residues from this process were characterized by TGA, XRD, GPC, FIR and SEM. A kinetic study of thermal decomposition of the residues was also carried out, using the ASTM and Kissinger methods. The thermal studies revealed that residues of cellulose hydrolyzed at 190, 210 and 225 degrees C for 80,40 and 8 min have initial decomposition temperature and activation energy for the main decomposition step similar to those of Avicel PH-101. XRD studies confirmed this finding by showing that these cellulose residues are similar to Avicel in crystallinity index and crystallite size in relation to the 110 and 200 planes. FTIR spectra revealed no significant changes in the cellulose chemical structure and analysis of SEM micrographs demonstrated that the particle size of the cellulose residues hydrolyzed at 190 and 210 degrees C were similar to that of Avicel. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Induction of cellulase and hemicellulase activities of Thermoascus aurantiacus by xylan hydrolyzed products

Thermoascus aurantiacus is able to secrete most of the hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzymes. To establish the xylanase inducers of T. aurantiacus, the mycelia were first grown on glucose up until the end of the exponential growth phase, followed by washing and re-suspension in a basal medium without a carbon source. Pre-weighed amounts of xylose (final concentration of 3.5 mg/ml), xylobiose (7 mg/ml) and hydrolyzed xylan from sugarcane bagasse (HXSB) which contained xylose, xylobiose and xylotriose (6.8 mg/ml) were evaluated as inducers of xylanase. It was observed that xylose did not suppress enzyme induction of T. aurantiacus when used in low concentrations, regardless of whether it was inoculated with xylobiose. Xylobiose promoted fast enzyme production stopping after 10 h, even at a low consumption rate of the carbon source; therefore xylobiose appears to be the natural inducer of xylanase. In HXSB only a negligible xylanase activity was determined. Xylose present in HXSB was consumed within the first 10 h while xylobiose was partially hydrolyzed at a slow rate. The profile of alpha-arabinofuranosidase induction was very similar in media induced with xylobiose or HXSB, but induction with xylose showed some positive effects as well. The production profile for the xylanase was accompanied by low levels of cellulolytic activity. In comparison, growth in HXSB resulted in different profiles of both xylanase and cellulase production, excluding the possibility of xylanase acting as endoglucanases.