Historiemedvetande, historiska medier och historieundervisning

ForHiM

Historiemedvetande, historiska medier och historieundervisning

I ljuset av samtidens förändrade medielandskap och samhällsgrundade spänningar om historieframställningar framstår de historiska mediernas roll i dagens och historiens historieämne i ungdomsskolan som en historiedidaktiskt angelägen fråga. Med denna fråga i fokus utformades forskarskolan Historiska medier: forskarskola i historia med didaktisk inriktning i början av 2011. I denna antologi ges en samlad presentation av elva studier från forskarskolan som berör de historiska mediernas roll, funktion, villkor och användning. Studierna bidrar till den historiedidaktiska forskningen, och erbjuder också verksamma och blivande historielärare en möjlighet att utveckla sin kunskap om hur medier påverkar undervisning och lärande i historia.

Historical Consciousness and Historical Media : A History Didactical Approach to Educational Media

This paper presents a theoretical approach to analysing educational media using the concept of historical consciousness. The concept of historical consciousness is defined and operationalised and its relevance for analysis of historical media discussed. One aspect of the theoretical framework proposed is then applied in an analysis of a history textbook account. The analysis finds that while the framework may be applied in analysis of textbooks, its results regarding historical consciousness are tentative and in need of further investigation from the perspective of how its users perceive and appropriate the textbook account. Still, it is argued that the framework proposed may be useful since it specifies how a historical consciousness may be manifested and what methodological approaches that can be used when analysing it.

Historical Consciousness, Historical Media, and History Education

This thesis by publication contains an introductory summary chapter and three papers. The first paper presents a study of how the concept of historical consciousness has been defined, applied, and justified in Swedish history didactical research. It finds that there is consensus regarding the definition of what a historical consciousness is, but that there is variation in how the concept is applied. It is suggested that this variation makes historical con­sciousness a complex and vague concept.      The second paper uses the results presented in the first paper as a point of departure and from thence argues for a broadened understanding of the concept of historical consciousness that incorporates its definition, applica­tion, development, and significance. The study includes research about his­torical consciousness primarily from Sweden, the UK, the USA and Canada. The paper presents a typology of historical consciousness and argues that level of contextualisation is what distinguishes different types of historical consciousnesses and that an ability to contextualise is also what makes his­torical consciousness an important concept for identity constitution and morality.      The third paper proposes a methodological framework of historical con­sciousness based on the theory of historical consciosusness presented in the second paper. It presents arguments for why the framework of historical consciousness proposed can be useful for the analysis of historical media and it discusses how aspects of the framework can be applied in analysis. It then presents a textbook analysis that has been performed according to the stipulated framework and discusses its results regarding how textbooks can be used to analyse historical consciousness and its development.

Nationella minoriteter i historieundervisningen : bilder av romer i Utbildningsradions program under perioden 1975-2013

In 2000 when Sweden signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities the Roma minority became one of the acknowledged national minorities in the country. It meant that the rights of the Roma mi-nority would be safeguarded and the knowledge of its history and culture would be spread. In that context, the Swedish school, with its founded as-signment of democracy, was given an important role. The education was to communicate the multicultural values of the society and to make visible the history and culture of the Roma minority. The school books used in teaching today do not meet these demands. The view of the Roma minority given in school books is often inadequate and simplified. The present study will therefore examine a different type of edu-cational material used in schools and teaching, The Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company‟s programs of history and social studies regarding the Roma minority. Starting in postcolonial theory as well as critical dis-course analysis the study examines how the picture of the Roma cultural and ethnic identity in the Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company‟s material has been displayed and possibly changed during the period of 1975 to 2013. The results show a picture of Roma which, both in form and content, con-sists of some clearly demarcated discursive categories. The obvious continui-ty of the categories gives a picture of static and invariable Roma identity. At the same time this unambiguous picture is broken both by giving the existing discourses new meaning and also adding new discourses. The complexity and nuances become more prominent and the Roma identity is integrated in common Swedish history telling. The changes in the view of Roma, given by the Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company, can mainly be explained by the change of the Swedish immigration and minority policy and, as a conse-quence of this, the change of the school‟s mission regarding knowledge communication of Sweden as a multicultural country.

”När man kollar på bilden tänker man så här” : en receptionsstudie av gymnasieelevers uppfattning om bilder som kunskapskällor i historieundervisningen

Images are used in history education for a variety of reasons, not least to generate interest through a better understanding of historical events and people. The aim of this study was to investigate how historical pictures, either illustrated or documentary/photographic, can be used as a resource for activating and improving pupils' historical empathy, in the way described by Stéphane Lévasque. I conducted a reception study on five different focus groups consisting of pupils from different upper secondary schools in Sweden. The pupils varied with regard to number of credits for admission to upper secondary school. A sixth group of pupils was interviewed as a contrasting control group in order to add perspective to the results. The discussions were based on the pupils' interpretations of 34 selected pictures, all of which were taken from the most common history textbooks. Each pupil was asked to choose the picture he/she felt was the most representative historical image. On the basis of the strategies used by the pupils when interpreting the pictures and discussing them, the material was analysed in accordance with Lévesque's categories: imagination, historical contextualisation and morals. The last category, morals, was further divided into three sub-categories: sense of justice, sympathy and progression. The reflections of the pupils and the degree of contextualisation varied. It appeared that the pupils were less inclined to discuss assumptions about the persons in the pictures; instead they chose to discuss the historical context in question. The pictures in this study did not seem to trigger the pupils to fabricate anachronistic reasoning about history; when they did produce lengthy reasoning, it was contextual, structural and metahistorical. In this context, the pupils who belonged to the group with the highest average of credits showed some signs of reflection on the basis of historical context and some criticism about the historical sources. On no occasion did any of the pupils choose a picture as a concrete expression of injustice. One of the questions this study aimed to explore was whether a lack of historical context affects how pictures trigger emotions and reasoning on the basis of moral aspects. Some of the pupils displayed moral standpoints, primarily the degree of morals concerning injustice. One possible interpretation could be that the feeling of being unfairly treated and subjected to insulting behaviour and social injustice was something the pupils could relate to. The group of pupils who had not yet studied history at upper secondary school, the control group, generally made reflections using this sort of reasoning when they discussed the historical aspects of the pictures.

Högstadieungdomar skriver historia på bloggen : undervisning, literacy och historiemedvetande i ett nytt medielandskap

The purpose of this thesis is to study the literacy formed when a class blog is used as a tool for students studying history and explore how this particular literacy is used to generate historical knowledge. The study was conducted during the course of a project in which ninth-grade students contributed entries to a common blog in the form of a diary written by individuals who experienced the Second World War. Its three major objectives were to study the students' perception of the blog in relation to their gender and level of historical knowledge; how they and their teacher esta-blished and used the formed literacy; and how the students related to this in the production of historical knowledge. In analyzing the results, a concept of literacy was used based on seven writing practices all linked to the new medium and history education. The study was based on a questionnaire, interviews and various student texts. In order to perform a content analysis on the study results a theoretical frame­work for historical conscious-ness was included. The results show that in using the writing practices a literacy character­ized by colla-borative authorship was formed. The study concludes that this affects both what and how the students learn. Together they show each other that history is comprised of many small stories, not necessarily strictly co­herent with the general history as told by their textbooks. Examining the students’ blog entries made a new learning process visible that enabled the enhancement of their historical consciousness.  

Uses of history in history education

This compilation thesis contains an introductory chapter and four original articles. The studies comprising this thesis all concern aspects of how historical culture is constituted in historical media and history teachers’ narratives and teaching. It is argued that the teaching of history is a complex matter due to an internal tension resulting from the fact that history is both a product and a process at the same time. While historical facts, and knowledge thereof, are an important aspect of history, history is also a product of careful interpretation and reconstruction. This study analyses and discusses how history is constituted in history textbooks and popular history magazines, i.e. two common historical media, and in teachers’ narratives and teaching of history. The study finds that the historical media studied generally tend to present history as void of perspective, interpretation and representation, suggesting this to be the culturally warranted form of historical exposition. Moreover, the teachers studied also tend to approach history as if it were not contingent on interpretation and reconstruction. These results indicate that the history disseminated in historical media and history classrooms presents history in a factual way and disregards the procedural aspects of history. Applying the history didactical concepts of historical consciousness, historical culture and uses of history, this thesis argues that an essential aspect of historical understanding is an appreciation of the contextual contingency that characterises history. All history is conceived within a particular context that is pertinent to why and how a certain version of history is constructed. Furthermore, all history is also received within a particular context by people with particular preconceptions of history that are contextually contingent, in the sense that they are situated in a certain historical culture. Readers of historical media are members of societies and are thus affected by how history is perceived and discussed in these contexts. This thesis argues that an awareness of these aspects of history is an important factor for furthering a complex understanding of history that encompasses the tension highlighted above.

Lärare i en digital tidsålder : en kvalitativ studie av lärares förhållande till sociala medier

Detta arbete är en kvalitativ fallstudie med syfte att undersöka hur några intervjuade lärare från en gymnasieskola i södra Norrland förhåller sig till sociala medier, hur dessa lärare uppfattar att sociala medier påverkar deras integritet, yrkesetik, fostransuppdrag och pedagogiska arbete. Frågeställningarna arbetet har utgått ifrån har berört gränsdragningar mellan privatliv och offentlighet, hur lärare kan uppträda i sociala medier, hur lärare ser på vänskapsrelationer till elever, vilka eventuella pedagogiska vinningar respektive hot sociala medier kan tänkas medföra.För att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar har intervjuer med sju anställda lärare på en given gymnasieskola gjorts. De resultat som framkommit i denna studie, är bland annat att samtliga lärare är överens om att lärares privatliv påverkar deras yrkesroll i viss mån. Ifråga om vad lärare kan göra i sociala medier, med åtanke på deras yrkesroll, var de flesta lärare överens om att brott mot skolans värdegrund samt yrkesetiska principer var förbjudna, men också att lärare utöver detta har ett visst ansvar över hur man framställer sig själv i sociala medier. Gällande pedagogiska hot och vinningar, finns det ett potentiellt hot att lärares arbetsbörda ökar, samtidigt är vinningen att lärares förståelse för elever kan tillta.

Sociala medier i skolan : en del av undervisningen?

Inom skolan har det länge funnits webblösningar och andra Internetbaserade programvaror för att elever och lärare ska kunna kommunicera med varandra på nätet och samtidigt kunna ha möjlighet till en mer flexibel undervisningsmetod. Sociala medier är ett vitt begrepp som nämns lite var stans idag, men vad innebär då sociala medier? Sociala medier är ett samlingsnamn på kommunikationskanaler som tillåter användare att kommunicera direkt med varandra genom exempelvis text, bild eller ljud.

Sociala medier, en resurs för lärande? : En litteraturstudie

Då skolans styrdokument gör gällande att informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) ska integreras på olika sätt i undervisningen ville jag undersöka dess potential för lärande. Området avgränsades till att omfatta sociala medier som en digital lärresurs och syftet formulerades till att mer generellt beskriva hur sociala medier i undervisningen kan användas som en resurs för lärande. Syftet är också att mer specifikt att beskriva hur detta kan användas som en resurs för lärande i svenskämnet. Följande frågeställningar formulerades: -          Vilka möjligheter till lärande och kunskapsutveckling ger sociala medier om de integreras i undervisningen? -          På vilka sätt kan sociala medier användas i svenskundervisningen för att stimulera lärande? Metoden som använts för att svara på syftet är en allmän litteraturstudie. Tidigare publicerad forskning och litteratur inom området har således granskats och analyserats för att uppnå syftet. I resultatet visade det sig att sociala medier kan fungera som en resurs för lärande i undervisningen då dessa bl.a. möjliggör webbpublicering av texter som kan få eleverna att engagera sig i arbetet med texten för att få den så bra som möjligt när mottagarperspektivet ändras till att omfatta en autentisk publik och inte bara läraren. Den feedback eleverna kan få på sina texter är också värdefull för att motivera eleverna att skriva och publicera texter. Vidare pekar resultatet på att sociala medier kan fungera som en gemensam arena för deltagande och samarbete kring t.ex. innehåll vilket kan bidra till ett gemensamt kunskapsbygge. Sociala medier möjliggör också arbete med det vidgade textbegreppet, ett väl etablerat begrepp i svenskämnet som syftar till att arbeta med text ur ett vidgat perspektiv. Detta kan motivera och engagera elever som t.ex. tycker att skriftbaserat berättande är svårt och jobbigt.

Folkmusikundervisningen på fiol och gitarr och dess historiska rötter

How folk musicians of today learn to play their instruments is an over-all question in this article. One violin lesson and one guitar lesson have been observed at Framnäs folk high school. Three research questions were formulated. What do the two lessons have in common? What are the differences? How could the folk music education of today be related to the Swedish fiddler movement in the 1920s and other folk music traditions? Theoretically, the interpretation of the results was based on the mimesis theory of Ricoeur. Two teachers and three students participated in the study. The results showed that the lessons were structured in a similar way and dominated by master apprenticeship teaching. The violin teacher showed a more respectful attitude towards the tradition compared to the guitar teacher. Great parts of the manifest ideology of the fiddler movement seems to have become concealed into a latent or frozen ideology in the formal folk music education of today. There seems to be no big differences between learning the music by way of visiting an older fiddler hundred years ago compared to the study of music today at a formal institution.